Water resource management and Water resource management and water quality issues in Beijingwater quality issues in Beijing

Prof. Prof. JiangJiang ZhanpengZhanpengDepartment of Environmental Science and Department of Environmental Science and

Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityEngineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, CHINABeijing, CHINA

2004.11.112004.11.11

Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation1.1. Introduction of water resource in Introduction of water resource in

BeijingBeijing2.2. Drinking water treatment in BeijingDrinking water treatment in Beijing3.3. Wastewater treatment in BeijingWastewater treatment in Beijing4.4. Water reuse in BeijingWater reuse in Beijing5.5. Water resource management in Water resource management in

BeijingBeijing

Introduction of BeijingIntroduction of Beijing–– Beijing, a world famous Beijing, a world famous megacitymegacity with 3500/ with 3500/

800 years history, is the capital of P.R.China. 800 years history, is the capital of P.R.China. –– It is located on the northwest fringe of North It is located on the northwest fringe of North

China Plain, and is about 150km away from China Plain, and is about 150km away from BohaiBohai Sea in the southeast direction. Sea in the southeast direction.

–– The total area of Beijing is more than 16,800 The total area of Beijing is more than 16,800 kmkm22 with 62% mountainous region. The with 62% mountainous region. The southeast of Beijing is an alluvial plain by southeast of Beijing is an alluvial plain by YongdingYongding river and river and ChaobaiChaobai river. river.

1, Introduction of water resource 1, Introduction of water resource in Beijingin Beijing

The vicissitude of Beijing

The Map of China

Water resource in BeijingWater resource in Beijing

–– Society and Economy development in Society and Economy development in Beijing:Beijing:

In recent years, the economy and society of Beijing In recent years, the economy and society of Beijing has expanded very quickly because of the has expanded very quickly because of the government open and developing policy.government open and developing policy.

Up to 2003, the total population of Beijing has Up to 2003, the total population of Beijing has reached 13.82 million.reached 13.82 million.The total GDP of Beijing has reached 361.2 billion The total GDP of Beijing has reached 361.2 billion RMB, including 9.5 billion RMB of primary RMB, including 9.5 billion RMB of primary industry, 129.9 billion RMB of second industry industry, 129.9 billion RMB of second industry and 221.8 billion RMB of third industry. and 221.8 billion RMB of third industry.

This trend will be continued in the near future, This trend will be continued in the near future, especially for Year 2008 when the 29th Olympic especially for Year 2008 when the 29th Olympic

Games will be held there. Games will be held there.

Water resource in Beijing:Water resource in Beijing:Beijing is a rather dry city with shortage of water Beijing is a rather dry city with shortage of water resource.resource.–– The annual rainfall average is about 625mm. The annual rainfall average is about 625mm.

The surface water resource of Beijing is only The surface water resource of Beijing is only 2500 million m2500 million m33, the ground water is about 2600 , the ground water is about 2600 million mmillion m33, and the total water resource of , and the total water resource of Beijing is only 4100 million mBeijing is only 4100 million m33 after reduced the after reduced the overlap water resource. overlap water resource.

–– The water resource per capita in Beijing is less The water resource per capita in Beijing is less than 300 mthan 300 m33 which is only the 1/8 of the nation which is only the 1/8 of the nation and only 1/32 of the world, even less than that and only 1/32 of the world, even less than that of some very dry countries, such as Israel, of some very dry countries, such as Israel, Yemen, and Jordan etc. Yemen, and Jordan etc.

–– For keeping the balance of water supply For keeping the balance of water supply against demand, Beijing has exploited too against demand, Beijing has exploited too much ground water for drinking water and much ground water for drinking water and industrial use. Such situation will have much industrial use. Such situation will have much negative influence in the future. negative influence in the future.

–– Therefore, water shortage will be a barrier in Therefore, water shortage will be a barrier in the development of Beijing. the development of Beijing.

