vg812 cauliflower selection for export, frozen processing

VG812 Cauliflower selection for export, frozen processing and fresh market in South Australia

Geoff Lomman South Australian Primary Industries

danikah

Stamp

VG812

This report is published by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry.

The research contained in this report was funded by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation with the financial support of the Horticultural Association of South Australia.

All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation or any authority of the Australian Government.

The Corporation and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this Report and readers should rely upon their own inquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests.

Cover Price $20.00

HRDCISBN1 86423 514 4

Published and Distributed by:

Horticultural Research and Development Corporation Level 6 7 Merriwa Street Gordon NSW 2072

Telephone: (02)9418 2200 Fax: (02)9418 1352

© Copyright 1997

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

FINAL REPORT

PROJECT VG 812

Cauliflower Selection for Export, Frozen Processing and Fresh market in SA

Research Undertaken by Geoff Lonunan Final Report Prepared by Barry Philp

Primary Industries SA

1. INDUSTRY SUMMARY

The objective of project VG 812 was to identify improved cauliflower cultivars for the fresh, processing and export markets. It commenced in 1987 and was completed in 1990.

In 1988 the SA cauliflower industry used open pollinated varieties, some of which were performing erratically^ At this-time, a large number of hybrid cauliflower varieties were being released by seed companies. These hybrid varieties offered significant advantages over the traditional open pollinated varieties including better quality, shorter growing time to maturity, and a shorter spread of harvest.

The release of a large number of hybrid varieties by seed companies required some detailed work to evaluate which was best suited to what planting season in each of the major cauliflower growing districts. These hybrid varieties also offered industry with an opportunity to adopt cultivars better suited to the export market.

2. TECHNICAL SUMMARY

A series of 10 cultivar by planting time trials were conducted on grower properties throughout the Adelaide Plains and Adelaide Hills during 1988 and 1989. These trials evaluated more than 60 cultivars and were accompanied by a series of 4 field days for growers, seedling growers and seed companies.

Replicated cultivar trials were planted at 4-6 weekly intervals during the cauliflowwer production seasons for the Adelaide Plains and Adelaide Hills. Each trial was a randomised block design using 3 replicates. Plot size was 2.4 m long by 0.8 m wide using a plant density of 2.04 plants /sq metre.

Standard commercial production practices were used, with trial sites being located within commercial cauliflower crops.

Cultivars were evaluated at each site for a range of yield and quality parameters including:

curd weight curd diameter curd colour curd total soluble solids (sugar levels) curd smoothness curd weight to diameter ratio curd diameter to exposed diameter ratio (measure of leaf cover) days from transplant to harvest (days) spread of harvest (days) other quality characteristics (eg leaf tipburn)

Included in this work was the development of colour charts for assessing an important quality parameter, curd colour.

* * * * * * * * * *

The best 10 cultivars from each 1988 trial site was included in 1989 time of planting trials.

Details of the technical data gathered for each cultivar by planting site are included in the attached reports. A summary of the best varieties by key planting times for the Adelaide Plains and Adelaide Hills is included in Table 2 of the 19th January report.

3. PUBLICATION SCHEDULE

A series of 4 research data reports was published (attached). These reports were published for use at 4 field days targeting:

* cauliflower growers * nurserymen supplying seedlings to the cauliflower industry and undertaking a lot of

the production scheduling for growers. * seed company representatives.

Each of the field days was attended by 20-50 people, and provided an opportunity for participants to see how each cultivar was performing in the field as well as obtain technical information about each cultivar.

In addition, industry magazine articles were published to coincide with each of these field days.

As a result of this program and support from seed companies, there was rapid adoption of hybrid cultivars by SA cauliflower growers. The adoption of these varieties has enabled the industry to supply a more consistent quality of cauliflower to consumers, and has facilitated development of the export industry (through supply of product with appropriate quality and size characteristics). Cauliflower industry "cut out" percentages have also increased significantly reducing costs and enhancing industry sustainability.

4. ATTACHED REPORTS

Accompanying are copies of 4 reports detailing technical outcomes of Project VG 812:

* Cauliflower Cultivar Evaluation 1988 * Cauliflower Cultivar Trials - field day notes 19 May 1989 * Cauliflower Cultivars for a January to May Transplant - Northern Adelaide Plains

- filed day notes 6 October 1989 * Cauliflower Cultivars for a January to Early June Transplant on the Northern

Adelaide Plains and August Transplant in the Adelaide Hills 19 January 1990.

These reports contain detailed technical management and results derived from Project VG 812.

File: c: \working\wordfil\industri\brassica\caulvari. rep

S A D E P A R T M E N T O F A G R I C U L T U R E

C A U L I F L O W E R C U L T I V A R S F O R A J A N U A R Y TO_ E A R L Y J U N E T R A N S P L A N T

O N T H E N O R T H E R N A D E L A I D E P L A I N A N D

A U G U S T T R A N S P L A N T IN T H E A D E L A I D E H I L L S , S O U T H A U S T R A L I A

P R E L I M I N A R Y R E S U L T S O F lO C U L T I V A R T R I A L S O V E R F I V E T R A N S P L A N T T I M E S

SouLth. A u s t r a l i a , 19th JantJiar-'y- 1 9 9 0

G*J L o m m a n S e n i o r Horfc±GVJ. 1 -fcxjira 1 O f f i c e r

R H A l l e n T e c h n i c a l O f f i c e r

1

BACKGROUND Traditional cauliflower cultivars grown during autumn, winter and spring to produce:

tend

(a) Poor quality

Y66 has a tendency to produce "fluffy" susceptible to tipburn (calcium deficiency) confidence with this cultivar.

heads and the plant is Many growers have lost

Westralia spring.

tends to produce "fluffy" heads during hot conditions in

(b) Long maturity times

Both Y66 and Westralia can take in excess of sixteen weeks (112 days) to reach maturity. New cultivars have shown maturity times between 60 and 100 days depending on the time of transplanting. These shorter maturity times result in greater production efficiencies.

