voip diplomna

8/9/2019 VOIP Diplomna

1/127


2/127

2

4.2.4. G.722 ............................................................................................................... 43

4.3. ............................................ 444.3.1. MOS ............................................................................................................................ 454.3.2. E Model ....................................................................................................................... 464.3.3. RTCP XR ..................................................................................................................... 46

5. , IP .............................................. 47

5.1. ..................................................................................................... 475.1.1. ............................................................................................................... 47

5.1.1.1. .......................................................... 495.1.1.2. ........................................................................................ 525.1.1.3. .................................................... 535.1.1.4. ........................................................... 54

5.1.2. ................................................................................. 585.1.3. ............................................................................................................... 615.1.4. ....................................................................................................................... 635.1.5. ...................................................................................................... 64

5.1.6. ................................................................. 655.1.6.1. .......................................................................................... 655.1.6.2. LAN .............................................................................................. 675.1.6.3. .................................................................................................................. 685.1.6.4. ........................................................................................................... 685.1.6.5. ....................................................................................... 70

5.2. ........................................................... 705.2.1. 802.1p/Q..................................................................... 725.2.2. DiffServ.......................... 735.2.3. (CAC)................................................. 745.2.4. IP .......................................................................................... 75

6. VoIP .......................................................... 76

6.1. IP ............................................................ 766.1.1. ........................................................................ 776.1.2. .................................................................. 796.1.3. .............................................................. 796.1.4. IP .......................... 80

6.2. .............................................................................. 806.2.1. ............................................................................... 826.2.2. ............................................................................... 83

6.3. .................................................................................. 846.3.1. ....................................................................................................... 856.3.2. ..................................................................................... 856.3.3. -........... 866.3.4. -..... 86

6.3.4.1. ............................................................................................................ 866.3.4.2. .......................................................................................................................... 866.3.4.3. ............................................................................................................................... 87

7. VoIP .............................. 88

7.1. Frame Relay ......... 907.1.2. Frame Relay ............................ 95


3/127

3

7.1.3. ................................................................................... 967.1.4. .............................................. 97

7.2. IP 1007.2.2. .. 1027.2.3. ........... 1047.2.4. ............................................................................. 105

7.3. ................... 1077.3.1. ............................................................ 1087.3.2. ........... 110

7.4. IP ......... 113

8. ............................................................................................... 119

............................................................................... 122

....................................................... 125


4/127

1. 4

1.

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6/127

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, .

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IP .


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8 ,

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9/127

2. IPT 9

2. IPT

2.1. VoIP IPT

IPT IP -

Voice over IP VoIP. VoIP

IPT .

IP-PBX . , ,

, IP . ,

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, IP-PBX .

, IP

IP

,

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IP .

, - VoIP, IPT,

[7].

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VoIP

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10/127

2. IPT 10

.

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.

(Frequency Division Multiplexing - FDM)

.

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.

(PSTN),

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11/127

2. IPT 11

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PSTN , .

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.

, E1 OC-192c/STM-64.

DS-0 , ,

64 Kbps.

, ,

.

, ,

.

.

Signaling System Seven (SS7) -,

- ,

, ,

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PSTN .

(SCP) .

(SSP)

SS7. SS7

.

SS7 ,

. ,

PSTN (STP).

, MTP.


12/127

2. IPT 12

, ,

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SS7 ,

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(. 2.1). ,

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13/127

2. IPT 13

.

, ,

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2.1.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M N O

P Q RS T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M N O

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M N O


1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M NO


1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M NO


1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

ABC DEF

G H I J K L M NO

P Q R S T U V W XY Z

/

2.3. VoIP

, VoIP

, . VoIP

,

, .

,

VoIP :

/


14/127

2. IPT 14

IP

2.3.1.

,

,

(- )

, .

, , ,

.

,

- IP PSTN. RTP

, ,

. PSTN, ,

, VoIP

, VoIP

.

.

, VoIP .

- :

,

VoIP , .

PSTN, DS-1, DS-3, E3,OC-3,

STM-1 .

, VoIP

. , xDSL

.

VoIP .


15/127

2. IPT 15

,

VoIP .

,

VoIP .

2.3.2.

VoIP [2].

.

IP ,

/, ,

. PSTN,

SS7, ,

VoIP .. VoIP

. ,

, ,

. , ,

,

,

.

. ,

VoIP ,

. , PSTN

VoIP , .

, .


16/127

2. IPT 16

2.3.3. IP

VoIP

, (. 2.2).

2.2.IP

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

GHI J K L M NO

P Q R S T U V W X YZ

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A BC DE F

G H I J KL M NO

P QR S T UV W X YZ

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C D E F

G H I J K L MNO

P Q R S T U V W X YZ

VVVV

VVVV

VVVV

IP

.

,

, .

, ,

. IP

.

,

IP

.


17/127

2. IPT 17

2.4. IP

IP ,

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b/g/a, -

VoIP VoIP

IP . ,

VoIP , ,

IP ,

. GSM ,

,

, VoIP .

, .

Wi-Fi

. ,

,

,

.

, Windows, IP

. ,

IPT ,

.

, IP

. ,

VoIP ,

. -

. ,

IP [1].


18/127

2. IPT 18

,

OSI .

VLAN , IP

.

, ,

, .

VLAN , VLAN

, -

.

2.5. IP

IP .

,

- Power over Ethernet (PoE) [13]. PoE

48 V DC

100 . IEEE 802.3af PoE, .

IP

,

.

, PoE.

, LAN ,

,

.

PoE, .

IP

. ,

,


19/127

2. IPT 19

.

, , .

.

- - ,

.

(IP ,

), , ,

- ,

PoE, . PoE

-

. -

.

PoE

VoIP . ,

99.9%

. 48

. , UPS

, 99.999%

. IP ,

, ,

, , PoE,

99.999% , ,

IP 99.9% .

99.9% VoIP , -

, .

.

PoE,

IP . ,

.


20/127

3. VoIP 20

3. VoIP

3.1. VoIP

, IP

, , ,

[14]:

,

IP (. 3.1).

3.1.

3.1.1.

VoIP 1995 ,

,


21/127

3. VoIP 21

. ,

VoIP

. ,

,

. ,

IP , VoIP

,

, .

,

:

3.1.1.1.

,

,

. , IP

, ,

, , 95% [8].

3.1.1.2.

VoIP

, .

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

, ,

.


22/127

3. VoIP 22

3.1.1.3.

.

,

, .

,

.

VoIP

[8].

, -

.

VPN , ,

IP .

, .

,

,

, .

, IP

. ,

,

, -

.

