vol canes

Research about volcanism

Gabriel Sebastián Carpio Brito

C.I 010444141-5

Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca, Ecuador

Keywords: Pululahua, Casitagua, Pambamarca, Vulcan, Cordillera de los Andes

I. Abstract

The Ecuador regarding volcanism presents an

extensive study area, and the crash of marine

Nazca plate under the continental plate of South

America led to this chain of volcanoes in

Ecuador, of which eight have filed a

stratovolcanoes recent activity and rest and

sleep is considered unlikely a new activity.

Each of volcanic activity combined with

environmental phenomena characteristics gave

the volcanoes and the surrounding ground,

presenting geographical, topological, economic,

cultural and social variety.

II. INTRODUCCTIÓN

The phenomenon that gave rise to volcanism in

Ecuador was the clash between Nazca oceanic

tectonic plates under the continental plate of

South America. Therefore the Ecuadorian

volcanic arc is part of the Northern Volcanic

Zone of the Andes ( NVZ ) , extends from 5 ° N

in the vicinity with Colombia to 2 ° S , and

compared to the central and southern Andes is

very wide ( 100-120 km ) and present several

parallel rows of volcanoes.

The dominant feature of the Northern Volcanic

Zone of the Andes is the composition of large

volcanoes or stratovolcanoes , their cones are

made cones by interleaving layers of lava and

pyroclastic material for hundreds of thousands

of years. Acquiring a slope of about 35%. And

at the top of the cone the presence of a crater

caused by large explosions and emissions.

This conical shape is lost if the volcano eruptive

activity also lost along with erosion processes ,

while retaining adventitious channels , ducts,

among others. While lighter materials are

washed into the different inter-Andean basins.

Contains extinct, active and potentially active

volcanoes, the eruptions and presented ranging

from centuries past to the present century.

Witnessed eruptions in Ecuador show

Strombolian properties, are short explosive and

not very extensive emission moderately fluid

flow washes.

These eruptions are compounded by the flow of

lava flows, ash ejection, pyroclastic avalanches

and extensive volcanic mud flow, which are

presented to present times

III. Research About Pululahua, Casitagua and Pambamarca

Volcanoes of the study are summarized Pululahua, Casitahua and Pambamarca, each with different stages

of activity, have similar characteristics and specific to the area, as relation to its location as the study area

covers about 30 km away if a new volcanic activity.

Image1. Estimating a rash on the Pululahua, Casithua volcanoes and areas Pambamarca and affection

for deyección ash, along with pyroclastic material released, hauling of materials by erosion and other

natural and anthropogenic causes

The Pululahua volcano is located at 0 º 03 N, 77 ° 99 W of Ecuador in the province of Pichincha, in the

western mountains. It reaches a height of 3360M, and can be checked from the city of Quito about 14 km

in the same.

Is a volcanic complex consists of a main boiler , a central volcano with two craters and the remains of a

third party, and several volcanic domes located inside the boiler , on the edge of it and overseas.

Within the caldera Cerro del chivo, a small steep south dome, in the center of the caldera same central

Pondoña having the remains of a crater at the middle and at the top ranks is another crater better

preserved, northeast are the remains of another crater that has only been an edge..

The consistency of pumice stones in this area due to volcanic eruptions have 70 % plagioclase , 20%

Hornblende , 1 to 3% hypersthene , quartz 5% , 3% magnetite.

There is hot springs and gas expulsion on one of the hills that make up this volcano, the crater is large and

covered by shrubs and inaccessible in many parts. Its eruptive period is 9000 years, while the last eruption

occurred 2,300 years ago. The Pululahua volcano has experienced three major eruptive periods , the last

record of Holocene activity comes . In each of them a pyroclastic flow and cinder blocks covering several

kilometers was generated.

In this area a center of research geobotánica containing one of two volcanic calderas inhabited by human

beings in the world is located. The reserve includes the volcano destroyed their semi boiler domes inside

the caldera, alluvial and lacustrine

Image2- Geological map of the CVP, has three units characterized by the presence of lavas. The unit I is

a proximal volcanic sequence including andesitic flows acids lava. Units II and III are comprised of

dacite lava dome.

Image3 - Villages settled in the crater of the volcano, is currently about one hundred families develop

agricultural activities within it, at a height of 2907msnm

The stratovolcano Casitagua is a volcanic caldera open to the

km. It is located 10km from the city of Quito, with coordinates 0 ° 01'07 " S and 78 ° 29'49 " W. Its

altitude is 3250m.

