U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Program - EV Project Data Collection and Reporting Update @ EVS-26

Jim Francfort – Idaho National Laboratory EVS-26 Los Angeles, California May 2012 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or sensitive information

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Idaho National Laboratory (INL) • Eastern Idaho based U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

Federal laboratory • 890 square mile site with 4,000 staff • Support DOE’s strategic goal:

– Increase U.S. energy security and reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign oil

• Multi-program DOE laboratory – Nuclear Energy – Fossil, Biomass, Wind, Geothermal and

Hydropower Energy – Advanced Vehicles and Battery Development – Energy Critical Infrastructure Protection – Homeland Security and Cyber Security

Wind

Bio-mass

Nuclear

Hydropower

Geothermal

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AVTA Participants and Goals • The INL portion of this work is performed in support of

DOE’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA) – The AVTA is part of DOE’s Vehicle Technologies

Program within EERE – ECOtality is the EV Project lead, with Nissan and

GM/OnStar as significant partners – Other EV Project partners include electric utilities,

Federal, state and local government agencies, and other stake holders

• The AVTA goal - Petroleum reduction and energy security – Provide benchmark data to technology modelers,

research and development programs, vehicle manufacturers (via VSATT), and target and goal setters

– Assist fleet managers in making informed vehicle and infrastructure purchase, deployment and operating decisions

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AVTA Testing Experience • 41.4 million documented test miles accumulated on 8,000

electric drive vehicles representing 100+ models • EV Project: 4,555 Leafs and Volts, 24.4 million test miles

(mid April 2012) • EV Project is documenting 105,000 miles and 3,800

charging events per day • PHEVs: 14 models, 430 PHEVs, 4 million test miles • EREVs: 1 model, 135 EREVs, 520,000 test miles • HEVs: 19 models, 50 HEVs, 6 million test miles • Micro hybrid (stop/start) vehicles: 3 models, 7 MHVs,

300,000 test miles • NEVs: 24 models, 372 NEVs, 200,000 test miles • BEVs: 47 models, 2,000 BEVs, 5 million test miles • UEVs: 3 models, 460 UEVs, 1 million test miles • 7,000 EVSE with data loggers (5,562 EV Project and 1,432

ChargePoint America)

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PHEVs

INL Vehicle/EVSE Data Management Process

INL Database

File server SQL Server data warehouse

Report generator

HICEVs

HEVs

BEVs & EREVs

EVSE & Chargers

INL Vehicle Data Management System

Parameters range check

Lame data check

Missing/empty parameter check

Conservation of energy check

SOC continuity

Transfer completion

Individual vehicle reports

Fleet summary Reports - Public

Focused technical analyses and custom reports

Data quality reports

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 30

Trip Fuel Economy (mpg)

MPG vs. Trip Aggressiveness (Percent of trip above the 40% accelerator pedal position)

CD trips

CD/CS trips

CS trips

Log. (CD trips)

Log. (CD/CS trips)

Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand

Time of Day

600-

659

700-

759

800-

859

900-

959

1000

-105

911

00-1

159

1200

-125

913

00-1

359

1400

-145

915

00-1

559

1600

-165

917

00-1

759

1800

-185

919

00-1

959

2000

-205

921

00-2

159

2200

-225

923

00-2

359

000

- 059

100-

159

200-

259

300-

359

400-

459

500-

559

Mon AM - Tues AM

Tue AM - Wed AM

Wed AM - Thu AM

Thu AM - Fri AM

Fri AM - Sat AM

Sat AM - Sun AM

Sun AM - Mon AM

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Modeling and simulations

Process Affected by Disclosure Agreements

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Data Security, Protection and Use • All raw vehicle and EVSE data, and personal information

protected by NDAs (Non Disclosure Agreements), resulting in: – Limitations on how proprietary data can be distributed,

stored, and used – No raw data can or will be distributed by INL – Raw data, in both electronic and printed formats, is not

shared with DOE in order to avoid exposure to FOIA • EV Project reporting requires INL to blend three distinct

data streams based on GPS and time/date stamps, and provide independent reports to DOE, ECOtality, project participants, industry, and the general public