(c) Wide spread of harvest

Both Y66 and Westralia are open-pollinated cultivars with a spread of harvest of up to 35 days requiring up to 6 cutting times. New cultivars have been cut twice over a span of 5 days. Cultivars that have a more concentrated harvest span are more economic to grow because less time is required to walk through the crop to complete harvest.

TRIAL OBJECTIVES

To determine cauliflower cultivars suitable both for the export and local fresh markets which will replace the Y66 and Westralia selections.

METHOD

Table 1 shows site location and transplant times for the trials. The best 24 cultivars grown in trials during 1988 were further evaluated in 1989.

Table 1: Site Location and Transplant Times

Site Location Transplant Times

VIRGINIA VIRGINIA VIRGINIA VIRGINIA BCHUNGA

1988 Trials 1989 Trials

9/2/88 2U/1/89 1/3/88 22/2/89 29/3/88 31/3/89 17/5/88 7/6/89 18/8/88 18/8/89

3

The key variables chosen in this method were curd weight, curd colour, time to harvest and spread of harvest. The variables were chosen by Mr Don Grivell, Owner Manager of Nod Exports, a SA exporter of cauliflowers to SE Asia.

* Mean of selected rankings of key- variables essential for high quality local market sales.

The key variables chosen in this method were curd diameter, curd exposed diameter, curd colour and curd total soluble solids. The variables were chosen by Mr Michael Seccafein who is a supplier of quality cauliflowers to the local market. He is also chairman of the Northern Adelaide Plains Cabbage and Cauliflower section of the United farmers and Stockowners of SA.

The 3 rankings were then studied and the 3 to 6 cultivars performing well in all three rankings over 2 years were listed in Table 2. An example of the //Comparative results produced by the 3 ranking methods is shown in Table 3.

RESULTS

Table 2 lists the most promosing cultivars for transplanting from January to June on the Northern Adelaide Plain and August in the Adelaide Hills. Both the research trials and small scale testing by growers has shown that the old cultivars, Y66 and Westralia can be satisfactorily replaced by new- hybrids. The hybrid cultivars tend to mature earlier and produce quality at least equal to and often surpassing that of the old cultivars.

A deliberate attempt was made to reduce the number of cultivars that are recommended. Seed companies may feel disadvantaged by this but it was felt necessary to suggest only limited numbers of cultivars to avoid confusion. Information on cultivars not recommended is available from the Lenswood Department of Agriculture office. In many cases there is little difference in performance between cultivars that rank in the top 10 at any planting time.

Tendency to split was noted in several cultivars. This may be avoided if:

no nitrogen is applied after buttoning (when curds are 20 mm in diameter).

molybdenum sprays are applied early in the season

Cultivar characteristics

Time of transplanting, approximate number of days from transplanting and spread of harvest details for the most promosing cultivars are listed in Table 2. Below is a brief description of each of the most promosing cultivars:

First Light

First Light is early maturing ranking high in the key variables identified in the Seccafein and Grivell methods in Table 2. First Light

jTABLE 2: JBEST PERFORMING CULTiVARS FROM CAULIFLOWER

RIALS OVER 2 SEASONS (1988 & 1989) Tirrtgx;; £#8&ar; s^^^^^-^Sptsajii

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!Ja miSrty-: '•:'•/.[ First Light •":-•• Eclipse :::: Forte 130 !

83 83

S3 129

10

i F e b m s ^ x X - x i x j M u s t a n g

Snowdon First Light Arbon

SPS NK NK

13 S

17

i^isrchi Arfak Hunter Allegro Ailroundet^ Forte

!Y i

lY JY ! Y ;H

30 57

110 117 127

1 0 9 5 5

10 17

, I

iMav::;::x: : : Arfak

:-':i Mustang

;»kiRie;£':;:::; •'•:'•:•:] Forte learly^Sy:::: ; : : : : ; i : ; Allegro !:x::x::>>;::;:;>::>:::;>: Eclipse !;: x.^x:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;: Hunter ' : ; : : ; :x : :": ; : : ; : : : :x-x: : First Liqht

;LV iSPS

SPS Y NK

95 ; 95 i

113 i 120- ] 123 j 124 124

11 6

::: \ :•::•:::': [.[ylSnowdon ;NK ; 95 10 | :y j 100 9 I

!Y ! 115 10 ! !Y ! 115 10 !

[.'• .:::::::::::::::::x::::::::::::JForte i Y | 122 J i

|:::::::::;::::::: :::::'.:::::::::|Arbon i.H ! : 1

124 6 i

6 11 £ 6

ADELAIDE HILLS ir. ' jqust: Eclipse

ijPlana iiArfak ijElby

(First Light •jAiieqro

;LV 'LV JH ;NK IY

98 99 100 100 ioo ; 105 !

