waste flow analysis of nanoproducts - sustainable ... conference 2015_la… · waste flow analysis...
TRANSCRIPT
Waste flow analysis of nanoproducts- Cases: EU, Denmark and the UK
Laura Heggelund
Alessio Boldrin
Steffen Foss Hansen
Thomas F. Astrup
Alexander Newcombe
Sustainable Nanotechnology Conference 2015, Venice
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20152 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Outline
• Introduction
• Aims of study
• Methodology
–Steps 1-4
• Cases
–Denmark, UK
• Perspectives
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20153 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Introduction
• Nanowaste is generated in increasingamounts
– How much?
– Where does it go?
– What are the risks?
– How should we manage it?
• Mapping flows of nanoproducts to wastetreatment systems is needed
– Help to prioritize research and wastemanagement initiatives
– Ensure safe and appropriate management
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20154 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Aim of this study
• Develop tools for the analysis of nanoproducts in waste flows
• Assess the relative importance of ENMs and treatment options
TextileRecycling
Incineration
Landfilling
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
AgAg
Ag
Ag
AgAg
AgAgAg
Ag
Ag
Ag
Ag
AgAg
Ag
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20155 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
• Semi-quantitative analysis of solid waste flows containing ENM
• 4 steps:
1. Categorize waste material fractions
2. ID ENM types in waste material fractions
3. ID region specific waste management of
individual waste material fractions
4. Combine steps 2 +3 to determine the
distribution of ENM routed to specific waste
management options
Methodology
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20156 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
www.nanodb.dk
Scope: DK and EU
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20157 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Unknown ENM vs. Known ENM
• Many manufacturers/retailers use a ”nano-claim” but ENM is unknown
1425 products
483 products
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20158 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Step 1: CategorizationWaste material fraction Description and examples
Batteries Typically this would be a battery for an electrical item, where the nanocomponent is only present
in the battery.
Electronics
- Large household appliances
- Small household appliances
- Toys, leisure and sports equipment
Generally products with electric connection
- Refrigerators, freezers etc.
- Toaster, hairdryer etc.
- Game consol, electric toys etc.
Glass Cosmetic products, supplements or other products sold in glass containers.
Hazardous Products which are classified hazardous according to EU regulation.Typically this will be spray cans
or household paint waste.
Metal Generally consists of containers such as cans, or metal sports equipment.
Multi material waste If the product does not have one main material fraction, but contains more materials which cannot
readily be separated e.g. camera lenses, baby carriage and water filtering unit, this category is
used.
Paper Few products exist so far, but examples would be photo paper and fire protective paper/cardboard.
Cardboard or paper from external packaging of items (not in contact with the nanoproduct) should
not be included.
Plastic, from used product containers Typically waste from used plastic containers for cleaning/cosmetic products, which have a residue
of the nanoproduct in them.
Plastic, other
- Large plastic products
- Small plastic products
Generally plastic products were the nanocomponent is embedded in/surface coating the plastic.
- E.g. hockey sticks and tennis rackets.
- E.g. baby bottles, food containers and tooth brushes.
Textile Fibrous material, typically clothing or bandage with a nanocoating or nanomaterial embedded in
the fibers.
Unknown If there no image available showing the specific product and the container it is sold in, or it cannot
be estimated from the product description, this category is used.
10 different waste material fractions
Based on online available photo or description
• Categorized according to main matrix material
• Easily categorized fractions e.g. WEEE and textile
• Not easily categorized fractions, or products combining several not separable materials e.g. camera lenses and suitcases
• Multimaterial waste
• Unknown waste material (lacking suitable photoreference)
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 20159 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Step 2: ENM types vs. waste material fraction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Multi materialwaste
Plastic, fromused product
containers
Plastic, other Textile Unknown
Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Bamboo charcoal, Gold Calcium Carbon
Carbon black Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Carbon, Titanium
Copper Gold Gold, Platinum Gold, Titanium Iridium
Iron Lithium Nickel Palladium Phosphate
Platinum Platinum, Silver Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver
Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc
Number of products
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201510 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Step 3: Waste mangement of waste material fraction
Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSWPlastic,
packagingTextile
Compost/AD 14.86 0
Landfill 7.67 8.83 15.68 47.82 15.86 33.58 37.31 26.33
Recycling 87.57 85.13 72.8 38.25 72.5 27.4 35.3 56.49
Incineration 4.76 6.03 11.52 13.92 11.64 24.16 27.39 17.18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
%
Waste management in EU27, EUROSTAT
Average
MSW
Plastic packagingBatteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal
Multi materialwaste
Plastic, fromused product
containersPlastic, other Textile Unknown
Compost/AD 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 8 0 6
Landfilling 3 8 3 2 1 17 44 17 18 14
Recycling 36 75 12 2 3 14 41 14 38 12
Incineration 2 5 2 1 0 12 32 13 12 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Num
ber
of p
rodu
cts
Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27
Incineration18%
Recycling51%
Landfilling26%
Compost/AD5%
Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27
Ref: Eurostat
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201511 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Step 4: Combine steps 2. and 3.
