v2v implementation in developing...

V2V IMPLEMENTATION IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

By

Ahmed Yasser Mohamed Abd El-Khalek

A Thesis Submitted to the

Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

Electronics and Communications Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY

GIZA, EGYPT

2018


COUNTRIES

By






MASTER OF SCIENCE

In


Under the Supervision of

Prof. Dr. Neamat S. Abdel Kader

……………………………….

Dr. Mohamed Ali El Zorkany

……………………………….

Professor

Electronics and Communications

Department

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Assistant Professor

National Telecommunications Institute,

Cairo, Egypt


GIZA, EGYPT

2018


COUNTRIES

By






MASTER OF SCIENCE

In


Approved by the Examining Committee

Prof. Dr. Neamat Sayed Abdel Kader Thesis Main Advisor

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Khattab Fathi Khattab Internal Examiner

Prof. Dr. Ahmed El-Sayed El-Araby El-Mahdy External Examiner - Faculty of Information Engineering and Technology Dean - German University in Cairo


GIZA, EGYPT

2018

Engineer’s Name: Ahmed Yasser Mohamed Abd El-Khalek

Date of Birth: 01/10/1984

Nationality: Egyptian

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 01001099887

Address: District 7 Neighborhood 4, Shiekh Zayed, Egypt

Registration Date: 01/10/2014

Awarding Date: …./…./2018

Degree: Master of Science

Department: Electronics and Communications Engineering

Supervisors:

Prof. Dr. Neamat Sayed Abdel Kader

Dr. Mohamed Ali El Zorkany

Examiners:

Prof. Dr. Neamat Sayed Abdel Kader (Thesis Main Advisor) Ass. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Khattab Fathi Khattab (Internal Examiner) Prof. Dr. Ahmed El-Sayed El-Araby El-Mahdy (External Examiner) (Faculty of Information Engineering and Technology Dean – German

University in Cairo)

Title of Thesis:

V2V Implementation In Developing Countries

Key Words:

Internet of Things (IoT); Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V); Intelligent Transportation

Systems (ITS); Routing Protocols; Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Summary:

No. of daily vehicles accidents and traffic jams in the developing countries is

exceeding every year, although we know that the use of the Road Side Units (RSU) as

access points and essential in the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication systems to let

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) more accurate and safe, the developing countries

like Egypt don't have well established infrastructure and didn’t implement the RSU, so this

research will try to open new horizons in the best way to implement V2V without RSU

using an optimized current protocol after selecting it from the simulation phase based on

the most useful protocol from the research perspective and then to compare this protocol

with and without RSU in order to check if the KPIs are nearly same or better after doing

more optimization on the protocol in the scenario without the RSU, and finally to

implement a mobile application to justify the simulation results.

mailto:[email protected]

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Acknowledgments

There are so many people to thank for helping me during the last four years, I will

try to thank all of them for being a part in my Master's fruitful journey.

First I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof.

Neamat S. Abdel Kader for her generous guidance, encouragement, and patience.

Thank you so much for providing indispensable advice, information and support on

different aspects.

I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Mohamed Zorkany for his devotion of time

to my research, encouragement, provide the facility and endless support for keeping me

focused in my research, he has been invaluable on both an academic and personal level,

which I am extremely grateful.

I would like to thank my wife May, my sons Youssef and Selim for their personal

support and great patience at all times. My parents, brother have given me their

unequivocal support throughout, as always for which my mere expression of thanks

likewise does not suffice.

The assistance, cooperation, and experience of my fellow graduate students were

essential for the completion of my master's degree , I 'd like to thank Ramy El Gammal, Mona Hosney and Ahmed Shawky for all of their restless support and help.

Of course, I would like to thank the members of my department, Electronics and

Electrical Telecommunications Department. The faculty, staff, and students really made

my graduate studies period one I 'll always remember.