.

,

WAN . ,

,

.


23/127

3. VoIP 23

3.1.1.4.

,

. IP ,

.

,

ISDN ,

.

,

, .

, ,

50%.

. IP

, LAN ,

.

, ,

, .

3.1.2.

VoIP,

, - .

, 2006 . VoIP

-

.

,

.


24/127

3. VoIP 24

,

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,

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PDA .

VoIP

, ,

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IP

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IP ,

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25/127

3. VoIP 25

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VoIP

, .

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26/127

3. VoIP 26

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.

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BERBEE [7]

,

14%

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. VoIP


27/127

3. VoIP 27

, .

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.

.

3.1.4.

.

, , . IP

,

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,

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3.2. - VoIP

, VoIP,

,

. IP

, ,

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28/127

3. VoIP 28

,

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VoIP

,

[5]. , ,

IP .

3.2 , IPT .

, .

3.2. IP

IP

,

.

, , .

.

.


29/127

3. VoIP 29

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[5].

. ,

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IPT ,

.

.

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, .

IPT ,

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IP

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:

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30/127

3. VoIP 30

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,

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,

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,

.

,

,

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,

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3.3.

.

.

VoIP

, [3].


31/127

3. VoIP 31

,

. - , -

, ,

,

.

,

, , IPT

. ,

,

. , IPT

,

.

,

VoIP .

, .

IPT ,

.

.

3.1 .

3.1 ROI

VoIP 4367

VoIP 1863

2504

22390

1200

VoIP 1000

24590


32/127

3. VoIP 32

9.82 .

, ,

, ,

122 %. ,

VoIP .

,

IPT :

,


33/127

4. 33

4.

4.1.

VoIP :

, (ITU)

(IETF).

,

.

4.1.1.

. -

IP :

H.323 (peer-to-peer )

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (peer-to-peer )

Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) ( /)

Megaco/H.248 ( /)

Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) ( /)

4.1.1.1. H.323

H.323

[22]. ,


34/127

4. 34

, VoIP . H.323

,

. ,

UDP,

TCP. H.323 ,

.

H.225 Q.931 IP

H.323 .

H.245

, ,

, (, ),

-

RAS H.323

,

H.323 .

, H.323

.

, VoIP .

H.323 (.4.1).

H.323 ,

- ,

.

H.323 -

, ,

IP . , , TCP

,


35/127

4. 35

. 2

H.323, 3, 4 5.

4.1 .323

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

AB C D E F

G H I JK L M N O


1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A BC D E F

G H I J K L M N O

P QRS T UV W X Y Z VVVV VVVV

4.1.1.2. Session Initiation Protocol

SIP , ,

OSI . IETF

IP .

TCP UDP. SIP

HTTP SMTP ,

VoIP . SIP

. :

,

.

Session Description Protocol (SDP) .

.

, ,


36/127

4. 36

,

.

, SIP ,

H.323. , ,

. ,

,

.

,

.

, .

SIP , ,

SIP

, .

SIP ,

,

. SIP

IP , e-mail URL.

.

SIP

, [6].

,

, SIP

(. 4.2).

, .

. ,

, , ,

, .

H.323 .


37/127

4. 37

4.2. SIP

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G HI JK L M NO

P QR S T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G HI J KL M NO


SIP , ,

, ,

(. 4.3). ,

.


38/127

4. 38

4.3. SIP

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M N O

P QR S TU V W X Y Z

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

AB C D E F

G HI J K L M N O


4.1.1.3. Media Gateway Control Protocol

H.323 SIP, peer-to-peer , MGCP

/. RFC 2705, MGCP

, .

MGCP .

VoIP

.

SDP. ,

, IP .

. , ,

(. 4.5).

. - RTP

.


39/127

4. 39

4.5 MGCP

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G H I J K L M NO


1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C D EF

G H I J K L M N O

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z VVVVVVVV

, UDP . MGCP

ATM

.

4.1.1.4. Skinny Client Control Protocol

- VoIP

Cisco SCCP. , /.

,

CallManager. , Cisco IP ,

. IP -

- . CallManager

, , .

CallManager IP

SCCP, , IP

, H.323 MGCP.


40/127

4. 40

4.1.1.5. Megaco/H.248

Megaco/H.248 , IETF ITU.

MGCP VoIP

[18]. ,

. Megaco/H.248

,

. , Megaco

, .

Megaco , IP

.

4.1.2.

,

.

RTP/RTCP/IP/UDP

4.1.2.1. Real-time Transport Protocol

RTP OSI , UDP

. RFC 1889

RFC 1890 , ,

.

, ,

. RTP

,

,

.

, RTP .

, RTP -


41/127

4. 41

IP . , IP

,

RTP .

4.1.2.2. Real Time Control Protocol

Real Time Control Protocol ,

RTP.

, RTP. RTCP

, , , .

, RTCP

, .

RTCP ,

, , ,

. VoIP , ,

. RFC

RTP .

4.1.2.3. Compressed RTP

Compressed RTP (cRTP) RTP,

IP .

IP/UDP/RTP, 40 . cRTP

2 4 ,

. ,

cRTP -

, RTP.

cRTP

. , IP 4

IP .


42/127

4. 42

,

. ,

cRTP,

,

.

,

.

4.2.

,

.

-

, . ,

, -

(PCM). ,

.

VoIP . , . ,

.

. G.729,

.

LAN , a

, G.711.

,

,

, - .

LAN , WAN -

, .


43/127

4. 43

,

. - :

4.2.1. G.711

G.711 , VoIP

, .

, , ,

64 Kbps.

4.2.2. G.729

G.729 -

WAN .

, G.729, 8 Kbps,

- G.711.

4.2.3. G.723

G.723 ,

. , G.723, 6.3 5.3

Kbps. - G.729,

- , .

4.2.4. G.722

G.722 G.711 64 Kbps

, .

3.4

KHz, G.722 7 KHz.

[17].


44/127

4. 44

, -,

4.1 [19].

4.1. -

(Kbps)

MOS

()

IP/UDP/RTP

()

cRTP

()

()

Ethernet

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 14 85.6 42.8

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 14 70.4 35.2G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 14 29.6 14.8

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 14 14.4 7.2

PPP

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 6 82.4 41.2

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 6 67.2 33.6

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 6 26.4 13.2

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 6 11.2 5.6

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 6 16 8

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 6 8 4

Frame Relay

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 4 81.6 40.8

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 4 66.4 33.2

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 4 19.7 9.9

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 4 9.6 4.8

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 4 15.5 7.8

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 4 7.6 3.8

ATM

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 40 5 106 53

G.711 64 4.1 1.5 160 2 4 4 42.1

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 40 2 2.3 14.1

G.729 8 3.9 15 20 2 1 14.1 7.1

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 40 4 22.3 11.1

G.723 6.3 3.9 37.5 30 2 4 11.1 5.6

4.3.