Incineration18%
Recycling51%
Landfilling26%
Compost/AD5%
Distribution of nanoproducts in EU27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Multi materialwaste
Plastic, fromused product
containers
Plastic, other Textile Unknown
Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Bamboo charcoal, Gold Calcium Carbon
Carbon black Carbon fullerenes Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Carbon, Titanium
Copper Gold Gold, Platinum Gold, Titanium Iridium
Iron Lithium Nickel Palladium Phosphate
Platinum Platinum, Silver Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver
Silver, Titanium Steel Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc
+
1%
11%
3% 1%
2%
10%
1%
3%
3%
3%
1%
1%4%
40%
1%1%
10%
2%3%
Incineration
Aluminium
Bamboo charcoal
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon nanotubes
Copper
Gold
Gold, Titanium
Phosphate
Platinum
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Silicone
Silver
Silver, Titanium
Steel
Titanium
Titanium, Zinc
Zinc
7% 1%1% 2%
5%
3%
2%
15%
1%
1%5%
46%
2%1% 7%
1%
2%
Recycling
Bamboo charcoal
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon nanotubes
Gold
Gold, Titanium
Phosphate
Platinum
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Silicone
Silver
Silver, Titanium
Steel
Titanium
Titanium, Zinc
Zinc
246 products88 products
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201512 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Step 4. Continued 1%
6%
3%1%
2% 1%
12%
1%
3%
3%
3%
1%
2%5%
40%
1%
11%
2%4%
Landfilling
Aluminium Bamboo charcoal Calcium Carbon Carbon fullerenes
Carbon graphite Carbon nanotubes Copper Gold Gold, Titanium
Phosphate Platinum Polytetrafluoroethylene Silicone Silver
Silver, Titanium Titanium Titanium, Zinc Zinc
1% 1%
1%
1%
5% 1%
30%
1%4%
1%7%
31%
15%
1%
Composting / Anaerobic digestion
Bamboo charcoal
Bamboo charcoal, Gold
Carbon
Carbon black
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon graphite
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon, Titanium
Gold, Titanium
Nickel
Silicone
Silver
Titanium
Zinc
1%
6%
3% 1%
2% 1%
12%
1%
3%
3%
3%
1%2%
5%
40%
1%
11%
2%4%
Landfilling
Aluminium
Bamboo charcoal
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon graphite
Carbon nanotubes
Copper
Gold
Gold, Titanium
Phosphate
Platinum
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Silicone
Silver
Silver, Titanium
Titanium
Titanium, Zinc
Zinc
21 products126 products
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201513 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
DENMARK & UNITED KINGDOM
Case studies:
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201514 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Impact of different waste management systems
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201515 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Waste management statistics: DK and UK
Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSWPlastic
packagingTextile
Compost/AD 17.8
Landfill 7.7 9.6 22.2 38.7 33.0 36.9 51.5 2.4
Recycling 87.6 86.8 67.8 48.4 52.1 28.4 25.2 92.9
Incineration 4.8 4.3 10.1 12.9 14.9 16.8 23.3 4.7
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
%
Waste management in the UK, EUROSTAT
Batteries Electronics Glass Hazardous Metal Average MSWPlastic
packagingTextile
Compost/AD 13.0
Landfill 7.7 0.5 0.1 53.3 2.2 2.5 3.3 38.9
Recycling 87.6 88.6 97.7 33.2 51.8 32.2 29.4 57.7
Incineration 4.8 10.9 2.2 13.3 46.0 52.3 67.3 3.3
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
%
Waste management in DK, EUROSTAT
Ref: Eurostat
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201516 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Different compositions of landfilled waste
• What causes the differences?
– Different quanties of waste, Textile waste, Plastic waste
1% 1%
4%1%
3%1%
12%
1%
3%
3%
2%
1%
2%
5%
39%
1%
1%
12%
2%5%
Landfilling - UK
Aluminium
Bamboo charcoal
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon graphite
Carbon nanotubes
Copper
Gold
Gold, Titanium
Phosphate
Platinum
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Silicone
Silver
Silver, Titanium
Steel
Titanium
Titanium, Zinc
Zinc
28%
1%
1%3%
5%
2%8%
3%2%
42%
1%
3%
1%
Landfilling - DK
Bamboo charcoal
Calcium
Carbon fullerenes
Carbon nanotubes
Gold
Gold, Titanium
Phosphate
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Silicone
Silver
Silver, Titanium
Titanium
Zinc
10/04/2015Laura Heggelund, SNO Conference 201517 DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark
Future aims
• Continue to update product inventory
• Consider mass or volume into the flow analysis
• Data generation e.g.
– Investigate fate and behavior of ENM in simulated waste treatment scenarios (e.g. artificical leachate solution)
– Perform standard waste characterization tests on nano-containing matices (e.g. spiked waste matrix or matrix of nanoproducts)
– Evaluate potential release of ENM from EOL consumer products
• Evaluate applicability of standard waste characterization methods
• Highlight possible safe by design features concerning EOL nanoproducts