urology module introduction
DESCRIPTION
Urology Module IntroductionTRANSCRIPT
Professional SkillsUrology Core Module
Trustin Domes
Outline
• Brief Anatomy of Scrotum and Prostate• Physical Examination: CVA, Scrotum and DRE• Case Scenarios– LUTS– Hematuria– Upper and lower urinary tract obstruction– Scrotal Masses/Pain
Anatomy of Scrotal Contents• Vessels:– Testicle has 3 arterial blood
supplies:• Testicular artery• Cremasteric artery• Deferential artery
– Pampiniform venous plexus• Lymphatics• Nerves• Cremasteric muscle/fascia• Vas deferens
Anatomy of Scrotal Contents
• Vas is the most posterior component of spermatic cord
• Tunica vaginalis surrounds the anterior 2/3rd of the testicle and creates a potential space for hydroceles and hematoceles
Clinical Anatomy of the Prostate
Verma S , Rajesh A AJR 2011;196:S1-S10
Prostate Anatomy
• Peripheral Zone = 85% of prostate cancer originate in this zone, therefore are detected on DRE
• Transition Zone = site of benign prostatic hyperplasia
CVA and BallottementIf CVA tenderness think:- Renal colic- Pyelonephritis- Significant renal trauma- Renal vascular occlusion
If you can ballot the kidney think:- Large renal mass- Polycystic kidney disease- Severely hydronephrotic kidney
Physical Examination of the Scrotum• Best to examine the man in both the supine and
upright positions– Helps to demonstrate conditions that change with
position: hernias and varicoceles• Bimanual examination of each testicle, adenxa and
spermatic cord– Testicular size, consistency, masses, tenderness• Normal testis size 16-20 cc (2 x 4 cm)
– Examine cord upright (+/- valsalva) to assess for presence of vas deferens, inguinal hernia and varicocele
Cremasteric Reflex
• Reflex elicited by stroking the medial thigh causes an ipsilateral contraction of the cremasteric muscle (bringing the testicle closer to the external inguinal ring)
• Reflex tests L1-L2 (genitofemoral nerve responsible for afferent and efferent limbs)
• Typically absent in testicular torsion– Negative predictive value of over 90%
Transillumination• Important to help
differentiate solid from fluid-filled masses
• Hydroceles and spermatoceles will transilluminate, other scrotal masses typically WILL NOT
Hydrocele
Varicoceles• Dilated veins of the paminiform plexus• Predominant left-sided (98%)• Isolated right-sided varicocele may be
caused by a retroperitoneal– NEED abdominal imaging
• Varicocele grading:– Grade I: palpable only with valsalva– Grade II: easily palpable without
valsalva– Grade III: large, visible through
scrotal skinGrade III: “bag of worms”
Digital Rectal Examination
Comment on:• Prostate
• Size• Symmetry• Consistency• Tenderness• Nodules
• Rectal/Anal Masses• Rectal Tone
Prostate size
25 cc 150 cc
Average prostate size is approximately 25 cc in menolder than 50 years
How many finger-breadths across?Can you get to the top (base)?