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Aalborg Universitet

Designing Mobile Interactions: The continual convergence of form and context

Volume 1

Kjeldskov, Jesper

Publication date:2013

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Citation for published version (APA):Kjeldskov, J. (2013). Designing Mobile Interactions: The continual convergence of form and context: Volume 1.

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Designing mobile interactionsthe continual convergence of form and context

Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume I

Kjeld

skovD

esignin

g mob

ile interaction

s

I

Designing mobile interactionsthe continual convergence of form and context

Jesper Kjeldskov

Volume I

Table of contents

Preface i

Part I. Studying and analysing 129

Part II. Designing and building 209

Part III. Improving evaluation 313

Part IV. Artefacts 403

Part V. Understanding 505

List of contributions 605

List of co-authors 607

Sammenfatning på dansk 609

Preface

March 2012 J KDepartment of Computer ScienceAalborg UniversityDenmark

Position summary

Chapter 1. Designing mobile interactions

Table of contents

1. Introduction 2

2. Background 6

3. Opportunities for mobile interaction design research 34

4. Towards a designerly way 43

5. The continual convergence of form and context 61

6. Contributions 69

7. Conclusions 84

8. Epilogue 88

Acknowledgements 90

References 91

Chapter 1

Designing mobile interactions- the continual convergence of form and context

Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world

Abstract.

1. INTRODUCTION

engineering design

mobile interaction design1

shape, look, function content

ensemble

context

a designerly way

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. Mobile Computing

interaction design

Portability

MiniaturizationConnectivity

Convergence

Divergence

apps

digital ecosystems

Portability

Miniaturization

Connectivity

spring-loaded

Convergence

hybrid

Divergencedivergence

inversely

preferred

digital ecosystems

applications

positive in itself

applications and content

mobile devices,

Digital ecosystems

digital ecosystems

form-context ensembles

2.2. Interaction design

totality

practice research

should be,

Mobile interaction design

software applications

Research impact on practice

mobile

practice

do

too

these

Multi- and interdisciplinarity

multidisciplinary

multidisciplinary

interaction

c

interdisciplinarity

connects integrates

coordinated distinctintegrated combined

Modifying the unit of analysis

existing concepts and theories.

form-context convergence

The role of context

is

c

c

c

context-aware

c

c

mobilesecond wave

paradigm

third

elemental de ineunderstand

2.3. Design approaches

people systems

User-centred design

Designing for People .

Technology-driven designtechnology

can

because they can. needs,

c

not

as well as

At the intersection between users and technology

withoutWhat

is it that those companies do that is missing from the established literature on the topic?

current practicefuture practices

but

merging new technological possibilities with visions of future practice

3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MOBILE INTERACTION DESIGN RESEARCH

Me

tho

dCase studies

Field studies

Action research

Lab experiments

Survey research

Applied research

Basic research

Normative writings

Pu

rp

os

e

Understanding

Engineering

Re-engineering

Evaluating

Describing

3.1. Trends and assumptions

c

people systems,

We already know what to build

Context is not important

Methodology matters very little

Opportunities

emerging applied

multi-

ield studies

survey case study

basic research

action research

ield studiesield ethnographies, ield experiments, ield surveys

people systems

should

usersobjects

subjects

3.2. Impact on my research

interplay

Studying and analysing use contexts

Using context to inform interaction design

Developing new methods for evaluation in context

Exploring context-awarenesscontext-aware

Understanding user experiences in context

3.3. Emerging challenges

designerly ways

transcend beyond the dichotomy of people- or technology- oriented research and design.

widen the scopebeyond the individual mobile device and an individual userXs interaction with it

not

4. TOWARDS A DESIGNERLY WAY

a designerly way

contextualism

4.1. From technical rationality to continual convergence

design

mobile

solving,

setting

re lection-in on action, designerly wayfunctional analysis,

problem-solving,

problem-setting,

Design as dealing with emergent goals

emergent evolutionary learning,

context and goals

bothgoals

wholeness-extending transformations

Design as continual convergence

scientized designerly

4.2. World views, root metaphors, and modes of inference

formism, mechanism, organicism, contextualism.

is like

how things work.

how it develops.

how this is happening.

formist mechanistorganicism contextualism

embrace

rejectspragmatism

Design as abductive thinking

abductive

cause

wondering

in a designerly way

is

is not

problem setting wholeness extending.

thinking creation re lective practice continual convergence.