• Vehicle and EVSE data collection would not occur unless the above limitations are strictly adhered by INL

• INL has been using data loggers on vehicles and EVSE since 1994 to document user and equipment profiles

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EV Project Locations (Largest in the World Vehicle and EVSE Data Collection Activity)

• Purpose: Build and study mature charging infrastructures and take the lessons learned to support the future streamlined deployment of grid-connected electric drive vehicles

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EV Project – EVSE Data Parameters Collected per Charge Event • Unique ID for Charging Event • Unique ID Identifying the EVSE • Date/Time Stamp • Connect and Disconnect Times • Start and End Charge Times • Maximum Instantaneous Peak Power • Average Power • Total energy (kWh) per charging event • Rolling 15 Minute Average Peak Power • And other non-dynamic EVSE information (GPS, ID, type,

contact info, etc.)

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EV Project – Vehicle Data Parameters Collected per Start/Stop Event • Vehicle ID • Event type (key on / key off) • Odometer • Battery state of charge • Date/Time Stamp • GPS (longitude and latitude) • Recorded for each key-on and key-off event

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EV Project – Vehicle Deployments / Miles • Leaf data 4/22/12 • Volt data 4/01/12 • 4,555 total vehicles

reporting data • 24.4 million total

data miles 0

5001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,000

LeafsVoltsTotal Vehicles

EV Project Leafs and Volts Providing Data

02,500,0005,000,0007,500,000

10,000,00012,500,00015,000,00017,500,00020,000,00022,500,00025,000,000

LeafsVoltsTotal Miles

EV Project Leafs and Volts Data Miles Reported

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EV Project – EVSE Deployment and Use • 5,563 EVSE (4/29/12)

• 736,652 charge events • Non-Residential

includes DCFC

• INL reports vehicle and EVSE data differently than ECOtality as INL is required to report processed data counts, not deployment counts

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

# Residential Charging Events# Non-Residential Charging EventsTotal Number Charging Events

Residential and Non-Residential Charging Events

0500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,5006,000

Number Residential EVSENumber Non-Residential EVSETotal EVSE providing data

Residential and Non-Residential EVSE Providing Data

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EV Project – Total Charge Energy (MWh)

0500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,5006,000

Residential MWhNon-Residential MWhTotal EV Project MWh

Residential and Non-Residential MWh Reported • 5,640 total MWh charged via EV Project EVSE and DCFC (4/29/12)

• Vehicle efficiency cannot be accurately calculated using total vehicle miles and total energy

• Non-EV Project vehicles sometimes charge at EV Project EVSE

• EV Project vehicles may charge at 110V non-EV Project locations or at other 240V non-EV Project EVSE

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EV Project – Overview Report 1st Quarter • Vehicles and charging infrastructure deployed to date 1st

quarter 2012 and data received by INL • Charging infrastructure

– 5,432 units installed – 665,968 charging events – 5,069 AC MWh

• Vehicles – 4,066 Leafs – 427 Volts – 22.6 million miles

0100200300400500600700800900

1,0001,1001,2001,300

PHX/ Tuscon

LA San Diego Wash DC San Fran Oregon Tenn Texas Wash St.

Number of Leafs, Volts & EVSE Reporting Data

EVSE Leafs Volts

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EV Project – Vehicle Usage Report

• Number of vehicles • Number of Trips • Quarter distance (millions) • Ave trip distance • Ave distance per day • Ave # trips between charging

events • Ave distance between

charging events • Ave # charging events per day

Leafs 2,987

773,602 5.6 mi 7.2 mi

30.2 mi 3.8

27.4 mi

1.1

Volts 317

76,425 0.6 mi 8.0 mi

36.4 mi 3.0

24.1 mi

1.5

Note that per day data is for days a vehicle is driven

Vehicle Usage – 1st quarter 2012

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EV Project – Leaf Usage Report

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%Percentage Charging Locations

Home Charging Away Charging Unknown

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EV Project – Leaf Usage Report

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Mile

s

EV Project Leafs: Average Miles Per Day and Miles Per Charge

Ave Miles per Day Ave Miles / Charge

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9EV Project Leafs: Average Miles/Trip, Trips/Charge