[13]. ,


45/127

4. 45

, ,

.

.

,

,

,

.

4.3.1. MOS

MOS

(Mean Opinion Score) . MOS

,

.

, ,

.

,

, , .

MOS ,

,

,

.

MOS

.

MOS

PESQ

(Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality). PESQ ITU,

P.862,

VoIP .

, PESQ

.


46/127

4. 46

4.3.2. E Model

ITU, G.107.

,

0 100. ,

G.711 50 94.

R=Ro-Is-Id-Ie+A, :

Ro ,

Is ,

Id , ,

Ie

A ,

, ,

.

4.3.3. RTCP XR

, VoIP ,

IETF RTCP XR (RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports). RTCP XR

IP ,

. , ,

, , ,

. ,

,

SNMP

.


47/127

5. 47

IP

5. ,

IP

5.1.

VoIP .

,

VoIP ,

, [20]. -

, IP ,

. , , , ,

. ,

,

. ,

. :

5.1.1.

, . ,

. , ,

. -


48/127

5. 48

IP

,

, .

IP

. ,

.

99.999% ,

5.3 , . IP

, ,

[10].

, 99.999% .

, ,

, . IP

Cisco,

, , 99.999%

.

(), Telcordia ( Bellcore),

, ,

.

,

. ,

, ,

. Cisco IP

,

- ,

Cisco CallManager. ,

. ,

(), IP

99.999% .

-.


49/127

5. 49

IP

, Cisco

, -

.

120 , ,

.

.

99.999% .

Cisco .

60000 150000 .

100000 ,

99.996% 21 . ,

99.999% ,

99.95% .

IP

, :

N+1 ,

CallManager . ,

, .

5.1.1.1.

Telcordia

,


50/127

5. 50

IP

. IP

, .

IP Cisco CallManager ,

IP

.

, ( ), ,

. ,

.

.

(. 5.1 5.2).

5.1.

WS-6509 369,897 4. 99.99892%

WS-CAC-1300W 316,456 4. 99.99999%

WS-X6K-SUP1A-MSFC2 46,235 4. 99.99135%

WS-X6408A-GBIC 93,457 4. 99.99572%

5.2. (

)

99.985988%

73.7

28,545 .

,

.

,


51/127

5. 51

IP

,

. ,

.

, ,

.

,

, .

n

= 1 [ (1 (i)

)]

i=1

n , i .

(. 5.3):

5.3.

99.99999804%

< 6 s

101,880,673 h

,

, . , Cisco

CallManager .

, ,

Telcordia . Cisco

CallManager


52/127

5. 52

IP

Telcordia .

, . MCS

7835 1000000

.

(. 5.4):

5.4.

CiscoCallManager

99.99999665% 99.99999972% 99.99999880% 99.99999%

< 6 s < 6 s < 6 s < 6 s

59,787,111 h 710,343,430 h 166,668,151 h 200,040,000 h

99.99993%,

.

5.1.1.2.

,

. ,

. -

. IP

, ,

(IOS). 6 ,

.


53/127

5. 53

IP

, IOS 12.1 99.99986% 71740

. IP ,

IOS , IP IOS

.

.

10000 6 .

,

30000 .

, ,

. , ,

,

. ,

. ,

99.98598%.

10000 6 99.999%.

99.98498%.

- 99.9999804% 99.99999774%.

,

.

5.1.1.3.

IP

. ,

, ,

, .

,


54/127

5. 54

IP

. ,

APC Corporation. ,

, - ,

, .

,

IP

, 15.

90% - 5

99% -

100 .

99.999% ,

UPS , ,

.

,

CallManager . , UPS

. ,

2 ,

99.99962% . 99.99993%

, .

0.9999962 *

0.9999993 99.99955%.

5.1.1.4.

.


55/127

5. 55

IP

,

5 , ,

.

.

,

. 99.999%

:

,

EIGRP OSPF

HSRP IP ,

IP CallManager .

RSTP STP

QoS

,

.

, ,

. 5.1 ,

.


56/127

5. 56

IP

5.1.

:

HSRP, IP

STP. , 30 .

:

,

IP

.

10

PSTN : PSTN , CallManager

, .

10

Cisco CallManager :

, Cisco CallManager ,

. ,

,

. TCP 30

.. 61 ,

75 .


57/127

5. 57

IP

, ,

(. 5.5).

5.5.

Cisco

CallManager

10,000 h 30,0000 h 30,000 h 10,000 h 0,000 h

28,545 h 21,866 h 75,380 h 36,511 h 40,000 h

(%)

.876 (365*24/ 10,000 =.876)

.292 .292 .876 .876

(%)

.306 .401 .116 .240 .219

(%)

1.182 .693 .408 1.116 1.095

30 s 10 s 75 s 10 s 75 s

35 s 7 s 31 s 11 s 82 s

,

, 166 ,

99,99947% .

, ,

,

IP .

0.9999962*0.9999947*0.9999993 99.999%

, 5.3 .

VoIP

, . ,

.


58/127

5. 58

IP

5.1.2.

VoIP .

,

, .

VoIP ,

.

, -

. ,

,

VoIP .

, VoIP ,

. ,

, - 100 ms

40 ms.

VoIP ,

, -,

, .

,

, VoIP ,

, RTP

(VAD), .

, ,

.

-

.

.

, ,

RTP :


59/127

5. 59

IP

= * * *8

= 1000 ms / ms

: 2000 G.711,

20 ms 200 ( 40 IP 160

), a 160 Mbps :

50 = 1000 ms / 20 ms

160 Mbps = 50 * 200 * 2000 * 8

a ,

,

. , ,

,

. ,

, .

3%

, . ,

2000 ,

4.8 Mbps.

, ,

164.8

Mbps.

.

, ,

, .

, ,

, (. 5.6).

,

.


60/127

5. 60

IP

, G.711, 80

10 ms.

:

80 B + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 120

120 B * 100 = 12000 * 8 / 1000 = 96 Kbps

,

:

(80 B * 2 ) + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 200

200 B * 50 = 10000 * 8 / 1000 = 80 Kbps

5.6.