4 7

5 5 6 6

Table 4: Organisations who funded the cauliflower cultivar assessment program. South Australia, 1988 & 1989

Organisation and address Telephone number

South Australian Department of Agriculture Lenswood Horticultural Centre, LENSWOOD SA 5240

(08) 389 8302

Cabbage and Cauliflower section of the Horticultural Section of United Farmers and Stockowners of SA, 126 South Tee., ADELAIDE SA 5000

(08) 231 4683

Henderson's Seed Co., P.O. Box 118, BuT.T.EFM VIC 3105

(03) 850 2266

Arthur Yates and Co. 60 Grand Junction Rd.. KILBURN SA 5034

(08) 349 6066

South Pacific Seeds 10 Shiraz Crt., ABERFOYLE PARK SA 5159

(08) 270 4802

Northrup King Pty Ltd, Shop 5, Benbowie St., ST AGNES SA 5097

(08) 396 0600

Lefroy Valley Seed Co. RMB 303, Seven Day Rd., MANJIMUP WA 6258

(097) 71 2822

Horticultural Research and Development Corporation Level 14, 100 William St., SYDNEY NSW 2011

(02) 357 7000

SA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CAULIFLOWER CULTIVARS FOR A JANUARY TXD MAY TRANSPLANT

ON THE NORTHERN ADELAIDE PLAIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

FIELD DAY NOTES Virginia. 6/10/89

GvJJ Lommo.n Senior- Hort i cu 1 tura 1 Officer

RH Allen Technical Officer

BACKGROUND

Traditional cauliflower cultivars grown during autumn, winter and spring tend to produce:

(a) Poor quality

Y66 has a tendency to produce "fluffy" heads and the plant is susceptible to tipburn (calcium deficiency). Many growers have lost confidence with this cultivar. Westralia tends to produce "fluffy" heads during hot conditions in spring.



(c) Wide spread of harvest _


TRIAL OBJECTIVES

To determine cauliflower cultivars suitable both for the export and local fresh markets which will replace the Y66 and westralia selections.

METHOD

Table 1 shows site location and transplant times for the trials. The trials have been carried out over 2 seasons. Of the 10 trials transplanted, 8 have been assessed at 6/10/89. Assessment will be complete by December 1990.

The best 24 cultivars grown in trials during 1988 were further evaluated in 1989.

Assessment

Each cultivar was sorted according to performance in each characteristic at Virginia and Echunga. The cultivars were then ranked according to performance

- in each characteristic and a mean ranking for overall performance was calculated by each of the following methods: - _

* Mean of all rankings

This method assumed that each characteristic had equal importance.

* Mean of selected rankings of key variables essential for high quality exports.

The key variables chosen in this method were curd weight, curd colour, time to harvest and spread of harvest. The variables weTe chosen by Mr Don Grivell, Owner Manager of Nod Exports, a SA exporter of cauliflowers to SE Asia.

* Mean of selected rankings of key variables essential for high ~ quality local market sales.

The key variables chosen in this method were curd diameter, curd exposed diameter, curd colour and curd, total soluble solids. The variables were chosen by Mr Michael Seccafein who is a supplier of quality cauliflowers to the local market. He is also chairman of the Northern Adelaide Plains Cabbage and Cauliflower section of the United Farmers and Stockowners of SA.

The 3 rankings were then studied and the 3 to 6 cultivars performing well in all three rankings over 2 years were listed in Table 2. An example of the comparative results produced by the 3 ranking methods is shown in Table 3.

The field plan of the trial transplanted on 7/6/89 (field day site) is seen in appendix 1 (back cover).

RESULTS

Table 2 lists the most promosing cultivars for transplanting from January to May on the Northern Adelaide Plain. A summary of the attributes of the most promosing cultivars is described below. Both the research trials and small scale testing by growers has shown that the old cultivars, Y66 and Westralia can be satisfactorily replaced by new hybrids. The hybrid cultivars tend to mature earlier and produce quality at least equal to and often surpassing that of the old cultivars.

The 1989 trials have re-evaluated the most promosing cultivars out of the 1988 trials.

A deliberate attempt was made to reduce the number of cultivars that are recommended. Seed companies may feel disadvantaged by this but it was felt necessary to suggest only limited numbers of cultivars to avoid confusion. Information on cultivars not recommended is available from the Lenswood Department of Agriculture office. In many cases there is little difference in

Snowdon

Snowdon is an early maturing cultivar ranking high in most of the important variables identified in the Seccafein and Grivell methods in Table 2. It is probably more suited to the local market than to export because of the low curd density (Curd weight to diameter ratio). It produces a large diameter with a relatively low weight.

Snowdon ranks low in leaf cover characteristics hence requires covering close to harvest. It also has low curd sugar levels.

Arbon

Arbon is long maturing but is a top performer in all other characteristics. It has good curd weight, colour and leaf cover.

Hunter

Formerly known as Sel 1929, this line has performed well. It may be more suited to local market_sales than to export because of a lower curd density than other cultivarsr- A high ranking on curd colour (very white curds) has compensated for a tendency to produce uneven curds (ie low ranking on curd smoothness).

Arfak

The cultivar has performed well, particularly in the 1989 trials. It ranked low on curd exposed diameter and requires observation close to harvest to prevent sun damage. It ranks low on curd smoothness and curd sugar levels.

Allrounder " -

AUrounder is a top performer but takes a long time to reach maturity. Like other longer maturing cultivars, curd smoothness did not rank high but this is not considered a problem. AUrounder does not perform well in warm weather.

Allegro

Allegro has s imil iar character is t ics to AUrounder but i s much e a r l i e r maturing.

TABLE 3: CAULIFLOWER CULTIVAR TRIALS - SITE 2,1989 - CULTIVAR RANKING

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jBindi Cervina Satin Elby 83234 Allrounder Allegro Mustang Snowdon White Cloud Baco Eclipse jAndes jFirst Light 181205

4101 Allegro Eclipse Bilca Toga Snowdon Cervina Satin Bindi Elby Baco Y66 Allrounder White Cloud Andes

MORTHRUP KING SEEDS We have been evaluating new Cauliflower varieties in South Australia now for four |

seasons and these trials have been conducted mainly at Virginia but with some evaluations being made in Adelaide Hills.