Ave Miles / Trip Trips per Charge

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EV Project – Volt Usage Report

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EV Project – Volt Usage Report

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Nation PHX Oregon Wash DC Houston Wash St San D. Dal/FT W

Mile

s

EV Project Volts: Average Miles Per Day and Miles Per Charge

Ave Miles per DayAve Miles / Charge

0123456789

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Nation PHX Oregon Wash DC Houston Wash St San D. Dal/FT W

EV Project Volts: Average Miles/Trip, Trips/Charge

Ave Miles / TripTrips per Charge

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EV Project – EVSE Infra. Summary Report • Charging Availability • Range of Percent of

Charging Units with a Vehicle Connected vs. Time of Day

• National Data • 1st quarter 2012 • 3,324 residential and

955 publicly available Level 2 EVSE

• 10 DC fast chargers

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EV Project – EVSE Infra. Summary Report • Charging Demand • Range of Aggregate

Electricity Demand vs. Time of Day (AC MW)

• National Data • 1st quarter 2012 • 3,324 residential and

955 publicly available Level 2 EVSE

• 10 DC fast chargers

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EV Project – EVSE Infra. Summary Report • Residential Level 2 Weekday EVSE 1st Quarter 2012

Washington State

Oregon San Francisco

San Diego

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EV Project – EVSE Infra. Summary Report • National Data – 1st quarter 2012

– Ave time vehicle connected R2 WD – Ave time vehicle connected R2 WE – Ave time vehicle drawing power R2 WD – Ave time vehicle drawing power R2 WE – Ave energy per charge event R2 WD – Ave energy per charge event R2 WE – Ave time vehicle connected P2 WD – Ave time vehicle connected P2 WE – Ave time vehicle drawing power P2 WD – Ave time vehicle drawing power P2 WE – Ave energy per charge event P2 WD – Ave energy per charge event P2 WE

11.4 hours 11.8 hours

2.4 hours 2.0 hours

8.7 AC kWh 7.3 AC kWh

6.3 hours 4.1 hours 2.1 hours 1.9 hours

7.3 AC kWh 6.6 AC kWh

• R: residential, P: public, WD: weekday, WE: weekend, All: weekday/end combined

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Summary Data – Based on 1st Quarter 2012 • There appears to be a quarterly trend of more frequent

Leaf charges per day • Regional Leaf differences of up to 21% for at-home

charging and 19% for public charging • Up to 31% Leaf regional difference in average trip

distances • Up to 25% Leaf regional difference in miles per day • Nationally, 65% Leaf home location charging results in

>=90% SOC at charge completion • Nationally, 40% Leaf away-from-home location charging

results in >=90% SOC at charge completion • 74% Leaf charge events occur at home location, 19%

public charging • Volts are driven farther per day, charged more often, and

travel less miles per charge event than Leafs

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Summary – Based on Early Data • Majority of residential Level 2 charging occurs off-peak

with significant charge-starts occurring at start of off-peak kWh rates

• EV Project vehicles connected significantly longer than needed to recharge - opportunities to shift “smart” charging times

• EV Project is accumulating 105,000 miles of data per day • Opportunity to start understanding how the public uses

public versus non-public infrastructure • Only 20 to 25% of EV Project data has been collected to

date • “Normal” research project process requires

– Project and data collection completed, analyzed, and reports issued at completion of experiment

• The EV Project needs to complete a rich data set before reporting final trends and behaviors

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Future Data Analysis Subjects • Pricing elasticity – TOU rate influences • Power versus time charging profiles for Leaf and Volt in

varying circumstances – battery conditioning, cabin conditioning, hot and cold ambient

• Regional and seasonal demographics and charging behaviors

• Density of residential and non-residential EVSE as input to local distribution studies

• Charge control preferences - vehicle and Blink based, and scheduled versus random

• Rich public versus non-rich EVSE charging behaviors • L2 EVSE versus DCFC behaviors • Travel corridor versus convenience charging • Non-residential subcategories (public and work parking) • Etc., etc., etc.,

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More Information http://avt.inl.gov

or http://avt.inel.gov/evproject.shtml

This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s EERE Vehicle Technologies Program

Acknowledgement

INL/CON-12-25735