Vicksburg FallsVicksburg Falls

Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg, Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to gain control of the Mississippi, in order to gain control of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Grant would land his troops south of Vicksburg.Grant would land his troops south of Vicksburg. He ordered his troops to forage for food as they He ordered his troops to forage for food as they

marched to Vicksburgmarched to Vicksburg

Grant and his forces put Vicksburg under siege Grant and his forces put Vicksburg under siege – cut off its food supplies and bombarded the – cut off its food supplies and bombarded the city – until Confederate troops surrendered on city – until Confederate troops surrendered on July 4, 1863.July 4, 1863.

GettysburgGettysburg

Lincoln fired McClellan because he did not destroy Lee’s Lincoln fired McClellan because he did not destroy Lee’s army at Antietam. Command was given to General army at Antietam. Command was given to General Ambrose Burnside.Ambrose Burnside.

Union troops suffered heavy casualties south of Union troops suffered heavy casualties south of Fredericksburg, Virginia.Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker.Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker. Hooker lost to Lee at Chancellorsville and was forced to Hooker lost to Lee at Chancellorsville and was forced to

retreat.retreat. In 1863 Lee and his troops invaded Pennsylvania. In 1863 Lee and his troops invaded Pennsylvania.

Hooker failed to stop LeeHooker failed to stop Lee Lincoln replaced Hooker with General George MeadeLincoln replaced Hooker with General George Meade Meade and his troops headed north to stop LeeMeade and his troops headed north to stop Lee

GettysburgGettysburg On July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 men under On July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 men under

General George Pickett and General A.P. Hill to General George Pickett and General A.P. Hill to attack the Union troops.attack the Union troops. Pickett’s Charge – his forces led the attackPickett’s Charge – his forces led the attack In less than an hour 7,000 casualties had occurred on In less than an hour 7,000 casualties had occurred on

the Confederate forcesthe Confederate forces The Union had 23,000 casualties at Gettysburg The Union had 23,000 casualties at Gettysburg The Confederate had 28,000 or a third of Lee’s armyThe Confederate had 28,000 or a third of Lee’s army The battle was the turning point of the warThe battle was the turning point of the war

Here in 1863 Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Here in 1863 Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address – one of the best known speeches in Address – one of the best known speeches in American HistoryAmerican History

Grant Secures TennesseeGrant Secures Tennessee

The Union wanted to capture Chattanooga in order to The Union wanted to capture Chattanooga in order to control a major railroad running south to Atlanta, control a major railroad running south to Atlanta, Georgia.Georgia.

Union General Rosecrans forced the Confederates to Union General Rosecrans forced the Confederates to evacuate Chattanooga.evacuate Chattanooga.

General Bragg forced the Union to retreat back to General Bragg forced the Union to retreat back to Chattanooga, after Bragg’s forces attacked the Union at Chattanooga, after Bragg’s forces attacked the Union at Chickamauga Creek.Chickamauga Creek.

Lincoln made Grant the overall commander. Lincoln made Grant the overall commander. Grant took charge and defeated the Confederates at Lookout Grant took charge and defeated the Confederates at Lookout

Mountain. Mountain. Grant ordered Sherman to attack Confederates north of Grant ordered Sherman to attack Confederates north of

Missionary Ridge. Missionary Ridge. Grant was made chief of Union forces for his important Grant was made chief of Union forces for his important

victories at Vicksburg and at Chattanooga. victories at Vicksburg and at Chattanooga.

Grant Versus LeeGrant Versus Lee

General Grant started a campaign against General Grant started a campaign against General Robert E. Lee’s forces in which General Robert E. Lee’s forces in which warfare would continue without pause.warfare would continue without pause.

Grant launched an all out assault at Cold Grant launched an all out assault at Cold Harbor near Richmond. Lee stopped Harbor near Richmond. Lee stopped Grant, whose army had suffered heavy Grant, whose army had suffered heavy casualties.casualties.

Union Victories in the SouthUnion Victories in the South

The Union victory at Mobile, Alabama was the The Union victory at Mobile, Alabama was the last major Confederate port on the Gulf of last major Confederate port on the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi River.Mexico east of the Mississippi River.

Sherman’s march towards Atlanta ended with Sherman’s march towards Atlanta ended with the burning of everything in the city of military the burning of everything in the city of military value.value.

On November 15, 1864, Sherman began his On November 15, 1864, Sherman began his March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of destruction through Georgia. They reached the destruction through Georgia. They reached the coast and seized Savannah on December 21, coast and seized Savannah on December 21, 1864.1864.