-14

PPP -6

Frame Relay -4

ATM - 53 48

G.711 at 50.0 pps

20 ms

85.6 Kbps 82.4 Kbps 81.6 Kbps 106 Kbps

G.711 at 33.3 pps

30 ms

78.4 Kbps 76.3 Kbps 75.7 Kbps 84.8 Kbps

G.729a at 50.0 pps

20 ms


G.729a at 33.3 pps

30 ms


, - ,

-

, -

. ,

, ,

150 ms.


61/127

5. 61

IP

VoIP

IP/UDP/RTP 8,12 20 .

, 40 .

-

.

RTP cRTP,

2 4 .

5.1.3.

,

. ,

.

- ,

.

, 150 ms,

400 ms [15]. ,

, ,

, .

,

. ,

. , - ,

- . ,

, ,

.

,

. ,

-,

. ,

, 30 ms.


62/127

5. 62

IP

.

, .. -

, - . ,

64 Kb 125 s, OC-3/STM-1

0.05 s. , ,

.

,

.

- .

,

.

:

= / (299.300 *

0.6)

:

6000 .

0.0334 s = 6000 / ( 299.300 * 0.6 )

, . ,

, .

,

- , , - .

,

.

, .

, ,

, ,

.


63/127

5. 63

IP

,

, .

.

5.1.4.

,

, [6].

20 ms, , 20 ms.

. 5.2, , (1) (3)

, (2)

12 ms, (4) 5 ms -.

5.2.

,

, .

,

.

,

,


64/127

5. 64

IP

. -

.

, .

,

.

, ,

.

5.1.5.

. , ,

.

,

. , ,

, . TCP

,

. ,

, UDP -

. UDP

, , ,

, .

,

150 ms

.

.

G.711, 5% ,

. -

, G.723.1 G.729,

1% 2%.

(CoS), VoIP


65/127

5. 65

IP

. ,

,

, .

5.1.6.

VoIP

.

, VoIP

. VoIP

,

, ,

. -

,

[11].

,

.

5.1.6.1.

- (DoS).

.

. ,

. ,

,

.

. ,


66/127

5. 66

IP

.

, , Web , Mail ,

.

, .

,

.

. ,

.

, ,

.

.

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP),

. ,

[12].

,

.

, .

, .

RTP ,

. , IP

, , .

.

, .

IP ,

. ,

, ,

IP .


67/127

5. 67

IP

. ,

,

, ,

.

,

IP . - ,

, -

,

.

VoIP

.

, , VoIP IP

, , ,

.

. 150 ms

VoIP .

, .

- ,

- VoIP .

5.1.6.2. LAN

LAN (Virtual Local Area Network-VLAN)

, . LAN

, ,

/ .

, DHCP .


68/127

5. 68

IP

5.1.6.3.

, ,

, [11]. ,

.

VoIP

, , ,

, .

.

.

,

. ,

,

, , -

. ,

VoIP .

, .

VPN, IPSec SSL IP

. ,

. ,

, .

VPN ,

.

5.1.6.4.

. ,


69/127

5. 69

IP

.

VoIP,

. ,

IP . ,

, , ,

. ,

,

RTP UDP . UDP

, .

IP statefull ,

VoIP .

, UDP .

,

:

IP CallManager ( )

() (), ( )

( ),

()

IP ( )

( ) ( )

,

,

SIP / H.232.

,

, VoIP.


70/127

5. 70

IP

, VoIP ,

, . VoIP

.

,

.

MAC .

VoIP .

5.1.6.5.

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

5.2.

. VoIP

,

. ,

,

.

.

VoIP .

, ,

,

.


71/127

5. 71

IP

,

- ,

, .

,

.

,

. , ,

.

,

,

, VoIP . 5.7

, .

5.7.

IP

-

802.1p/Q, Differentiated Services (DiffServ), Call Admission Control (CAC)

IP [9].


72/127

5. 72

IP

5.2.1. 802.1p/Q

IEEE 802.1Q ,

802.3 ,

802.1p , ,

- VLAN ID. .

802.1p ,

[1].

110, - .

VLAN ID

, ,

.

802.1p/Q VoIP ,

OSI

. TCI (. 5.3),

(CoS),

(ToS) IP .

IP Precedence IP

5.3.

. , 2, 3,

.

, .


73/127

5. 73

IP

5.2.2. DiffServ

DiffServ IETF, RFC 2474 2475.

- ,

, (ToS).

- , ,

(. 5.4). - ToS

, DSCP

(PHB).

5.4.IPv4

: EF (Expedited Forwarding)

, , AF

(Assured Forwarding) ( 4

) DE (Default forwarding). DE ,

, 80%

(. 5.7). EF -

.

101110.

VoIP , ,

.

:


74/127

5. 74

IP

5.7.

5.2.3. (CAC)

CAC , ,

,

.

CAC VoIP ,

-

.

128 Kbps, VoIP ,

24 Kbps.

CAC ,

.

21.33 Kbps ,

24 Kbps,

. , ,

. CAC,

VoIP - RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) H.323

. RSVP ,

IP .

2 3

CoS IP Precedence PHB DSCP

7 7 - 56-63

6 6 - 48-55

5 5 EF 46

4 4 AF41 34

3 3 AF31 25

2 2 AF2y 18,20,22

1 1 AF1y 10,14,16

0 0 DE 0


75/127

5. 75

IP

,

().

RSVP . H.323

. ,

- ,

.

5.2.4. IP

VoIP IP

. IP

, . VoIP ,

CallManger . ,

, .


76/127

6. VoIP 76

6. VoIP

6.1. IP

IPT

, .

,

,

VoIP

.

(.6.1).

, .

, ,

WAN/LAN ,

, IP ,

.

,

IP .

6.1


77/127

6. VoIP 77

6.1.1.

, ,

, .

VoIP , -

, .

VoIP.

WAN ,

, .

,

.

, .

, ,

,

,

, .

,

.

, .

,

, ,

, .

,

, .

,

.

,


78/127

6. VoIP 78

.

WAN , -

.

,

,

VoIP.

. ,

VoIP , ,

.

, VoIP.

,

.

, . -

, VoIP ,

. ,

VoIP .

.

.

,

, .

,

WAN ,

, .

,


79/127

6. VoIP 79

, .

- ,

.

, .

6.1.2.

VoIP.

,

.

, ,

. 100 Mbps,

, IP VLAN ,

.

, .

, IP

. ,

.

VoIP ,

.

6.1.3.

VoIP

,

,

. ,


80/127

6. VoIP 80

,

,

.

, -

,

. ,

,

.

6.1.4. IP

IP

. , PoE

PoE ,

IP .

IP

.

6.2.

,

. ,

.

IPT ,

. ,

, IPT

.