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. I

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. II

LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................VI

NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................... VII

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... X

CHAPTER 1 : VEHICLE TO VEHICLE “V2V” OVER INTELLIGNET

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS “ITS” ..................................................................... 1

1.1. ITS .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2. VANET .......................................................................................................... 1

1.3. V2V ................................................................................................................ 3

1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 7

1.4.1. PROBLEM DEFINITION ....................................................................................................... 7

1.4.2. THESIS GOAL ..................................................................................................................... 8

1.4.3. PROPOSED SOLUTION ........................................................................................................ 8

1.4.4. THESIS ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 2 : VEHICLE TO VEHICLE: SCOPE, IMPORTANCE,

CHALLENGES, RESEARCH DIRECTIONS, AND RELATED WORK ............. 10

2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 10

2.2. ITS DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 10

2.2.1. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................... 11

2.3. V2V SCOPE AND VISION ............................................................................... 12

2.3.1. V2V SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.2. V2V STANDARD COMMUNICATION MODEL .................................................................... 13

2.3.2.1. DEDICATED SHORT RANGE COMMUNICATIONS “DSRC” ........................................ 13 2.3.2.2. IEEE 802.11P........................................................................................................ 17 2.3.3. V2V RESEARCH DIRECTIONS .......................................................................................... 21

2.3.4. V2V RESEARCH DIRECTIONS DESCRIPTION .................................................................... 21

2.3.4.1. V2V PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ....................................................................... 21

2.3.4.2. V2V NEW PROTOCOL DESIGN .............................................................................. 22 2.3.4.3. V2V INTEGRATION ............................................................................................... 24

2.3.4.4. V2V SECURITY ..................................................................................................... 25

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2.3.4.5. V2V IMPLEMENTATION AND ENHANCEMENTS...................................................... 27

2.4. RELATED WORK ............................................................................................. 28

2.4.1. CURRENT ITS SETUP ......................................................................................................... 28

2.5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 38

CHAPTER 3 : PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS ..... 39

3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 39

3.2. ROUTING PROTOCOLS CATEGORIES .............................................................. 39

3.2.1. TOPOLOGY BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS ....................................................................... 39

3.2.1.1. PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS ........................................................................ 40

3.2.1.2. REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS .......................................................................... 40 3.2.1.3. HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS ............................................................................. 41 3.2.2. GEOGRAPHIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS ................................................................................ 41

3.2.2.1. DTN ..................................................................................................................... 41

3.2.2.2. NON-DTN............................................................................................................ 42

3.3. USED ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN THE STUDY ................................................... 42

3.3.1 AD HOC ON-DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV) ......................................................... 42

3.3.2 DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR) ........................................................................ 45

3.3.3 OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING (OLSR) ......................................................... 48

3.3.4 GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOL (GRP) ................................................................... 49

3.4. PROPOSED V2V COMPARISON METHODOLOGY ............................................ 52

3.4.1.SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................... 52

3.4.2. SIMULATION TOOL “RIVERBED MODELER” ............................................... 53

3.4.2.1 RIVERBED DEFINITION .................................................................................... 53

3.4.2.2 RIVERBED MAIN FEATURES ........................................................................... 55

3.4.3. PERFORMANCE METRICS ........................................................................... 55

3.4.3.1. VANET DELAY .................................................................................................... 55

3.4.3.2. VANET THROUGHPUT ......................................................................................... 56

3.4.3.3. VANET RETRANSMISSION ATTEMPTS.................................................................. 56

3.4.3.4. VANET DROPPED DATA ...................................................................................... 56

3.4.3.5. VANET LOAD ...................................................................................................... 56

3.4.3.6. VANET TRAFFIC RECEIVED ................................................................................. 57

3.4.4. V2V ROUTING PROTOCOL SELECTION PHASE ........................................... 57

3.4.4.1. VANET DELAY .................................................................................................... 58

3.4.4.1.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 58

3.4.4.1.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 58 3.4.4.2. VANET THROUGHPUT ......................................................................................... 59

3.4.4.2.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 59

3.4.4.2.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 59 3.4.4.3. VANET RETRANSMISSION ATTEMPTS.................................................................. 60

3.4.4.3.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 60

3.4.4.3.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 60 3.4.4.4. VANET DROPPED DATA ...................................................................................... 61

3.4.4.4.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 61

3.4.4.4.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 61 3.4.4.5. VANET LOAD ...................................................................................................... 62