The South SurrendersThe South Surrenders Lincoln was re-elected in the 1864 election. Lincoln was re-elected in the 1864 election.

Lincoln viewed this as a mandate, or a clear Lincoln viewed this as a mandate, or a clear sign, from the voters to end slavery by amending sign, from the voters to end slavery by amending the Constitution.the Constitution.

The 13The 13thth Amendment to the Constitution, Amendment to the Constitution, banning slavery in the United States, passed the banning slavery in the United States, passed the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865.House of Representatives on January 31, 1865.

General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April, 9, Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April, 9, 1865. The terms of surrender guaranteed that 1865. The terms of surrender guaranteed that the United States would not prosecute the United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason.Confederate soldiers for treason.

On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.

ReconstructionReconstruction

Union troops and cannons had devastated Southern Union troops and cannons had devastated Southern cities and the South’s economy.cities and the South’s economy.

Reconstruction is the rebuilding of the South after the Reconstruction is the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War.Civil War.

They also had to decide what terms and conditions the They also had to decide what terms and conditions the former Confederate states would rejoin the Union.former Confederate states would rejoin the Union.

Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction called for a general amnesty, or pardon, to all called for a general amnesty, or pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the Union’s proclamations States and accepted the Union’s proclamations concerning slavery.concerning slavery.

After 10 percent of the state’s voters in the 1860 election After 10 percent of the state’s voters in the 1860 election had taken the oath, the state could organize a new state had taken the oath, the state could organize a new state government.government.

ReconstructionReconstruction Radical Republicans did not want to reconcile with the Radical Republicans did not want to reconcile with the

South.South. They had three main goals:They had three main goals:

To keep Confederate leaders from returning to power.To keep Confederate leaders from returning to power. Republicans to become the dominant party in the South.Republicans to become the dominant party in the South. Use the Federal Government to help African Americans achieve Use the Federal Government to help African Americans achieve

political equality by guaranteeing them the right to vote in the political equality by guaranteeing them the right to vote in the South.South.

Moderate Republicans thought Lincoln’s plan was too Moderate Republicans thought Lincoln’s plan was too lenient on the South and Radical Republicans’ plan was lenient on the South and Radical Republicans’ plan was too harsh.too harsh.

Wade-Davis Bill was introduced and passed in Wade-Davis Bill was introduced and passed in Congress. Lincoln thought the bill was too harsh, so he Congress. Lincoln thought the bill was too harsh, so he blocked the bill with a pocket veto. He did this by letting blocked the bill with a pocket veto. He did this by letting the session of Congress expire without signing the bill. the session of Congress expire without signing the bill.

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau

Thousands of freed African Americans, known Thousands of freed African Americans, known as freedmen, had followed General Sherman as freedmen, had followed General Sherman and his troops as they marched through Georgia and his troops as they marched through Georgia and South Carolina.and South Carolina.

As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau.established the Freedmen’s Bureau.

The Bureau was to feed and clothe war refugees The Bureau was to feed and clothe war refugees in the South using army surplus supplies.in the South using army surplus supplies.

It also helped freemen to find work and It also helped freemen to find work and negotiated pay and hours worked on plantations. negotiated pay and hours worked on plantations.

Johnson Takes OfficeJohnson Takes Office

Vice President Andrew Johnson became president after Vice President Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln’s death.Lincoln’s death.

Johnson issued a new Proclamation of Amnesty. This Johnson issued a new Proclamation of Amnesty. This plan offered a pardon to all former citizens of the plan offered a pardon to all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and to return their property.and to return their property.

This made many members of Congress angry, especially This made many members of Congress angry, especially when several former Confederate officers and political when several former Confederate officers and political leaders were elected to Congress.leaders were elected to Congress.

New Southern state legislatures passed laws, known as New Southern state legislatures passed laws, known as black codes, that severely limited African Americans’ black codes, that severely limited African Americans’ rights in the South. They were written with the intention rights in the South. They were written with the intention of keeping African Americans in conditions similar to of keeping African Americans in conditions similar to slavery.slavery.

Radical Republicans Take ControlRadical Republicans Take Control

In March 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights In March 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to all persons Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to all persons born in the United States, except Native born in the United States, except Native Americans. It also allowed African Americans to Americans. It also allowed African Americans to own property and to be treated equally in court.own property and to be treated equally in court.

The 14The 14thth Amendment granted citizenship to all Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. persons born or naturalized in the United States.

The 15The 15thth Amendment to the Constitution was Amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Republican-led Congress. It said passed by the Republican-led Congress. It said that the right to vote could not be denied on that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.servitude.