, IP ,

,


81/127

6. VoIP 81

.

.

.

VoIP.

, - 1000

, -

VoIP [7].

, -

T1/ 1 , IPT .

.

1000 .

-

IPT, - 1000

-

.

,

.

T1/1 PRI ,

.

.

VoIP ,

VoIP .

.

,

, ,

.

,

. VoIP

, ,

IP .


82/127

6. VoIP 82

VoIP ,

, . ,

,

.

, .

VoIP

. -

.

6.2.1.

,

.

,

,

- .

,

, -

IP .

,

(ROI).

, VoIP,

,

:

IP Centrex ,

.

, VoIP

.


83/127

6. VoIP 83

,

.

,

.

,

, VoIP .

VoIP ,

,

, .

VoIP

.

6.2.2.

.

. ,

,

.

,

.

.

50 500

. -

,

.

,

.


84/127

6. VoIP 84

, ,

.

-

:

. ,

IPT.

, ,

.

,

.

6.3.

- ,

, -

, VoIP .

,

.

,

.

, [14].

, .

,

, , .


85/127

6. VoIP 85

6.3.1.

.

. - -

, ,

.

, .

, ,

VoIP . ,

:

? ? ,

?

?

VoIP ?

, ?

6.3.2.

, VoIP,

, .

,

VoIP .

,

- .

, ,

. ,


86/127

6. VoIP 86

, ,

- .

6.3.3. -

-,

. ,

- . ,

,

, -

.

6.3.4. -

6.3.4.1.

, ,

,

. ,

,

, .

?

6.3.4.2.

,

.

,

.


87/127

6. VoIP 87

- ,

?

6.3.4.3.

, VoIP

. ,

, ,

, .

,

,

?

-,

. ,

, ,

-,

.


88/127

7. VoIP 88

7. VoIP

IPT

. IP .

CallManager

. IPT

CallManager

.

.

- ,

.

CallManager

IPT 1. IP

, 2 ,

Router2 FXS .

IPT 2.

Cisco

.

.

WAN .

, IP

Cisco.

,

. WAN O1 Frame

Relay . O2 .

.


89/127

7. VoIP 89

, .

.

, .

, ,

.

, .

,

,

. (DID),

, .

,

.

.

9897100 9897599.

:

9897100 9897199 2

9897200 9897299

9897500 9897599 1

9897300 9897499

-

, 7.1


90/127

7. VoIP 90

7.1. IP

Frame

Relay

Cisco Call Manager

PSTN

PBX

Router0

Router2Router1

98972..

E&M1/1/0

E&M1/1/1

E0/1

192.16

8.10

1.10

0

192.16

8.10

1.1

172.16.1.1 172.16.2.1

64Kbp

s

192.

168.

10.2

S0/0.

1

S0/0.

1

64Kbp

s

192

.168

.10.

1

E0/0

172.16

.4.1

98971..9897101 9897102

LAN

LANIP

98975..

7.1. Frame

Relay

Router0

Router1, , Frame Relay


91/127

7. VoIP 91

. , ,

WAN WAN

. ,

Frame Relay, WAN,

VoIP .

QoS Frame Relay

. LLQ

IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay Traffic Shaping,

.

7.1.1.

[23]:

IP RTP Priority Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/WFQ)

LLQ PQ/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/CBWFQ)

IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay (PVC) ,

RTP , UDP .

, ,

. ,

, .

.

,

, WFQ (. 7.2).


92/127

7. VoIP 92

7.2. IP RTP Priority

IP RTP Priority :

Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay ip rtp priority starting-rtp-port

port-range bandwidth

,

UDP , RTP, 16384-32767.

,

.

, .

Low Latency Queue (LLQ) ,

(. 7.3).

7.3. LLQ


93/127

7. VoIP 93

VoIP

,

.

.

, ,

. LLQ

.

LLQ ,

, UDP ,

(Access List), , ToS, IP Precedence DSCP .

LLQ - IP RTP Priority

.

LLQ :

1. class map

. :

Router(config)#class-map ?

WORD class-map name

match-all Logical-AND all matching statements under this classmap

match-any Logical-OR all matching statements under this classmap

Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-traffic

match-all ,

, match,

match-any .

match.

:

Router(config-cmap)#match access-group ?

Access list index

name Named Access List


94/127

7. VoIP 94

UDP , RTP:

Router(config-cmap)#match ip rtp 16384 16383

DSCP :

Router(config-cmap)#match ip dscp ef

2. (class map)

.

.

Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-signaling

Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 103

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720

3.

.

.

Router(config)#policy-map VOICE-POLICY

policy-map VOICE-

POLICY.

. :

Router(config-pmap)#class voice-traffic

Router(config-pmap-c)#priority ? Kilo Bits per second

voice-traffic

. priority

.


95/127

7. VoIP 95

Router(config-pmap)#class voice-signaling

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth 8

voice-signaling, bandwidth

8 Kbps .

Router(config-pmap)#class voice-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue

fair-queue ,

,

WFQ.

prioritybandwidth

- minCIR PVC.

, .

4. LLQ

WAN :

Router(config)#map-class frame-relay VoIPovFR

Router(config-if)#service-policy output VOICE-POLICY

7.1.2. Frame Relay

, Frame Relay ,

.

,

- . ,

, .

, Frame Relay ,

(CIR).

,


96/127

7. VoIP 96

, , .

- ,

. CIR :

Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay cirbits-per-second

, Frame Relay

, ,

(Bc). (Tc) 10 ms,

125 ms. Tc Tc = Bc / CIR.

Tc, Bc

:

Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Bc bits-per-second

Be , ,

. Be ,

:

Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Be0

7.1.3.

, - 768 Kbps.

,

a

20 ms.

-


97/127

7. VoIP 97

.

512 Kbps 128 Kbps.

128 Kbps (. 7.1). ,

,

, .

7.1.

-

56 Kbps 70 bytes

64 Kbps 80 bytes128Kbps 160 bytes

256 Kbps 320 bytes

512 Kbps 640 bytes

768 Kbps 1000 bytes

1536 Kbps 1600 bytes

, :

Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay fragment bytes

7.1.4.

RTP .

,

75 [23]. RTP

. - 768 bps.