Design

viewed as

Associated

with

Interaction Design

approach

Epistemological

position

Way of thinking

and acting

Philosophical

world view

Mode of

Inference

Functional

analysis

Problem

solving

Problem

setting

Wholeness

extending

4.3. Contextualism in research and design

content, context processchange

contentcontext

process

content form

.

processes

Contextual architeture

outcomesprocess

on the building site

genius loci

.

The nature of order

in natural systems

its whole

made

exhibits centeredness

process

evolves

futurelatently present

Ywhich can support the continuous creation of an emerging living structure in the worldZ

create coherent form in the world

YThe process must go gradually, in a way that allows assessments, corrections, and improvements to be made about the degree of life which occurs throughout the structure, at all scales and at all levels. This process must occur continually throughout the conception, design and constructionZ

as needed

4.4. Elaborating on user-centred design

activities outcome purpose

howstudy and analyse.

what how

Separating and rede ining activities and outcomes

understanding artefacts.

type

analysing

analysisleads to

Shifting the gravity point

users,

Activity-

mobile

contextual user experiences

full context not just the people.

context

the ensemble, symbiosis, or convergence ofform and context. .

form-context users

inter-

against

beyond Form-context convergence

fusion

Making the process lexible and unpredictable

5. THE CONTINUAL CONVERGENCE OF FORM AND CONTEXT

contextually grounded, wholeness sensitive, and continually unfolding process of design

continual convergence of form and context

empirical, creative, technical theoreticalstudying, analysing, designing

building

5.1. Emergence and unpredictability

5.2. Form and context unity

shape, look, function content

5.3. Form and context convergence

studying, analysing, designing and building

assessment, abstraction, exploration and synthesis

understanding artefacts concrete abstract.

5.4. Between understanding and artefacts

5.5. Between concrete and abstract

design unselfconscious

abstraction synthesis

5.6. Four types of design activity

Concrete Abstract

Understanding

Empirical Theoretical

Artefacts Technical Creative

empirical

theoretical

creative

technical

5.7. Four types of design ripples

ripples

abstraction, exploration, synthesis, and assessment,

Abstraction

Exploration

Synthesis

Assessment

5.8. The contextual approach and my own research

studying, analysing, designing building

artefactsunderstanding

6. CONTRIBUTIONS

Theme Research question Contributions

Challenges and

opportunities

Part I

Studying and analysing

Part II

Designing and building

Part II

Improving evaluation

Part IV

Artefacts

Part V

Understanding

6.1. Part I \ Studying and analysing

how can we study, analyse and understand aspects of context relevant for mobile interaction design?

Physical context

Social context

Personal context

Work context

6.2. Part II \ Designing and building

how can we design and build interactive mobile systems grounded in context?

as well as

inspirationalistic creativity structuralistic creativity

form and context ensembles

User- and technology-centeredness

Socio-physical design

Sketches and mock-ups

Ethnography and object-orientation

6.3. Part III \ Improving evaluation

how can we improve our techniques for studying the user experience of mobile interaction design in context?

mobile

ecological validity

control

if looking for usability problems

Simulating mobility

Simulating the domain

Bringing the system into the ield

Taking the lab with you

6.4. Part IV \ Artefacts

how can we make use of context in the implementation of concrete interactive mobile systems?

active passive

adaptive mediated

MobileWARD

Just-for-Us

GeoHealth

ArchiLens

.

Power Advisor

6.5. Part V \ Understanding

how can we abstractly describe and understand the relationships between interactive mobile systems, users and context?

Principles of perceptual organisation

proximity, closure, symmetry, continuity, similarity

Indexical interaction design

indexicality.