Present in these trials that Geoff Lomman has been evaluating here on Mussolino's property are four of our varieties which are all commercially available and are at present either being grown or evaluated in most production regions of the country. The varieties are FIRST LIGHT, SNOWDON, SATIN and WHITE ROCK.

The following are some comments £>n the performance of these varieties based on our knowledge of them to date. We have not, however, as yet evaluated their performance over-the June-Dec. cutting period, and the 1988 season trial results, which the S.A. Dept. of Ag release, will be of some assistance here. I do believe they need to be evaluated against Westralia, but do not recommend WHITE ROCK as a worthy contender over this period.

WHITE ROCK:- Of these four varieties WHITE ROCK is one of the major inclusions in growers I planting schedules in W.A. where they cut it over the period from late Jan. through until early April, with Feb. and March being their peak months. Thisi variety has been grown in that region for 3 years now and is widely used. I Maturity at this time is approx. 12-13 weeks, being very uniform in it's maturity and a Cauli of good_quality with excellent depth and firmness. A few Adelaide Hills growers do use this line and cut it from Jan. to March,

- performing best in fertile loamy soils.

FIRST LIGHT (Hybrid):- FIRST LIGHT and SATIN have been further evaluated this year on a larger scale, both having performed very impressively. FIRST LIGHT has been cut over the period from March-May at Virginia and has performed well. It began cutting in mid March, maturing in 10 weeks (70 days), cutting out very , uniformly with 100Z cut coming out over two days. The curd depth was certainly an improvement over Loman, as was the firmness and holding ability. The frame cover was good, and it continued to perform well through until around mid May when the last cuts were made, but I believe this Cauli does have potential to cut later than this period.

SATIN:- This variety is later in maturity than FIRST LIGHT by some 2-3 weeks, being something around the 90-100 days in maturity from transplant. It has produced Cauli's of excellen-t quality over the cutting period from early April1

until early June. This variety has also performed well in the hills in cuts around the late March-April timeslot, but with good reports also of cuts as early as mid December. It produces a strong frame with excellent curd cover and has returned high percentage cut outs. However, being an open pollinated variety, it is not quite as uniform in it's maturity as the likes of FIRST ] LIGHT and SNOWDON and I suggest this might be a slight disadvantage. I believj this variety to show major potential as a alternative to Y66 and it certainly should be appraised in this timeslot.

SNOWDON (Hybrid):- This line has not been appraised in growers trials in S.A., but we have had some recent feed back from interstate, and it is looking quite good as a March-April cut, or for the cooler production regions as a cut from late ' December through until mid March. It has good heat tolerance performance and | it holds well, it is of similar frame type and cover to FIRST LIGHT, producing a deep curd which is claimed not to have pinking tendency. I believe this variety would be well worthy of evaluation through the summer period for Jan.-March cuts in the Hills, or for early cuts at Virginia in March-April. It's maturity is comparable to FIRST LIGHT i.e. 75-80 days maturity (approx. 11 weeks J.

V* WD17THRUP KING PTY. LTD. fl'Korpcw.nrcJ ay N S'vV)

Head Off ice: P.O. Box 335. Dandenong. Victoria. Australia. 3175 Telephone (03) 561 3644 Telex AA33955 Fa*' (Int.) 61-3-5602141. Warehouse: 29D Glenvale Crescent. Mulgrave. Victoria, 3170 , N a t ' 1-Sb°2\4l

Brisbane Office: PO. Box 130. Capalaba. Queensland. 4157 Telephone |07) 390 1311. Telex 42423 Sydney Office: P.O. Box 43. Rouse Hil l , New South Wales. 2153 Telephone (02) 679 1677 Telex: 176724^ Adelaide Office: n f f . r p i? A^„ , l „ , .< l „n r. .»•• nt.yqq H i I I ' ° . " '• K LM[> f r v ' " " ' u ""' • '~- i ' ' l^f i1mMi) IUQI - * *>o> J- 'pun. dS713

YATP.S NEW r.XCLUSrVF.

ALL ROUNDER CAULIFLOWER (Fl)

ALL ROUNDHR (1-1) HYBRID

Mid-season variety (15-16 weeks). Strong, leafy upright frame. Very good curd quality. Should replace varieties such as Avalanche, 102, White Empress, Surfrider and Self Blanche and compete with 174, Yarralong 66. Probably best suited to June cutting in colder districts, July cutting in milder (coastal) regions.

In South Australian trials it was trialled alongside Y66 on the plains, the Adelaide Hills and Murray Bridge. In all locations we had excellent results which is reflected by the very good results in the Department of Agriculture trials.

Maturity is a lot more even than Y66, enabling grower's to reduce labour costs, as grower's were cutting out in two cuts. Very good frame.

Good all-purpose variety for June - mid-July period.

Also, shows Blackrot tolerance.

Anyone growing Y66 should be looking at:

YATES ALL ROUNDER CAULIFLOWER"

A r v r \ r * a i r \ t \ / .4

FIELD PLAN - SITE 4 - MUSOLINO, VIRGINIA

TRANSPLANT DATE: 7/6/89 W:

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Seed Companies

NK Northrup King SPS South Pacific H Hendersons Y Arthur Yates LV Lefroy Valley

Tel Nos.