:

Router(config-if)#frame-relay ip rtp header-compression


98/127

7. VoIP 98

Router1

, IP O1

CallManager

[4]. Router1

- :

version 12.2

service timestamps debug datetime msec

service timestamps log datetime msec

service password-encryption

!

hostname Router1

!

logging buffered 10000 debugging

enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhWB25b2cVpEVgBo1

!

ip subnet-zero

!

class-map match-all voice-signaling

match access-group 103

class-map match-all voice-traffic

match access s-group 102

!--

!-- ,

!-- 102 103

!

policy-map VOICE-POLICY

class voice-traffic

priority 45

class voice-signaling

bandwidth 8

!--

!--

!-- 45 Kbps. 8 Kbps

!

class class-default

fair-queue

!-- class-default ,

!-- . fair-queue

!-- WFQ


99/127

7. VoIP 99

!

interface Ethernet 0/0

no ip address

!

interface Ethernet0/0.10

encapsulation dot1q 10

ip address 172.16.1.1255.255.255.0

!

interface Ethernet0/0.20

encapsulation dotq1 20

ip address 172.16.2.1255.255.255.0

ip helper-address 192.168.101.100

!-- , IEEE

!-- 802.1q VLAN 10 VLAN 20 .

!-- ,

!-- IP . ip helper-address

!-- DHCP BootP , IP

!-- CallManager [4]

!

interface Serial0/0

bandwidth 64

no ip address

encapsulation frame-relay

no fair-queue

frame-relay traffic-shaping

frame-relay ip rtp header-compression

!-- .

!-- ,

!-- LLQ

!

interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

bandwidth 64

ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252

frame-relay interface-dlci 400

class VOIPovFR

!-- VoIPovFR. VoIPovFR

!-- .

!-- Router0

!

ip classless

!

map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR


100/127

7. VoIP 100

no frame-relay adaptive-shaping

!--- Frame Relay

!

frame-relay cir 64000

frame-relay bc 640

!-- Tc = BC/CIR,

!-- Tc 10 ms bc

!

frame-relay be 0

frame-relay mincir 64000

!-- .

!-- CIR

!

service-policy output VOICE-POLICY

!-- LLQ

!

frame-relay fragment 80

!-- 80 .

!-- -

!--

!

access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767

access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any

access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720

!-- 102

!-- UDP ,

!-- . 103

!-- ,

!-- H.323 V2

!

router rip

network 192.168.10.0

network 172.16.1.0

network 172.16.2.0

7.2.

IP

IP , 1

, Cisco Catalyst


101/127

7. VoIP 101

(. 7.4). ,

.

7.4. IP

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

A B C DE F

G HI J KL M NO

P Q RS T U V W X YZ

7.2.1. a

Cisco IP 10/100 .

. 1

, VoIP. 2

10/100 , . 3

.

IP

.

VLAN.

VLAN,

, IP .

VLAN .

Port Fast . ,

VLAN e:

Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan ? Vlan for voice traffic

dot1p Priority tagged on PVID

none Do not tell telephone about voice vlan

untagged Untagged on PVID


102/127

7. VoIP 102

VLAN ID ( ).

CDP ,

IP 802.1Q

, VLAN ID CoS , .

CoS 5 3

. 802.1Q

VLAN

dot1p CDP ,

IP 802.1p

VLAN ID 0 CoS . 802.1p

VLAN

none IP

. VLAN

untagged CDP ,

IP

VLAN ID CoS . VLAN

VLAN 10

VLAN 20 0/5 :

Switch #configure terminal

Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 0/5

Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10

Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 20

7.2.2.

802.3af, ,

, 15,4 W, .

, ,


103/127

7. VoIP 103

.

CDP .

. power inline

PoE . :

Switch(config-if)#power inline ?

auto Automatically detect and power inline devices

consumption Configure the inline device consumption

never Never apply inline power

static High priority inline power interface

, PoE auto. , ,

. ,

,

, auto,

consumption

never

, static,

, auto.

static

, .

(15,4

W)

. static

CDP

, static

. -


104/127


105/127

7. VoIP 105

,

,

trust:

Switch#configure terminal

Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1

Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust

OSI ,

, IP .

, dscp:



Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust

Switch(config-if)#mls qos trust dscp !--- Catalyst 3560/3750/6500

Switch(config-if)#qos trust dscp !---Catalyst 4500

7.2.4.

. ,

.

IP [24].

cisco-phone IP

. VLAN , VLAN

, port security, spanning-tree portfast

cisco-switch ,

.


106/127

7. VoIP 106

dot1q, point-to-point

.

show

parser macro:

Switch #show parser macro name cisco-phone

# Cisco IP phone + desktop template

# macro keywords $access_vlan $voice_vlan

# VoIP enabled interface - Enable data VLAN

# and voice VLAN

# Recommended value for access vlan should not be 1

switchport access vlan $access_vlan

switchport mode access

# Update the Voice VLAN value which should be

# different from data VLAN

# Recommended value for voice vlan should not be 1

switchport voice vlan $voice_vlan

# Enable port security limiting port to a 2 MAC

# addressess - - One for desktop on data vlan and

# one for phone on voice vlan

switchport port-security

switchport port-security maximum 2

# Ensure port.security age is greater than one minute

# and use inactivity timer

switchport port-security violation restrict

switchport port-security aging time 2

switchport port-security aging type inactivity

# Enable auto-qos to extend trust to attached Cisco phone

auto qos voip cisco-phone

# Configure port as an edge network port

spanning-tree portfast

spanning-tree bpduguard enable


107/127

7. VoIP 107

, VLAN :



Switch(config.if)#macro apply $access_vlan 10 $voice_vlan 20

VLAN

Router1 .

:

Switch #configure terminal

Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/0Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q

7.3.

Router2

256 Kbps. WAN

75

.

, - ,

G.729.

,

.


108/127

7. VoIP 108

7.3.1.

CallManager

. 2

. IP ,

WAV . ,

FXS , [3].

,

, .

,

. ,

FXS :

Router(config)#voice-port slot/subunit/port

slot ,

FXS . subunit

, FXS . Port

FXS , .

:

Router(config-voiceport)#signal {loop-start | ground-start}

ground-start

, loop-start , .

,

.

. :


109/127

7. VoIP 109

Router(config)#dial-peer voice tag {voip | pots}

tag 1-2147483647.

,

.

.

voip pots

, pots, IP

voip. config-

dial-peer, destination-pattern

.

Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern [+]string[T]

+ , ,

, E.164 . string

,

E.164 . 0 9,

A D, (*) (#) (,) (.) (%) (+) (^) ($) (\) (?)

([]) (()). destination-pattern

, (.)

. T

.

.

VoIP :

Router(config-dial-peer)#session target {ipv4:destination-address |

dns:[$s$. | $d$. | $e$. | $u$.] host-name | enum:table-num | loopback:rtp | ras

| sip-server}


110/127

7. VoIP 110

ipv4 IP

. port

.