3.4.4.5.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 62

3.4.4.5.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 62

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3.4.4.6. VANET TRAFFIC RECEIVED ................................................................................. 63

3.4.4.6.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 63

3.4.4.6.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 63 3.4.4.7. SIMULATION RESULTS ........................................................................................... 64 3.4.4.8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 65

CHAPTER 4: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE ITS

SOLUTION WITH AND WITHOUT RSU ........................................................... 66

4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 66

4.2. V2V IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................ 66

4.3. V2V PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ............................................................... 70

4.3.1. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT ........................................................... 70

4.3.2. ITS SETUP WITH RSU VS ITS SETUP WITHOUT RSU ................................ 70

4.3.2.1. VANET DELAY .................................................................................................... 71 4.3.2.1.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 71

4.3.2.1.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 71 4.3.2.2. VANET THROUGHPUT ......................................................................................... 72

4.3.2.2.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 72

4.3.2.2.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 72 4.3.2.3. VANET RETRANSMISSION ATTEMPTS.................................................................. 73

4.3.2.3.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 73

4.3.2.3.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 73 4.3.2.4. VANET LOAD ...................................................................................................... 74

4.3.2.4.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 74

4.3.2.4.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 74 4.3.2.5. AODV NUMBER OF HOPS PER ROUTE .................................................................. 75

4.3.2.5.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 75

4.3.2.5.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 75 4.3.2.6. AODV ROUTE DISCOVERY TIME .......................................................................... 76

4.3.2.6.1. FIRST SCENARIO ................................................................................... 76

4.3.2.6.2. SECOND SCENARIO ............................................................................... 76 4.3.2.7. SIMULATION RESULTS ........................................................................................... 77

4.3.2.8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 78

CHAPTER 5 : PROPOSED PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE V2V

SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................ 79

5.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 79

5.2. V2V/ITS MAIN COMPONENTS ...................................................................... 79

5.3. MAIN COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION ................................................................. 80

5.3.1. NODES .............................................................................................................................. 80

5.3.2. SERVER ............................................................................................................................ 81

5.3.3. V2V ................................................................................................................................. 82

5.3.4. V2I ................................................................................................................................... 82

5.4. NODE BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................................................................ 82

5.5. SOFTWARE DESIGN ....................................................................................... 83

5.6. FLOW CHART ................................................................................................ 85

5.6.1 SOURCE UNIT FLOW CHART ............................................................................................. 85

5.6.2 OTHER UNITS FLOW CHART ............................................................................................. 86

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5.7. ROUTING MODEL .......................................................................................... 87

5.8. SETUP MODEL ............................................................................................... 87

5.9. TEST SCENARIOS ........................................................................................... 88

5.10. MOBILE APPLICATION SCREEN SHOTS............................................................ 91

5.10.1. SOURCE UNIT VIEW ........................................................................................................ 91

5.10.2. DESTINATION UNIT VIEW ................................................................................................ 91

5.11. SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................................................... 92

5.12. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 92

CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ........................................ 93

6.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 93

6.2. FUTURE WORK.............................................................................................. 94

6.3. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................. 94

6.4. LIST OF ACCEPTED PAPERS ........................................................................... 94

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 95

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1.1: VANET Platform ........................................................................................ 2

Figure 1.2: V2V Communications ................................................................................ 4

Figure 1.3: ITS Challenges ............................................................................................ 5

Figure 1.4: V2V Technological Readiness .................................................................... 6

Figure 1.5: VANET Interactions ................................................................................... 7

Figure 2.1: ITS............................................................................................................. 11

Figure 2.2: V2V and V2I ............................................................................................. 13

Figure 2.3: DSRC Communication Model .................................................................. 16

Figure 2.4: IEEE 802.11P Packet Frame ..................................................................... 17

Table 2.1: 802.11a and 802.11p comparison ............................................................... 18

Figure 2.5: V2V Research Directions ......................................................................... 21

Figure 2.6: Performance Evaluations Graphs .............................................................. 22

Figure 2.7: V2V/V2I Protocol Sample ........................................................................ 23

Figure 2.8: V2V/V2I over Cloud................................................................................. 25