Proxemics and interactional spaces

Orchestrating mobile devices

7. CONCLUSIONS

Lesson 1:

Lesson 2:

Lesson 3:

Lesson 4:

Lesson 5:

Lesson 6:

Lesson 7:

Lesson 8:

Lesson 1: transcending technology- and user-centeredness

Lesson 2: form-context unity

Lesson 3: a designerly way

Lesson 4: studying and analysing

Lesson 5: designing and building

Lesson 6: improving evaluation

Lesson 7: artefacts

Lesson 8: understanding

8. EPILOGUE

Challenges for a contextual approach

context form-context ensembles,users

technology

Downsides of holism in interaction design

pragmatic holism.experiential non-linear

useful

Towards digital ecology

digital ecology.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7

March 2009 Metrics Report.

Human-Computer Interaction 16

Social Science, Technical Systems, and Cooperative Work: Beyond the Great Divide

Environmental & Architectural Phenomenology Newsletter

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The timeless Way of Building.

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Constructions.

Notes on the Synthesis of Form.

First Monday, 7

Australian Journal of Information Systems. 8

Proceedings of CHI 2009

The Nature of Research into Design and Technology Education: Design Curriculum Matters.

Systematic Method for Designers.

Journal of Design History, 18

Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies.

Theories and Practice in Interaction Design.

Designing the Mobile User Experience

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Proceedings of UbiComp 2003,

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12

The Information System Research Challenge


Designing Interactive Systems.

Information Appliances and Beyond.

Information Appliances and Beyond

Proceedings of INTERACT 2005

Contextual design: De ining customer-centred systems.

Interactions, 16

Communications of the ACM, 48

IEEE Computer, 21

iPhone User Interface Design Projects

Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2002

Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 19

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6,

Architecture in context: itting new buildings with old

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13


Sketching User Experiences: getting the design right and the right design.

The Invisible Future: The seamless integration of technology in everyday life

Human-Computer Interaction, 26

Proceedings of NordiCHI 2006

Human Computer Interaction, 11

Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge

Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 13

What the iPad means for the future of computing

A survey of context-aware mobile computing research

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 5


BT Technology Journal, 16

Design Thinking.

Design Issues, 17

Design Studies, 20

Design Studies, 3

Computers in context: the philosophy and practice of systems design.

Proceedings of the 1st conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, techniques

Information Systems Action Research: An Applied View of Emerging Concepts and Methods

Foundations and Trends in Human Computer Interaction, 4

Proceedings of MobileHCI 2009

First statement of rules, inaugural meeting of the society, 1966


Proceedings of Workshop on the What, Who, Where, When and How of Context-Awareness, CHI 2000

Human-Computer Interaction

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7


Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction


Designing for People

Interactions, 18

Interactions, 15

Foundations of Science, 4

ACM Transactions On Computer-Human Interaction, 12

Design at Work

Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge

Theories and Practice in Interaction Design

Cosmic Religion: with other Opinions and Aphorisms.

Mobile Design and Development: Practical Concepts and Techniques for Creating Mobile Sites and Web Apps.


Beginning Smartphone Web Development: Building Javascript, CSS, HTML and Ajax-Based Applications for iPhone, Android, Palm Pre, Blackberry, Windows Mobile and Nokia S60.

Emergence in Organizational dProblem-solving: Theories of Social Cognition

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Proceedings of MOBIS 2005

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The Image of the City.

Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers

The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking is the Next Competitive Advantage.

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Alex Popov: Buildings and Projects

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Chapter 2. A review of mobile interaction design research

Chapter 2

A review of mobile interaction design research

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

solutions

Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2003,

2. RESEARCH METHODS

natural, arti icial environment independent

Method Strengths Weaknesses Use

2.1. Case Studies

2.2. Field Studies

ethnographic

experiments

2.3. Action Research

2.4. Laboratory Experiments

2.5. Survey research

2.6. Applied Research

intuition, experience, deduction induction.

2.7. Basic Research

2.8. Normative Writings

normative writings,

3. RESEARCH PURPOSEpurpose

Understanding

Engineering

Re-engineering

Evaluating

Describing

4. CLASSIFICATION OF MOBILE HCI RESEARCH

Research Method

Res

earc

h p

urp

ose

Case studies

Field studies

Action research

Lab experiment

Surveyresearch

Applied research

Basic research

Normative writings

Understand

Engineer

Re-engineer

Evaluate

Describe

also

re-engineering

not re-building

5. DISCUSSION

are

6. LIMITATIONS

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: REVIEWED MOBILE HCI RESEARCH PAPERS, 2000 2002

Part IStudying and analysing

Chapter 3. Physical context

Chapter 4. Social context

Chapter 5. Personal context

Chapter 6. Work context

STUDYING AND ANALYSINGhow can we study, analyse and understand aspects of context

relevant for mobile interaction design?