(08) 396 0600 (08) 270 4802 (03) 850 2266 (08)349 6066 (097)71 2822

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CAULIFLOWER CULTIVAR TRIALS

SITE 1

FIELD DAY NOTES

VIRGINIA, 19 t h May, 1989

GJ Lomman Senior Horticultural Officer

RH Allen Technical Officer

R Leslie Field Hand

BACKGROUND

Traditional cauliflower cultivars grown during autumn, winter and spring often produce:

(a) Poor quality

Y66 has a tendency-to produce 'fluffy' heads and the plant is susceptible to tipburn (calcium deficiency). This has been a particular problem recently and many growers have lost confidence with this cultivar. Westralia tends to produce "fluffy' heads during hot conditions in spring,


Both Y66 and Westralia can take in excess of sixteen weeks (112 days) to reach maturity. New cultivars have shown maturity times between 60 to 100 days depending on the time of transplanting. These shorer maturity times result in greater production efficiencies.



TRIAL OBJECTIVES

To determine cauliflower cultivars suitable for both the export and fresh markets which will replace the traditional Y66 and Westralia selections.

METHOD

During 1989 the best 24 cultivars grown in trials during 1988 have been or will be planted in trials during 1989. Trial program is seen in Table 1.

TABLE 1: SITE LOCATION AND TRANSPLANT TIMES

Site Location Transplant Times

VIRGINIA 20/1/89

VIRGINIA 22/2/89 VIRGINIA 31/3/89 VIRGINIA late May CUDLEE CREEK late July

given a score of 0. Very even curds were given a score of 5. Curds with characteristics between scores 0 and 5 were ranked accordingly.

Days from transplant to harvest and spread of harvest provided information on maturity times and how many times the crop needed to be cut before harvesting was-completed. Growers prefer short maturity times and a minimum spread of harvest for maximum efficiency.

Each cultivar was sorted according to performance in each characteristic. This data was then graphed.

Cultivars were also ranked according to performance in each characteristic and a mean ranking for overall performance was calculated by assuming that each characteristic had equal importance. Cultivars were then sorted accordingly to ascending order or mean rank.

Comments were made during harvest on quality characteristics that had not been objectively measured. Boron and calcium deficiencies cause curd splitting and tipburn on the heart leaves respectively. Cultivars with between 20 to 30% curd loss were considered moderately susceptible to the deficiencies. Losses of 5% were considered slightly susceptible.

RESULTS

Figs 1 to 7 show the yield and quality performance of the early to mid-season maturing cultivars. Late season cultivars have yet to be harvested. Table 3 shows the ranking of each cultivar for each yield and quality characteristic and gives a mean rank to give an indication of overall cultivar performance.

Eclipse an early maturing cultivar, performed overall best, although it was difficult to differentiate between all the early maturing cultivars.

First Light and 81205, also early maturing and showing good performance were moderately and slightly susceptible to boron deficiency respectively (Table 3).

Snowdon, 1929 (Hunter), Plana and Mustang performed well but had moderate and slight susceptibilties to boron and calcium deficiencies respectively.

Y66, a traditional cultivar had no boron or tipburn problems in the trials, although there were widespread reports of deficiency problems in grower plantings. The unseasonally warm weather may have contributed to this.

Allrounder, a high performer in the winter harvested trials during 1988 produced relatively low curd weight (Fig 1), had relatively poor leaf cover (Fig 8) and was late maturing (fig 6)

CURD DIAMETER (om)

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TABLE 3 CULTIVAR

CAULIFLOUER CULTIVAR TRIAL S - 1989 - SITE 1

RANKING

Susceptibil

Boron

ity To:

Calcius

Cultivar Cv Curd a rd Curd Curd Curd Curd Days Height Diaaeter/ Spread HEAN Deficiency Deficier

Naae No Height Di aaeter Colour Exposed Saooth- Soluble To Diaaeter Exposed Of RANK (splitting) (tipburr

Diaaeter ness Solids Harvest Ratio Diaaeter Harvest

First Light 1 3 5 2 i li 4 2 4 3 4 i.SO aoderate

Eel ipse 4 2 i 9 2 12 12 3 2 1 3 5.00

81205 21 5 13 i 5 15 8 4 5 5 5 6.90 . slight

83234 20 6 8 7 3 16 11 5 8 2 6 7.20 . aoderate

Snoudon 3 9 7 10 7 3 9 6 10 4 8 7.30 aoderate slight

1929 (Hunter} 19 1 1 3 li 10 15 11 1 7 15 7.80 aoderate slight

Plana 22 4 11 5 11 8 10 10 3 9 9 8.00 aoderate slight

Y66 13 li 2 6 16 i 2 16 12 15 2 8.90

hustang 5 8 9 1 10 13 14 8 9 6' li 9.20 aoderate slight

Elbr U 10 6 8 12 5 6 12 11 12 12 9.40 slight

Satin 2 7 12 li 9 11 5 13 7 10 7 9.50 slight

Allrounder 17 15 3 11 13 2 1 15 13 8 16 9.70 slight slight

Uhite Cloud li 16 16 16 1 1 16 1 16 16 1 10.00

Cervina 23 12 15 13 8 9 3 14 6 li 10 10.40 • slight

Andes 2i 13 li 12 6 7 13 7 li 11 13 11.00 • slight

Allegro 18 11 10 15 15 6 7 9 15 13 11 11.20 • aoderate

Arbon NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 Uestralia NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 Toga NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 Bilca NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 U01 NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89

Baco NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 Forte NOT HARVESTED AT 19/5/89 Sindi HOT UiPVESTED IT ) o A / p c

SA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CAULIFLOWER CULTIVAR EVALUATION

1983

G.J. Lomman SENIOR HORTICULTURAL OFFICER

R.H. Allen TECHNICAL OFFICER

I.S. Rogers SENIOR RESEARCH OFFICER

INTRODUCTION

There is potential to export up to 4,000 tonnes of cauliflowers (37 tonnes in 1985/86) to SE Asia. This would increase the area of cauliflower st>wn in SA from about 260 ha to over 400 ha and would be worth $2m in gross value (Anon (1984), Anon (1986), Anon (1987), Minnis).

