w. kempton, "the grid-integrated electric vehicle," in electric vehicle integration into...
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![Page 1: W. Kempton, "The Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle," in Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050905/54bf3f8f4a79599a1e8b45fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power NetworksDTU - Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power NetworksDTU - Technical University of DenmarkDepartment of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
the Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle
byWillett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and EnvironmentDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010
the Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle
byWillett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and EnvironmentDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010
![Page 2: W. Kempton, "The Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle," in Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050905/54bf3f8f4a79599a1e8b45fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is an Electric Vehicle?
What is an Electric Vehicle?
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What is an EV... WHEN DRIVING?
• Must perform as a Motor Vehicle
• Must meet codes and safety standards
• Must meet driver expectations for mobility, performance
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What is an EV... WHEN PLUGGED IN?
• A Load (Conventional View)
• A Smart Load (1st refinement)
• A Storage Resource (2nd refinement)
• Distributed Storage at the ends of the distribution system
• A dispatchable storage resource for a world of variable generation
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The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with
Vehicle-to-Grid power
The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with
Vehicle-to-Grid power
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EV as loadEV as load
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GIV: Control by GridGIV: Control by Grid
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GIV+V2G: 2-Way Power FlowGIV+V2G: 2-Way Power Flow
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Basic GIV/V2G Math• US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d
• Battery 150 km, daily travel = 50 km, thus
• Most storage unused most days• Drive train output = 100 kW
• Practical power via US grid = 10 - 20 kW
• In EU, some residential only 3.6 - 6 kW
• Cars as significant power? Compare:
• Average load with power in cars, by country
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How Much Power in cars?
Denmark UK USA
Light vehicles (106) 1.9 28.5 191
Vehicle GW (@ 15 kW each) 29 427 2,865
Avg. Electric Load (GW) 3.6 40 417
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UD Developed GIV components
UD Developed GIV components
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Three Components of GIV
• VSL: Vehicle Smart Link
• Control charging, report to server
• Log or predict next trips and times
• EVSE: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
• Grid location, internet portal, power connection, interconnect permit
• Aggregation Server
• Real time operation of a set of vehicles
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Vehicle Smart Link (VSL)
Vehicle Smart Link (VSL)
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Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in Car
• No moving parts, fits under dash
• Receives signal from coalition server
• Reports capacity and current state back to coalition server
• Attempt to predict next use of car (time, distance)
• Automotive-grade Linux computer
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VSL
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VSL Licensee
VSL, licensed from UD, Built in to cars during
vehicle assembly
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EVSEEVSE
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EVSE prototype now being field tested
EVSE prototype now being field tested
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EVSE prototype now being field tested
EVSE prototype now being field tested
With EV simulatorWith EV simulator
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Vehicle AggregationServer
Vehicle AggregationServer
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Motivation
• TSOs control many-MW power plants• EVs 3–19 kW
• TSOs require predictable power resources
• Cars drive away, sometimes unpredictably
• Contract minimum:• 1 MW minimum for PJM regulation market (US)
• 10 MW minimum for Energinet.dk
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The Aggregator
• Provides a single, large, stable and reliable power source
• TSO does not see details of single cars, only sees aggregate
• Aggregator participates in TSO market
• Bids in power market
• Dispatches TSO Requests to vehicles
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Aggregator software manages complexity
• Insure each vehicle is has enough charge for next trip, while dispatching idle storage capacity
• Calculate how much capacity to offer in the market
• Dispatch ISO/TSO regulation service requests
• And other services ...
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Coalition Server
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Testing: Signal response
• Power response is very close to command signal.
• Far higher fidelity than any rotating equipment.
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Power marketsPower markets
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Sequence of Markets
• High-value markets, are ancillary services (A/S)
• Frequency regulation
• Spinning reserves
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Sequence of Markets
• Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW
• Defer upgrades to distribution feeders, transformers
• Peak load reduction, valley filling
• Power factor correction
• Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate
• Shifting solar peak to load peak
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Favorable Rules and Laws
Favorable Rules and Laws
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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)
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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)
“meets IEEE 1547 standards”
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Law to codify interconnects, net metering for V2G
Define:
Grid-integrated electric vehicle
Aggregator
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law to codify interconnects
Net metering for V2G
Interconnection requirements, etc same as distributed renewables
Net is at rate at time of use
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Interfacing with OEMsInterfacing with OEMs
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Documentation for partners
Modularized interfaces
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PatentsPatents
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Patents
• Patent Applications, 2007-2010:• U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0282495 A1
"System and Method for Assessing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration" filed May 2007 (UD; Kempton and Tomic)
• U.S. Patent application publication No. "Hierarchical Priority and Control Algorithms for the Grid-Integrated Vehicle", filed March 2009, (UD; Kempton)
• Three US and PCT applications in 2010, Electric Vehicle Station Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Electric Vehicle Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Aggregator Server for Grid-Integrated Vehicles. Filed Sept 2010 (UD; Kempton and co-inventors)
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So even when your car is parked, it is working
earning money for you
So even when your car is parked, it is working
earning money for you
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Thanks to our sponsorsThanks to our sponsors
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ENDENDMore information:
www.udel.edu/V2G
www.magicconsortium.org
More information:
www.udel.edu/V2G
www.magicconsortium.org