Router(config-dial-peer)#port slot/subunit/port

7.3.2.

RSVP [2]. ,

. , . , RSVP

:

Router(config-if)#ip rsvp-bandwidth [interface-kbps] [single-flow-kbps]

interface-kbpssingle-flow-kbps

,

, .

,

. ,

,

.

echo-cancel enable

Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel enable type [hardware |software]

hardware software

, . echo-

cancel coverage ,

.


111/127

7. VoIP 111

Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel coverage {8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 48 |

64}

Router2,

, -

:

version 12.2




!

hostname Router2

!logging buffered 10000 debugging

enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhPl76b2cVpE0kLP65

!

ip subnet-zero

!

memory-size iomem 20

!

dial-peer voice 7101 pots

destination-pattern +9897101

port 1/0/0!-- 7101,

!-- 9897101, FXS 1/0/0

!


destination-pattern +9897102

port 1/0/1

!-- 7102,

!-- 9897102, FXS 1/0/1

!

dial-peer voice 72 voipdestination-pattern +98972..

session target ipv4:192.168.11.1

!-- ,

!--

!

dial-peer voice 75 voip


112/127

7. VoIP 112

description calls to IP Phones/CallManager

codec g723r63

destination-pattern +98975..


!-- IP ,

CCM

!


destination-pattern .T

session targrt ipv4:192.168.11.2

!--

!

num-exp 7 +9897...

!--

!-- . 7

!-- 9897.

!-- .

!

voice-port 1/0/0

description >

signal loop-start

echo-cancel coverage 16

echo-cancel enable

req-qos controlled-load

!-- FXS 1/0/0 , ,

!--

!-- , RSVP

!

voice-port 1/0/1

description >


echo-cancel enable

req-qos controlled-load

!-- FXS 1/0/1 , ,

!--

!-- RSVP

!

interface Ethernet0/0

ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0

!

interface Serial0/0

bandwidth 256


113/127

7. VoIP 113

ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp

no ip mroute-cache

fair-queue

ip rtp-header-compression

ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24

!-- 0/0,

!-- Router0 . 256 Kbps,

!-- PPP, RTP

!--

!

ip classless

!

router rip

network 192.168.11.0

network 172.16.4.0

7.4. IP

IPT

- . ,

,

.

IPT

.

.

FXS E&M, ISDN [3].

-

.

IPT .

.

, ISDN


114/127

7. VoIP 114

1 30 .

E&M .

Router0 ,

, [3].

a , ,

.

:

Router(config)#voice portslot/subunit/port

dial-type :

Router(config-voiceport)#dial-type {dtmf | pulse | mf}

, .

E&M signal:

Router(config-voiceport)#signal {wink-start | immediate | delay-dial |

lmr}

wink-star.

operation.

Router(config-voiceport)#operation {2-wire | 4-wire}

.

impedance :

Router(config-voiceport)#impedance {600c | 600r | 900c | 900r | complex1

| complex2 | complex3 | complex4 | complex5 | complex6}

600r. type E&M

:


115/127

7. VoIP 115

Router(config-voiceport)#type {1 | 2 | 3 | 5}

,

Router1 Router2, -

,

Router0

:

version 12.2




!

hostname Router0

!

boot system flash slot1:c3640-is-mz.122-6a.bin

logging buffered 1000000 debugging

!

ip subnet-zero

!

class-map match-all voice-signaling


class-map match-all voice-traffic


!

policy-map voice-policy

class voice-signaling

bandwidth 8

class voice-traffic

priority 45

class class-default

fair-queue

!


ip address 172.22.100.1 255.255.255.0

!--

!


ip address 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.252


116/127

7. VoIP 116

!-- Cisco CallManager (CCM)

!

interface Serial0/0

bandwidth 128

no ip address

encapsulation frame-relay

no ip mroute-cache

no fair-queue

frame-relay traffic-shaping

frame-relay ip rtp header-compression

!

interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

bandwidth 128

ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252

frame-relay interface-dlci 300

class VOIPovFR

!-- 0/0,

!-- Router2

!

interface Serial0/1

bandwidth 256

ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp

no ip mroute-cache

fair-queue

ip rtp-header-compression

ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24

!-- 0/1,

!-- Router2 . 256 Kbps,

!-- PPP, RTP

!--

!

ip classless

!

map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR

no frame-relay adaptive-shaping

frame-relay cir 64000

frame-relay bc 640

frame-relay be 0

frame-relay mincir 64000

service-policy output voice-policy

frame-relay fragment 80


117/127

7. VoIP 117

!

access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767

access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any

access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720

!

voice-port 1/1/0

description >

dial-type dtmf

signal wink-start

operation 4-wire

type 2


echo-cancel enable

!

voice-port 1/1/1

description >

dial-type dtmf

signal wink-start

operation 4-wire

type 2


echo-cancel enable

!-- E&M ,

!--

!-- ,

!




!-- ,

!-- Router2

!

dial-peer voice 75 voip

description calls to IP Phones/CallManager

codec g723r63



!-- IP ,

!-- CCM

!


destination-pattern 98972..


118/127

7. VoIP 118

port 1/1/0

!


destination-pattern 98972..

port 1/1/1

!-- ,

!--

!



port 1/1/0

!



port 1/1/1

!--

!

num-exp 7 +9897...

!

router rip

network 192.168.10.0

network 192.168.11.0

network 192.168.101.0

network 172.22.100.0


119/127

8. 119

8.

IP

- VoIP.

VoIP

.

VoIP,

,

. , -

, .

VoIP

, PoE Wi-Fi . ,

,

VoIP

.

IP .

,

VoIP

, -

.

.

Cisco,

, VoIP

,

, .

VoIP

. -

,


120/127

8. 120

.

, ,

.

,

, VoIP.

,

.

IP

, .

.

,

.

VoIP

IP ,

, IP .

.

, -

.

.

VoIP

, .


121/127

8. 121

,

.

VoIP

.

.

-, -. ,

, ,

GSM .

, ,

VoIP. ,

. ,

.


122/127

122

[1] Ramesh Kaza, Salman Asadullah; Cisco IP Telephony: Planning, Design,

Implementation, Operation and Optimization; Cisco Press (2005);

[2] Robert Padjen, Larry Keefer, Sean Thurston, Jeff Bankston, Michael E. Flannagan;

Cisco AVVID and IP Telephony Design & Implementation; Syngress Publishing Inc.