The demand for cauliflowers for export to SE Asia cannot be fully met utilising the cauliflower cultivars currently grown in SA. This is because traditional cauliflower cultivars grown during autumn, winter and spring tend to produce:

(a) Poor quality

Y66 has a tendency to produce "fluffy" curds of small size. / This has been a particular problem recently and many growers

have lost confidence with this cultivar. Westralia tends to produce "fluffy" heads during hot conditions in spring.





The intention of this work was to determine cauliflower cultivars suitable both for the export and local fresh markets. This project has been funded by the State Government, fresh market cauliflower growers, seed companies and the Australian Special Rural Research Fund (ASRRF). No funding has been derived from export growers because the industry is in it's infancy/

Cauliflower cultivar assessment has been carried out in other areas of Australia but it is a well known that performance is dependent on location and climatic constraints. Information gathered from scientists in NW Tasmania (Chapman, Chung, Maynard), Manjimup in SW of WA (Hill), and Toowoomba, Qld (Baxter) has been used to select a range of cultivars for evaluation in SA, since interstate information may not be directly relevant.

TABLE 2: MEAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES (C) FOR EDINBURGH AIRFIELD AND MOUNT BARKER

-Month Maximum Minimum

Edinburgh Mount Edinburgh Mount Airfield Barker Airfield Barker

January (A) 29.7 27.1 16.3 12.0 February (A) 30.0 26.7 16.5 12.0 March (A) 26.7 23.9 14.6 10.5 April (A) 22.5 20.4 11.6 8.3 May (A) _ 19.0- 16.3 8.9 6.5 June (A) 15.7 14.0 6.1 4.9 July (A) 15.3 12.8 5.8 4.3 August (A,B) 16.8 14.0 6.5 5.0 September(B) 18.3 15.9 7.9 5.7 October (B) 21.6 19.2 7.3 9.9 November (B) 25.3 22.3 8.8 12.5 December (B) 28.0 24.6 10.6 14.7

In all cases the experiments were located within existing cauliflower crops and received similar treatments such as overhead irrigation, fertilizers and chemical sprays.

Fertilizer recommendations were given to and carried out by the growers according to soil test results. At both sites Complete D (8:4:8, N:P:K) was applied at 1 t ha-1 at transplanting. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer was applied 3 times during growth at 125 kg ha-1. Weeds were controlled by mechanical cultivation.

At harvest the following measurements were taken for each plant:

curd weight curd diameter exposed diameter curd colour curd soluble solids curd smoothness days from transplant to harvest spread of harvest

A ratio between weight and diameter of each curd was calculated to give some indication of the weight to volume characteristics of each cultivar. This is important for airfreight because more weight can be exported for the same volume. This results in less airfreight costs per kilogram airfreighted.

Diameters were measured using a set of calipers. Exposed diameter is the maximum diameter of the curd exposed to sunlight.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The growers's crop management of the trials at Virginia was excellent. A disappointing feature of the Virginia experiment. was a loss_of 19 cultivars in site 1 due to a damping off_ (Pythium sp) disease in the seedling nursery.

At Echunga, several plants were lost due to black leg (Phoma lingams) disease but this did not affect the overall statistical analysis of the results.

CURD WEIGHT

Figs 1 and 2 show curd weight characteristics for each cultivar at Virginia and Echunga respectively. There was no significant difference between cultivars at Echunga. At Virginia, there was no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the traditional

/cultivars, (Paleface and Y66) and Forte, Bilca, Baco Bindi, Arbon and Toga, all of which performed well.

Bilca, Baco, Bindi, Arbon aad Toga have been bred by Hendersons Seeds Pty Ltd for autumn and winter performance.

There was no significant difference between cultivars at Echunga although Bilca, Bindi, Allrounder and Westralia performed well.

CURD WEIGHT TO DIAMETER RATIO

Figs 3 and 4 show curd weight to diameter characteristics for each cultivar at Virginia and Echunga respectively.

Baco, Bindi, Arbon, Bilca, Forte, 275, Toga and Allrounder were performed well and not significantly different from each other at Virginia.

At Echunga, there were no significant differences between cultivars although Bilca and Allrounder performed well and produced similiar results to Westralia, the traditional cultivar grown during spring. Westralia is recognised as a heavy cauliflower for its size (pers coram. Don Grivell, Manager, Nod Exports).

DIAMETER TO EXPOSED DIAMETER RATIO

Figs 5 and 6 show the diameter to exposed diameter ratio for each cultivar at Virginia and Echunga respectively.

At Virginia White Cloud, Baco, 4101, Arbon, 81205, Bilca and Forte were well protected with leaf cover and not significantly different to Paleface. Paleface, a traditional cultivar is recognised as having good leaf cover (pers comm. Don Grivell, Manager, Nod Exports).

At Virginia, Gigo, 81205, Ravella, First Light, Sel 672, Sel 662, Sel 664, SPS 224, Eclipse and Sel 658 were early maturing at between 92 and 95 days from transplant. They were not significantly different from each other.

At Echunga some of the same cultivars that were early maturing at Virginia were also early maturing and not significantly different from each other at Echunga. They are SPS 224, Sel 672, Eclipse~ and Ravella.

The number of days from transplant to maturity varied at Virginia between 77 and 138 days. Cultivars which matured early from the 9/2/88 transplant, matured later in the 17/5/88 transplant but late maturing cultivars from the 9/2/88 transplant, matured about the same time in the 17/6/88 transplant (see Fig 15).