Figure 2.9: V2V Security Challenges .......................................................................... 26

Figure 2.10: V2V/V2I Deployment ............................................................................. 28

Figure 2.11: Current ITS Setup ................................................................................... 29

Figure 2.12: 802.11p Roadmap Vs LTE Roadmap ..................................................... 31

Figure 2.13: V2X Integration with Cloud ................................................................... 32

Figure 2.14: Full Integrated ITS Implementation........................................................ 33

Figure 2.15: Architecture example of V2I systems ..................................................... 34

Figure 2.16: Orange Labs ITS Solution ...................................................................... 36

Figure 3.1: Routing Protocols...................................................................................... 39

Figure 3.2: AODV Scenario ........................................................................................ 43

Figure 3.3: AODV Routing Protocol........................................................................... 45

Figure 3.4: DSR routing Protocol ................................................................................ 46

Figure 3.5: MPR Technique ........................................................................................ 48

Figure 3.6: Greedy Routing Strategy ........................................................................... 50

Figure 3.7: GRP Routing Protocol .............................................................................. 51

Figure 3.8: Planner Graph Traversal ........................................................................... 51

Figure 3.9: ITS setup-Low Traffic-Without RSU ....................................................... 52

Figure 3.10: ITS setup-High Traffic-With RSU.......................................................... 52

Table 3.1: Simulation Parameters ................................................................................ 53

Figure 3.11: Riverbed Modeler ................................................................................... 54

Figure 3.12: VANET Delay-Low Traffic .................................................................... 58

Figure 3.13: VANET Delay-High Traffic ................................................................... 58

Figure 3.14: VANET Throughput-Low Traffic .......................................................... 59

Figure 3.15: VANET Throughput-High Traffic .......................................................... 59

Figure 3.16: VANET Retransmission Attempts-Low Traffic ..................................... 60

Figure 3.17: VANET Retransmission Attempts-High Traffic .................................... 60

Figure 3.18: VANET Dropped Data-Low Traffic ....................................................... 61

Figure 3.19: VANET Dropped Data-High Traffic ...................................................... 61

Figure 3.20: VANET Load-Low Traffic ..................................................................... 62

Figure 3.21: VANET Load-High Traffic .................................................................... 62

Figure 3.22: VANET Traffic Received-Low Traffic .................................................. 63

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Figure 3.23: VANET Traffic Received-High Traffic.................................................. 63

Figure 4.1: ITS architecture based on V2V without RSU ........................................... 66

Figure 4.2: Fully integrated ITS without RSU ............................................................ 67

Figure 4.3: ITS architecture without RSU ................................................................... 67

Figure 4.4: VANET Delay-Low Traffic ...................................................................... 71

Figure 4.5: VANET Delay-High Traffic ..................................................................... 71

Figure 4.6: VANET Throughput-Low Traffic ............................................................ 72

Figure 4.7: VANET Throughput-High Traffic ............................................................ 72

Figure 4.8: VANET Retransmission Attempts-Low Traffic ....................................... 73

Figure 4.9: VANET Retransmission Attempts-High Traffic ...................................... 73

Figure 4.10: VANET Load-Low Traffic ..................................................................... 74

Figure 4.11: VANET Load-High Traffic .................................................................... 74

Figure 4.12: AODV No. of Hops Per Route-Low Traffic ........................................... 75

Figure 4.13: AODV No. of Hops Per Route-High Traffic .......................................... 75

Figure 4.14: AODV Route Discovery Time-Low Traffic ........................................... 76

Figure 4.15: AODV Route Discovery Time-High Traffic .......................................... 76

Figure 5.1: V2V/ITS components ............................................................................... 79

Figure 5.2: Web Application High Level Architecture ............................................... 81

Figure 5.3: Node Block Diagram ................................................................................ 83

Figure 5.4: Node H/W Architecture ............................................................................ 83

Figure 5.5: V-Cycle Process ........................................................................................ 84

Figure 5.6: Source Unit Flow Chart ............................................................................ 86

Figure 5.7: Other Units Flow Chart ............................................................................. 87

Figure 5.8: Setup Environment.................................................................................... 88