Physical context

Social context

Personal context

Work context

Chapter 3

Physical context*

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Behaviour and Information Technology,

1.1. Indexicality: relating interfaces to their context

2. ANALYZING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

3. FIELD STUDY: FEDERATION SQUARE

3.1. Inspecting Federation Square

3.2. Coding the data

3.3. Analyzing the data

3.4. Synthesizing the data: MIRANDA

4. MOBILE GUIDE DESIGN

4.1. Location by district

4.2. Augmented interactive photorealistic depictions

°

°

4.3. Rich descriptions for navigation

5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4

Social context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work,

place

share places, indexing to places, augmenting places.

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. People in place

2.2. Technology in place

2.3. Interactions in place

3. FIELD STUDY: PEOPLE SOCIALISING IN A PUBLIC PLACE

3.1. Participants, procedure and data collection

3.2. Transcriptions and data analysis

knowledge, situation, motivationsharing place, indexing to place,

augmenting place

4. SITUATED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN PUBLIC PLACES

4.1. Knowledge

4.2. Situation

4.3. Motivation

5. DESIGNING FOR SITUATED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

5.1. Sharing Place: Recommendations Based on History and Context

.

5.2. Indexing to Place: Way Finding Referring to the Familiar

5.3. Augmenting Place: indicating People and Activities in Proximity

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCESHuman-Computer

Interaction

Contextual Design - De ining Customer Centred Systems

Proceedings of HCI International 2003, Crete, Greece, June 22 to 27, 2003

Cognition Technology and Work,

Inhabiting the Virtual City: The design of social environments for electronic communities


Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,

Proceedings of Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT’93, Elba Island, Italy, September 19 to 22, 1993

Ecological Psychology

Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work ECSCW’01, Bonn, Germany, September 16 to 20, 2001

Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work ‘96, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, November 16 to 20, 1996.

Urban Design International

Computer Supported Cooperative Work,

Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2005, Salzburg, Austria, September 19 to 22, 2005

Digital Ground - Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing.

Proceedings of DIS 2000, New York, USA, August 17 to 19, 2000.

ME++ The Cyborg Self and the Networked City

City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn

The Design of Everyday Things.

Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution

Paper Prototyping. The Fast and Easy Way to Design and Re ine User Interfaces

Chapter 5

Personal context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Australasian Journal of Information Systems,

2. WHAT IS INTIMACY?

physical intimacy, non-verbal communication, self-disclosure, presence, cognitive intimacy, affective intimacy, commitment mutuality

Physical intimacy

Non-verbal communication

Self-disclosure

Presence

present in absence

oneself being present to another

Cognitive intimacy

Affective intimacy

Commitment

Mutuality

actions

feelings

3. PROBING INTIMACY

3.1. Cultural Probes

3.2. Contextual Interviews

3.3. Participants

3.4. Procedure

4. RESULTS

presence in absence.

presence

emotional rather than factual.

ambiguous and incomplete

shared world view

privateself-

disclosure

private meaning

shared past

shared history

common journey

commitment

alone together

physical closeness

reciprocity

commitment

5. DESIGN IDEAS

Memorabilia Manager:

Constant Touch:

Family Digital Assistant:

6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6

Work context

Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

Interacting with Computers,

2. FIELD STUDY OF WORK ACTIVITIES

letting go the mooring lines

2.1. The operation of letting go the lines

common ground

grounding,

all“The contributor and the partners mutually believe that the partners have

understood what the contributor meant to a criterion suf icient for the current purpose” .