This indicates that the late maturing cultivars are not heat unit dependent, whereas the early maturing cultivars may be.

/The Westralia type cultivars were late maturing, a major problem with these cultivars at all planting times.

Allrounder which performed well imtost other characteristics had a relatively late maturity.

SPREAD OF HARVEST

Figs 16 and 17 show the spread of harvest for all cultivars at Virginia and Echunga respectively.

Nearly all cultivars were not significantly different from each other at Virginia and there were no significant differences at Echunga. The Westralia types, contrary to expectations had a smaller spread of harvest (Paleface, Virginia, 4.6 days; Westralia and Paleface, Echunga, 1.0 and 2-0 days respectively) than many other cultivars.

.GENERAL DISCUSSION

All characteristics need to be taken into account in determining commercial suitability of a given cultivar. This work was complicated by the large number of cultivars and characteristics measured.

Tables 3 and 4 give the ranking for each characteristic at Virginia and Echunga respectively and a mean ranking for all characteristics. The cultivars are sorted according to mean ranking ranging from low where the cultivars have performed the overall best to high where the cultivars have performed the overall worst.

The traditional Westralia selections (Westralia, Paleface, Paleface 302) performed well in all the characteristics measured

-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mr. Roy Davis produced the cauliflower seedlings in the nursery complex at Lenswood Research and Advisory Centre.

We acknowledge the commitment of the Musolino family, particularly Frank and Dino who managed the trials on their property at Virginia and Kim Gore who managed the trial on his Echunga property. Mr. Robert Leslie assisted with harvest and data collection. The State Government, the Cabbage and _ Cauliflower section of the~Horticultural Association of"~SA, five seed companies listed in Appendix 1 and the Australian Special Rural Research Fund (ASRRF) funded the work.

TABLE 4: RANKING OF CAULIFLOWER CULTIVARS FOR SITE 5 AT ECHUNGA RANK

CULTIVAR CY CURD CURD CURD CURD CURD DAYS WT/ DIA/ SPREAD OF MEAN NAME NO WT DIA COL SMO TSS HARV DIA EXD HARVEST

Bindi 25 4 3 4 4 15 "26 6 2 14 8.67 Westralla 33 2 1 15 48 6 51 2 4 2 14.56 Paleface 24 13 35 1 25 8 52 9 3 7 17.00 Allegro 41 22 22 12 13 14 22 26 9 19 17.67 Allrounder 40 3 19 17 23 4 48 3 13 32 18.00 Paleface 302 36 12 17 2 6 41 49 16 1 21 18.33 Ravella 49 10 16 27 21 48 4 13 20 9 18.67 Plana 47 6 11 34 9 13 16 8 25 49 19.00 Forte 37 5 4 32 24 12 43 7 17 28 19.11 1929 42 11 21 26 10 20 25 10 21 31 19.44 White Rock 3 18 29 10 1 29 33 15 6 39 20.00 Ballade 53 30 32— - 6 26 18 32 25 5 11 20.56 83234 44 7 5 40 42 35 5 11 28 12 20.56 Bilca 27 1 2 45 8 26 41 1 32 40 21.78 Sel 672 12 32 26 28 22 27 2 33 30 3 22.56 Gigo Tl 15 6 36 17 38 10 27 23 33 22.7& Eclipse 14 9 8 52 5 47 3 14 48 20 22.89 Toga 28 16 20 35 37 16 42 19 18 4 23.00 Vernon 50 8 27 16 30 21 45 5 11 45 23.11 4101 38 26 10 19 49 19 34 37 7 18 24.33 SPS 220 19 41 14 14 39 10 28 45 8 23 24.67 Lucie 55 21 31 20 15 40 12 18 24 44 25.00 81205 46 19 48 37 27 22 11 4 50 10 25.33 Dok Elgon 43 44 25 23 7 32 17 43 27 13 25.67 White Tavern 16 33 47 5 2 25 40 20 10 50 25.78 Sel 656 11 35 46 7 20 36 9 31 12 41 26.33 275 39 40 52 11 3 17 37 -12 37 30 26.56 Andes 52 45 45 24 11 9 24 40 36 8 26.89 Baco 29 14 7 50 47 28 38 21 41 6 28.00 Sel 658 5 34 13 29 18 52 18 41 19 29 28.11 Sel 664 8 17 15 42 50 34 7 23 33 38 28.78 Snowdon 4 27 18 31 40 49 20 30 26 24 29.44 Satin 2 38 50 18 16 23 46 24 34 16 29.44 Y66 34 37 44 30 19 2 50 29 40 15 29.56 Cervina 48 51 51 3 32 3 29 49 14 35 29.67 SPS 222 21 46 42 8 34 5 30 44 16 43 29.78 SPS 223 22 39 24 48 29 30 6 42 49 1 29.78 Sel 666 7 24 9 46 38 45 14 35 39 22 30.22 First Light 1 23 37 33 43 46 15 17 '35 26 30.56 Arbon 30 42 34 21 46 7 35 39 29 27 31.11 Mustang 15 25 12 47 51 37 8 34 43 25 31.33 Sel 662 9 28 33 43 14 39 19 22 47 42 31.89 SPS 221 20 47 39 9 35 31 31 46 15 36 32.11 Baser 26 29 28 22 41 44 39 28 31 37 33.22 Hormade 54 43 40 13 31 43 23 38 22 52 33.89 White Cloud 35 31 23 41 44 33 44 36 38 34 36.00 Sel 670 13 49 36 49 28 24 21 50 51 17 36.11 SPS 104 18 36 41 38 52 1 47 32 42 48 37.44 Elby 32 20 30 44 36 50 13 52 45 47 37.44

TABLE 5: OVERALL RANKING OF CAULIFLOWER CULTIVARS FOR EACH SITE

TRANSPLANT DATES, LOCATION & SITE NOS.