Figure 5.9: Test Scenario Process Flow ...................................................................... 90

Figure 5.10: Source Unit View .................................................................................... 91

Figure 5.11: Destination Unit View ............................................................................ 91

viii

Nomenclature

AODV Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector

AVI Automated Vehicle Identification

BSM Basic Safety Messages

CAM Cooperative Awareness Messages

CCH Control Channel

CSMA/CA Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

DENM Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages

DOT Department Of Transportation

DSR Dynamic Source Routing

DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communications

EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access

ETC Electronic Toll Collection

ETR Electronic Toll Route

EU European Union

FCC Federal Communication Commission

FCD Floating Car Data/Floating Cellular Data

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FIFO First In First Out

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

GRP Geographical Routing Protocol

GPS Global Positioning System

IERC International Energy Research Centre

IOT Internet of Things

ITS Intelligent Transportation System

ITU International Telecommunication Union

KPI Key Performance Indicator

M2M Machine-to-Machine

MAC Media Access Control

MANET Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

MDOT Michigan Department of Transportation

MLME Mac Layer Management Entity

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

OLSR Optimized Link State Routing

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

RREQ Route Request

RERR Route Error

RREP Route Reply

PRN Private Radio Networks

RSU Road Side Unit

SCH Service Channel

STDMA Self-organizing Time Division Multiple Access

TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm

TTL Time To Live

UMB Urban Multi-Hop Broadcasting

V2I Vehicle To Infrastructure

V2V Vehicle to Vehicle

ix

VANET Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

VII Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Program

WAVE Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments

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Abstract

Day after day Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) become essential in traffic

management with a lot of research directions and technologies. ITS is important for

traffic management, and safety. One of its main points is the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)

communication which is essential in the ITS full automated process. V2V

communication decreases the number of hits between vehicles and the access points on

the roads. Also, it is important in the developing countries which do not include

Roadside Units (RSU).

This thesis question "is it doable to have a V2V implementation in the developing

countries?". Based on the answer of this question, the research is trying to obtain the

best Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) routing protocol to fit in these countries. The developing

countries need to have a fully integrated ITS in order to avoid the exponential increase

for vehicles accidents, and loss of lives. These developing countries need to increase

their investments, but they have a very bad infrastructure in their roads. That is why

they can't use Vehicle-To-Infrastructure (V2I), so the only available solution is the

V2V.

In this thesis, V2V implementation will be used as a standalone system solution for

ITS architecture in these countries without RSU in order to overcome the current

challenges. A full simulation for a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) based on

V2V only will be done using Riverbed simulator. This simulator used to compare

between different VANET routing protocols using the same scenario. Then, the best

V2V routing protocol based on the paper Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and point

of view will be selected. The selected protocol will be used to compare between two

different architectures, one with V2V+RSU implementation and the other one with

V2V only implementation. Finally there will be a full complete picture for the VANET

KPIs in the two implementations. These implementations done to validate if the V2V

standalone implementation is suitable for real ITS implementation or it is still

mandatory to use the RSU as fixed access point beside the V2V communication.

The performance evaluation phase depends on some popular routing protocols

(AODV, OLSR, DSR, GRP) which are used in VANET. But, there are no predefined

steps to use them in the VANET. A lot of researches and development are done in this

field in order improve performance, sustainability, and delay. Most of the recent

researches are using different tools to evaluate scalability and efficiency of a protocol

for VANET using standard tools like Riverbed simulator and NS2 or in-house

developed tools. They are not well adapted to the specificities of these networks.

In this thesis, an android mobile application will be developed to simulate our

practical implementation for the recommended ITS solution. The simulations are done

between three nodes and a traffic management server instead of the hardware unit due

xi

to cost and implementation constraints. Also; this mobile application will include the

same features like the hardware unit starting from GPS, WI-FI, 3G, and processing unit.

The research main target is to succeed in decreasing a very important KPI which is

the average number of retransmission attempts which will provide more accuracy.

Latency, number of retransmissions and accuracy are part of the main development

areas in this field because it is mandatory to obtain the most acceptable values related to

this field.

v2v implementation in developing...

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