2.2. Findings from ield studies of “letting go the lines”

3. ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION

3.1. Aspect and tense of conversations

3.2. Objects of conversations

1 you can let go the bow line2 let go bow line3 and you can take the stern spring4 letting go stern spring5 bow line let go6 bow line let go7 and stern spring let go8 stern spring let go9 you just let go the stern line also10 let go line aft11 and we have the bow line home12 ok13 and all let go aft14 all let go aft

1 you can let go the bow line

2 let go bow line5 bow line let go6 bow line let go

11 and we have the bow line home12 ok

3 and you can take the stern spring4 letting go stern spring7 and stern spring let go8 stern spring let go

9 you just let go the line aft also10 let go line aft13 and all let go aft14 all let go aft

3.3. Structure of conversations

4. CANNED COMMUNICATION PROTOTYPE

4.1. System architecture

4.2. Interface design

5. EVALUATION STUDIES

5.1. Heuristic inspection

Results

5.2. Evaluation with captains and of icers in ship simulator

Results

doing

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. Limitations of canned communication

6.2. Improving canned communication

Modifying and withdrawing commands

by mistake

Flexibility

actionsobjects locations

complete

Minimizing task interference

6.3. Canned communication in industrial domains revisited

7. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Part IIDesigning and building

Chapter 7. User- and technology centeredness

Chapter 8. Socio-physical design

Chapter 9. Sketches and mock-ups

Chapter 10. Ethnography and object-orientation

DESIGNING AND BUILDINGhow can we design and build interactive mobile systems

grounded in context?

form and context ensembles

User- and technology-centeredness



Chapter 7

User- and technology-centredness

Abstract.1

lacking in detail on usability and feasibility, and being largely reactive to current problem situations

post-evaluation, the design discussion was largely reactive to the current prototype

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of APCHI 2004,

2. SUPPORTING THE USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

3. THE USER CENTERED APPROACH

3.1. Interviews

3.2. Contextual Interviews and Observation of Current Practice

3.3. Acting-Out in Context

3.4. Design Workshop

3.4. TramMate

4. THE TECHNOLOGY CENTERED APPROACH

4.1. Usability Evaluations

the relation between information in the system and in the world.

graphical design of maps.

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

EPILOGUE OCTOBER 2010

inspirationaliststructuralist

and

in sequence

both

also

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8


Abstract.1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Emergence of Hybrid Environments

Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction,

1.2. The notion of “layered” space

1.3. Context Awareness

1.4. A Multidisciplinary Approach

design ideas

2. CASE STUDY: UNDERSTANDING PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

2.1. Investigating Physical Context

2.2. Investigating Social Context

social affordances

3. REPRESENTING PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

3.1. Representing Physical Context

PIA Layered Map

3.2. Representing Social Context

SOPHIA Conceptual Framework

Prior Experience and Expectations

usually comelet’s eat where we ate

last time

usually meet

Situations, places and spaces

socializing by proximity

the railway station that big white umbrella

next to the place we went where we sat under those heat lampswhere we saw the

world cup

Sensing-making

4. INFORMING INTERACTION DESIGN

Location by District1.

Augmented Photorealistic Depictions2.

Rich Descriptions for Navigation3.

Use of History4.

Way inding5.

Representation of People and Activities6.

Meeting and Waiting7.

NOW Representation of People and Activities,

5. EVALUATING JUST FOR US

6. FINDINGS

landmarks

nodes

edges

paths

prior experience

situation

,

sense-making

7. DISCUSSION: THE VALUE OF A MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

7.1. Understanding the socio-physical context of urban environments

7.2. Informing interaction design for a socio-physical context

Location by district (1) augmented photorealistic depictions (2)

as well as

rich descriptions for navigation (3).

representation of people and activities (6)

use of history (4), meeting and waiting (7),

over time other people

7.3. A socio-physically informed development process

7.4. The open-endedness of PIA, SOPHIA and the seven design ideas

8. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCESHuman-Computer Interaction

16

Notes on the Synthesis of Form

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction

Proceedings of Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing in the Urban Frontier, UbiComp, 2004

Contextual design: De ining customer-centred systems



Social Navigation of Information Space

Sketching User Experiences: getting the design right and the right design

Systems thinking, systems practice

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 6



SIGGRAPH Bulletin 3

OZCHI 2005

Cognition Technology and Work 6(1)