9/2/88 1/3/88 29/3/88 17/5/88 19/8/88 VIRGINIA VIRGINIA VIRGINIA VIRGINIA ECHUNGA SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 SITE 4 SITE 5

Y66 Ail-Rounder All-Rounder Paleface 302 Bindi First Light First Light Allegro Paleface Westralia White Cloud Eclipse 1929 Sel 664 Paleface 81205 Allegro Forte Mustang Paleface 302 Elby 81205 First Light Plana Allegro Baco Mustang 4101 Forte Ail-Rounder Forte Bilca Y66 Snowden White Rock Ballade Sel 656 Snowden Westralia Ballade Sel 672 Sel 666 ~ ~83234 SPS 222 Ravella

/Bindi Linas Arbon SPS 220 1929 Sel 664 Sel 664 Toga B1205 Forte Arbon Snowden Plana 1929 Plana Andes Toga Sel 656 All-Rounder Vernon White Tavern Gigo Elby SPS 179 83234 Bilca Forte Mustang Lucie Sel 672 Cervina White Cloud Baco First Light SPS 220 Baser 1929 Bilca Allegro White Tavern SPS 223 SPS 224 Sel 666 Hormade 4101 Allegro Sel 672 SPS 104 Satin Bilca 275 Sel 662 SPS 222 Sel 662 Gigo Ravella Satin SPS 220 83234 Toga 4101 Arbon SPS 223 Baco Sel 656 Gigo 275 81205 SPS 223 Lucie Toga 4101 Eclipse Bilca 275 SPS 220 Y66 SPS 179 Sel 666 Dok Elgon SPS 222 Hormade Sel 662 Gigo Eclipse Sel 670 Cervina Bindi Arbon B1205 Vernon Elby Sel 672 Toga Andes Linas SPS 220 SPS 221 Eclipse Cervina

SPS 179 White Cloud White Rock SPS 222 SPS 104 Baser Elby Sel 658 SPS 221 Satin SPS 104 Satin White Tavern Sel 664 Sel 658 Snowden Bindi Ballade White Cloud Y66 Sel 658 White Rock Bindi SPS 221 Baco Vernon Sel 672 Sel 664 Vernon Cervina Sel 656 Arbon SPS 223 Gigo Vernon Baco Baser 275 White Tavern First Light White Rock White Tavern Dok Elgon SPS 223 Ravella Sel 658 Andes Hormade Dok Elgon Ravella 4101 Sel 666

APPENDIX 1

NAMES, ADDRESSES, TELEPHONE NOS. AND KEY PERSONAL IN SEED COMPANIES WHO SUPPLIED CAULIFLOWER SEED FOR CULTIVAR EVALUATION AND THE LIST OF SEED EACH COMPANY SUPPLIED

COMPANY & KEY PERSON

Peter March, Northrup King Pty Ltd Suite 3/1287 North East Road TEA TREE GULLY S.A. 5091

Paul Heseltinz Fairbanks Selected Seed Co 542 Footscray Rd FOOTSCRAY VIC. 3011

Steven Hauber South Pacific Seeds PO Box 934 GRIFFITH NSW 2608

Jeff Billing Hendersons Seed Co P.O. Box 118 BULLEEN VIC 3105

TELEPHONE NO. SEED SUPPLIED

(08) 396 0600 First Light Satin White Rock Snowden

(03) 689 4500 Sel 658 Sel_668 ~ Sel 666 Sel 662 Sel 660 Sel 660 Sel 656 Sel 672 Sel 670

(08) 270 4802 Eclipse Mustang White Tavern SPS 179 SPS 104 SPS 220 SPS 221 SPS 222 SPS 223 SPS 224 Paleface

(03) 850 2266 Binda Baser Bilca Toga Baco Arbon

- Gigo Elby Westralia Y66 Lucie

REFERENCES

Anon (1984) Report of the Australian Fresh Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Survey Mission to South East Asia, May - June, AUSTRADE.

Anon (1986) Export Development Strategy, Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, AUSTRADE, October 1986.

Anon (1987) Australian Exports of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Trends 1972 - June 1987, Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

Baxter, L.B. (1987) Summer Cauliflower Evaluation (1987), Internal Research Report of the Granite Belt Horticultural Research Station, Applethorpe, QLD.

Chapman, K. (1986) Cauliflower Cultivar Evaluation — Annual Report (1984/85) of the Vegetables and Allied Crops Branch of the Tasmanian Department of Agriculture, pp. 4 to 6.

Chung, B. (1986) Report on Cultivar and Sowing Time Studies of Cauliflower - 78/79. Internal Report of the Plant Production Division in the Vegetables and Allied Crops Section of the Department of Agriculture, TASMANIA.

Hill, T., Webb, M. and Derrick, J. (1985) Cauliflower Variety Trial Program (1984/85) Internal Report of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.

Lomman, G. (1987) Brassica Production in SA, Market Development Paper No. 6, South Australian Department of Agriculture

Lomman, G., Rogers, I. and Philp B. (1987) Testing of Chinese Cabbage, Summer Cauliflower and Brussels Sprouts Cultivars South Australian Department of Agriculture Technical Report No. 116, August 1987.

Maynard, J. (1985) Cauliflowers for processing and the Fresh Market, Farmnote 195, Tasmanian Department of Agriculture.

Minnis, D. (1985) The Market for Fruit and Vegetables in Hong Kong - Australia's Performance in 1984, Austrade Report of the Australian Horticultural Officer in South East Asia.

JRD WEIGHT (ks t — ' •

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