Slag has two hills to the south, one of them called Lulunurco . Within the caldera eruption dome rises

This dome also identified several lava flows.

It resembles the Pululahua volcano, as both are stratovolcanoes . It has a boiler and a large central dome ,

and there are other small south domes inside the caldera and outside it . The boiler is open to the

northwest.

Quenched volcanic activity, therefore no risk to populated areas around

In terms of local geology outcrop pumice, lava and volcanic ash , corresponding to the Pleistocene to Late

Pleistocene , clastic rocks, which due to erosion were t

each of the domes

The lavas and volcanic lavas and sediments comprise debris flows belonging to ancient volcano

Pichincha Rucu, who came into the sector Casitagua by weathering and erosion, these volcanic ro

of Late Pleistocene age.

Villages settled in the crater of the volcano, is currently about one hundred families develop

ural activities within it, at a height of 2907msnm

The stratovolcano Casitagua is a volcanic caldera open to the northWest and with a diameter of 2.5 to 3


Slag has two hills to the south, one of them called Lulunurco . Within the caldera eruption dome rises

This dome also identified several lava flows.


and there are other small south domes inside the caldera and outside it . The boiler is open to the

Quenched volcanic activity, therefore no risk to populated areas around


Pleistocene , clastic rocks, which due to erosion were transported and sedimented by different layers in


Pichincha Rucu, who came into the sector Casitagua by weathering and erosion, these volcanic ro

Villages settled in the crater of the volcano, is currently about one hundred families develop

and with a diameter of 2.5 to 3


Slag has two hills to the south, one of them called Lulunurco . Within the caldera eruption dome rises.


and there are other small south domes inside the caldera and outside it . The boiler is open to the west and


ransported and sedimented by different layers in


Pichincha Rucu, who came into the sector Casitagua by weathering and erosion, these volcanic rocks are

Imagen4 - Satellite image showing Casitagua volcano caldera because its volcanic activity was quenched

find human settlements around 3000 to 3.500 m. Similarity with Pululahua volcano is denoted as having

a steep dome in the central part of crater

This volcano is 30 km northeast of the city of Quito, and 14 from the city of Cayambe, rises to a height of

3471 meters, with coordinates 0 # 5 S, 78 º 13 O within the Western Cordillera in the province of

Pichincha.

No associated risks as it is within the extinct volcanoes, eroded, the Pambamarca rises north of tips

volcano near the top you can make out two small hills of slag. Concerning rock geology found pyroxene

andesite and biotite, while on top dacite found. It is important to note that there has been no seismic

activity in the Pambamarca

The Pambamarca Fortaleza Complex is a large installation of many pucarás Incas, located in the peaks

and ridges of the stratovolcano. During the past 13 years, has been taking an archaeological exploitation

as it contains traces of these strengths

About 20 descrubieron Inca fortresses, and two forts built by the Cayambe, ethnic people of Ecuador.

While the Ecuadorian Culture Cayambe only two strengths were found.

Image 5-6 The hill of tips from the stratovolcano Pambamarca

remains of the Inca culture was located, and Cayambe Ecuadorian culture, archaeological studies report

a war occurred around where after resisting strengths Cayambe forces yielded to the Incas

The hill of tips from the stratovolcano Pambamarca displayed on this hill archaeological


a war occurred around where after resisting strengths Cayambe forces yielded to the Incas

displayed on this hill archaeological


IV. Conclusions

The Ecuadorian volcanology has been formed

around the time and under different

environmental conditions and weathering,

among others.

In Ecuador stratovolcanoes found many, so

most of them have similar compositions

geologically, but the other fields based on your

period of volcanic activity.

The volcanoes are a source of tourist attraction

remains found in the area and its biodiversity,

environmental analysis realizaos each

determines the ability to operate a sustainable

way seeing all environmental, socioeconomic,

cultural fields, in order to exploit the resources

without causing minimal impact on the area as

set

V. Bibliography

F. M. Villares Jibaja, «Estudio

geovulcanilógico de la zona de la Caldera

Chacana,» Repositorio Digital EPN, 2011.

C. A. Villagrán Novoa, «Centro de

Investigación Geobotánico Pululahua,»

Repositoria DIgital USFQ, 2011.

M. Barragán Villalva, «Evaluación de Riesgo

por terrenos inestables en el Sector del

Madrigal,» Repositorio IAEN, 2008.

M. L. Hall, El Vulcanismo en El Ecuador,

Quito: Biblioteca del Ecuador, 1977.

vol canes

Documents