(2001);

[3] Paul J. Fong, Eric Knipp, David Gary, Scott M. Harris. Larry Keefer Jr., Charles

Riley, Stuart Ruwet, Robert Thorstensen, Vincent Tillirson; Configuring Cisco Voice

over IP, Second Edition; Syngress Publishing Inc. (2002);

[4] Jonathan Davidson, James Peters; Voice over IP Fundaments; Cisco Press (2000);

[5] Kevin Brown; IP Telephony Unveiled; Cisco Press (2004);

[6] Sean Christensen; Voice over IP Solutions; Juniper Networks Inc. (2001);

http://cn.juniper.net/solutions/literature/white_papers/200011.pdf

[7] Patrick Scheckel; When and How to Migrate to IP Telephony; Berbee Information

Networks Corporation (2005);

http://www.berbee.com/public/learning/MigrateToIPTelephony.aspx

[8] Understanding VoIP; Avaya Inc. (2005);

http://www.invictusnetworks.com/faq/Voice over IP VoIP/Avaya VoIP White Paper.pdf

[9] Designing converged enterprise networks for IP telephony; Nortel Networks (2002);

http://www.nortel.com/solutions/pt/es/collateral/nn102460-110602.pdf

[10] IP Telephony: The Five Nines Story; Cisco Systems (2002);

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns165/ns268/networking_solutions_white_paper09186a00

800a113e.shtml


123/127

123

[11] Enterprise VoIP Security: Potential Threats and Best Practices; Global Knowledge

Network Inc. (2005);

http://www.itdepartment.com/VoIP/VoipSecurityThreats and Best Practices.pdf

[12] Network Security Best Practices for IP Telephony; ShoreTel Inc. (2005);

http://www.baysidemedia.com/ShoreTel/Security_Best_Practices.pdf

[13] The Real World of VoIP; NetworkWorld

[14] Strategies for IP Telephony Evaluation and Migration; InfoTech (2005);

http://www.voicepro.com/_files/user/InfoTech BuildingClient Value1.pdf

[15] Selecting VoIP for Your Enterprise; Global Knowledge Network Inc. (2005);

http://images.globalknowledge.com/wwwimages/whitepaperpdf/SelectingVoIP.PDF

[16] Jim Seals; Voice over IP; MoreNet, Network Consulting (2001);

http://www.more.net/technical/research/voip/voip.pdf

[17] Susan Andersen; Voice over IP (VoIP) Basics for IT Technicians; Fluke Networks

(2005);

http://www.s-t.pl/pub/VoIP_Basics.pdf

[18] Understanding Packet Voice Protocols; Cisco Systems Inc. (2002);

http://www.sipcenter.com/sip.nsf/html/WEBB5YP4SU/$FILE/Cisco_UPVP_wp.pdf

[19] IP Telephony Design Guide; Alcatel-Lucent (2003);

http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/enterprise/en/resource_library/pdf/wp/wp_IPT_Design-

Guide.pdf;jsessionid=1KOVIEHHCETR1LAWFRUE1DFMCYWGI3GC

[20] D. Richard Kuhn, Tomas J. Walsh, Steffen Fries; Security Considerations for Voice

over IP Systems; National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005);

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-58/SP800-58-final.pdf


124/127

124

[21] Robert Heger, Michelle Le, Dana Nartea, Assaf Maoz; Voice over Internet Protocol;

IS-311 in Business (2002);

http://www.csun.edu/~vcact00f/311/termProjects/700class/IS 311 VoIP.doc

[22] Todd Leinberger, David Rytzarev; The Future Internet Telephony Standard: H.323

or Session Initiation Protocol; Ohio University (2004);

http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~tl277601/esp/review_voip_protocols.htm

[23] VoIP over Frame Relay with Quality of Service (Fragmentation, Traffic Shaping,

LLQ / IP RTP Priority); Cisco Systems (2006);

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/voice-qos/voip-ov-fr-qos.pdf

[24] Configure IOS Catalyst Switches to Connect Cisco IP Phones Configuration

Example; Cisco Systems (2006);

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/configuring-cat-ip-phone.pdf


125/127

125

AF- Assured Forwarding

CAC- Call Admission Control

CDP- Cisco Discovery Protocol

CIR- Committed Information Rate

CCM- Cisco CallManager

CoS- Class of Service

DC- Direct Current

DE- Default Forwarding

DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DID- Direct Inward Dial

DiffServ- Differentiated Services

DoS- Denial of Service

DSCP- Differentiated Service Code Point

DSL- Digital Subscriber Line

EF- Expedited Forwarding

E&M- Ear&Mouth, transMit&rEceive

FDM- Frequency Division Multiplexing

FRTS- Frame Relay Traffic Shaping

FXS- Foreign Exchange Station

GSM- Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spcial Mobile

HSRP- Hot Standby Router Protocol

HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF- Internet Engineering Task Force

IOS- Internetworking Operating System

IP- Internet Protocol

IPT- Internet Protocol Telephony

IPSec- IP Security

ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network

ITU- International Telecommunication Union

LAN- Local Area Network


126/127

126

LLQ- Low Latency Queue

MAC- Media Access Control

MOS- Mean Opinion Score

MTP- Message Transfer Parts

OSI- Open System InterconnectionPCM- Pulse Code Modulation

PDA- Personal Digital Assistant

PESQ- Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality

PHB- Per-Hop Behavior

PoE- Power over Ethernet

POTS- Plain Old Telephone Service

PQ/CBWFQ-Priority Queue/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing

PQ/WFQ- Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing

PRI- Prime Rate Interface

PSTN- Public Switched Telephone Network

PVC- Permanent Virtual Circuit

QoS- Quality of Service

RFC- Request For Comments

ROI- Return on Investments

RSVP- Resource Reservation Protocol

RTCP- Real Time Control Protocol

RTCPXR- RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports

RTP- Real-time Transport Protocol

SCCP- Skinny Client Control Protocol

SCP- Service Control Point

SDP- Session Description Protocol

SMTP- Simple Message Transfer Protocol

SNMP- Simple Network Management Protocol

SS7- Signaling System Seven

SSL- Secure Sockets Layer

SSP- Signaling Switching Points

STP- Signal Transfer Points

TCI- Tag Control Information

TCP- Transport Control Protocol


127/127

TDM- Time Division Multiplexing

ToS- Type of Service

UDP- User Datagram Protocol

UPS- Uninterruptible Power Supply

URL- Uniform Resource LocatorVAD- Voice Activity Detection

VLAN- Virtual Local Area Network

VoIP- Voice over Internet Protocol

VPN- Virtual Private Network

WAN- Wide Area Network

WAV- Waveform

Wi-Fi- Wireless Fidelity

-

-

-

-

voip diplomna

Documents