Proceedings of HCI International 2003,

Computer Supported Cooperative Work 13,

Interactions November + December

Interaccion 2004

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7(3)

Inhabiting the Virtual City: The design of social environments for electronic communities


Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(1)

Proceedings of Conference on Spatial Information Theory

Communications of the ACM 45(2)

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7(1)

Behaviour in Public Places - Notes on The Social Organization of Gatherings

Proceedings of Workshop on HCI in Mobile Guides at Mobile HCI 2003

Telecommunications and the City: Electronic spaces, urban places

Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work ‘96

Space is the Machine

Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(2)

Proceedings of VRST ‘96,

Proceedings of CADE2004



Proceedings of Mobile Tourism Support Workshop at Mobile HCI 2002

Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of Workshop on HCI in Mobile Guides at Mobile HCI 2003

The Image of the City


Digital Ground - Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing

Proceedings of DIS ‘00

City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn

e-topia: “urban life, jim - but not as we know it”

Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Computer Supported Cooperative Work

In Proceedings of Australasian Computer Human Interaction Conference, OZCHI 2005,


Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach


Smart Mobs - The Next Social Revolution

Computers and Graphics Journal 23(6)

Interaction Design: beyond human-computer interaction, 2nd Edition

Paper Prototyping

Basics of Qualitative Research



The social life of small urban spaces

Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods

Chapter 9


Abstract.

1. INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of CHI 2005,

2. ATTEMPTS TO MEDIATE INTIMACY

3. CHALLENGES FOR STUDYING MEDIATED INTIMACY

4. RESEARCH DESIGN

4.1. Method

4.2. Participants

4.3. Data Collection

Week 0: Probe pack distribution and initial interview

Week 1: Interview and process checking/steering

Week 4: Interview and addition of new probe element

Week 7: Interview and probe collections

Week 9: Focus groups

Week 12-15: Design Activities

4.4. Data Analysis

5. FINDINGS

5.1. Before Intimacy: Antecedents

Self disclosure

Trust

Commitment

5.2. During Intimacy: Constituent Themes

Emotional

Reciprocity

Expressive

Physical, involving stroking and patting

Public & Private

5.3. Consequences of Intimacy: Yield

Presence-in-absence

Strong yet vulnerable

6. IMPLICATIONS FOR AN ‘INTIMATE TECHNOLOGY’

6.1. Preliminary Design Sketches

6.2. Design Sketches from Workshops

6.3. SynchroMate

6.4. Hug Over a Distance

7. DISCUSSION

8. LIMITATIONS

9. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 10


Abstract.1

mobile

1. INTRODUCTION

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,

mobile

object-oriented analysis and design

application domainproblem domain

contextual richness.

abstract models.

2. RELATED WORK

domain of operationhuman interaction

3. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF BRIDGING THE GAP

4. ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD STUDIES

4.1. Case study 1: the container ship

4.2. Case study 2: the power plant

5. APPLICATION DOMAIN ANALYSIS

problem application


Observed communication problems

Communication structures


Communication to support coordination

Observed communication problems

5.3. What did we learn from the two application domain analyses?

6. PROBLEM DOMAIN ANALYSIS


Let go

Class diagram

Commanding of icer Of icerShip Team

LocationShip Task

State chart diagramLet go


controller ield worker.

acted-out

6.3. What did we learn from the two problem domain analyses?

7. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION


Sketches on paper

Design in eMbedded Visual Basic

very

Mock-up in Shockwave

Functional prototype


User interface modellingbridges

interaction model,presentation model, dialogue model.

User interface design

Paper Prototype

Functional Prototype

7.3. What did we learn from the two design and implementation processes?

8. FUNCTIONAL PROTOTYPES

8.1. The Maritime Communicator

Overall Design

Implementation


Overall Design

The communication screen

The alarm screen

The status screen

Implementation

9. EVALUATIONS AND USER FEEDBACK


Highlights from evaluation


Highlights from evaluation

10. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

10.1. Value of application domain analysis

10.2. Value of problem domain analysis

10.3. Informing the design process

10.4. Supporting the implementation process

10.5. Value of ethnography in mobile HCI

how

11. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

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