–– Beijing should treat the contradiction Beijing should treat the contradiction between economy development and water between economy development and water resource shortage, very carefully, because resource shortage, very carefully, because for a for a megacitymegacity, it is very important to have a , it is very important to have a sustainable development.sustainable development.

2, Drinking water Treatment2, Drinking water Treatmentin Beijingin Beijing

Water sourcesWater sources–– In early years, ground water was used as the In early years, ground water was used as the

main source of drinking water in Beijing. It is main source of drinking water in Beijing. It is not enough to satisfy the water demand along not enough to satisfy the water demand along with population and economy development. with population and economy development.

–– In 1980In 1980’’s surface water was started to be used s surface water was started to be used as additional source of drinking water. There as additional source of drinking water. There are over twenty reservoirs around Beijing, but are over twenty reservoirs around Beijing, but only three could be used as drinking water only three could be used as drinking water source, including source, including MiyunMiyun reservoir, reservoir, HuairouHuairoureservoir and reservoir and GuantingGuanting reservoir.reservoir.

Water resource in BeijingWater resource in Beijing

Water resource protection in BeijingWater resource protection in Beijing

Drinking water treatment plantsDrinking water treatment plants–– In the urban area of Beijing, there are 10 In the urban area of Beijing, there are 10

drinking water treatment plants. The total drinking water treatment plants. The total capacity of water supply has reached 2.63 capacity of water supply has reached 2.63 million mmillion m33 /d./d.

7 plants, use ground water as drinking water 7 plants, use ground water as drinking water sources. sources. 2 plants, 2 plants, TiancunshanTiancunshan water treatment plant water treatment plant with the capacity of 170 thousand mwith the capacity of 170 thousand m33 /d and /d and the ninth drinking water treatment plants the ninth drinking water treatment plants with the capacity of 1.5 million mwith the capacity of 1.5 million m33 /d, use /d, use surface water from surface water from MiyunMiyun reservoir and reservoir and HuairouHuairou reservoir.reservoir.

The sixth water treatment plant, which The sixth water treatment plant, which supplies the water for industry use with the supplies the water for industry use with the capacity of 170 thousand mcapacity of 170 thousand m33 /d, employs /d, employs surface water from the south moat of Beijing.surface water from the south moat of Beijing.

In year 2003, the actual amount of water In year 2003, the actual amount of water supply from these plants is about 650 supply from these plants is about 650 million mmillion m33 (i.e., 1.8 million m(i.e., 1.8 million m33 /d), in /d), in which the exploited surface water which the exploited surface water resource has reached 430 million mresource has reached 430 million m33, , and is 2/3 of total exploited water and is 2/3 of total exploited water resource.resource.

Distribution of drinking water treatment plants in Beijing

–– In the suburbs of Beijing, the drinking water In the suburbs of Beijing, the drinking water treatment plants follow the rule of drawtreatment plants follow the rule of draw--out out water in site. water in site.

the the ChenziChenzi drinking water treatment plant drinking water treatment plant use surface water from use surface water from JingJing--Mi canal; Mi canal; the the NankouNankou drinking water treatment plant drinking water treatment plant use ground water.use ground water.All of them, the capacity is smaller.All of them, the capacity is smaller.

Drinking water standardsDrinking water standards–– For ensuring peopleFor ensuring people’’s health and safety, s health and safety,

Chinese government issued the quality Chinese government issued the quality standard for drinking water. Its new edition is standard for drinking water. Its new edition is the same or very close to the one issued by the same or very close to the one issued by WHO and USA. It is necessary that all of the WHO and USA. It is necessary that all of the drinking water produced from treatment plant drinking water produced from treatment plant should meet the standard.should meet the standard.

Drinking water treatment processesDrinking water treatment processes–– For ground water:For ground water: Most of the ground water in Most of the ground water in

Beijing is classified to the type of carbonate Beijing is classified to the type of carbonate water. The quality of ground water from deep water. The quality of ground water from deep well is good. The raw water is only disinfected by well is good. The raw water is only disinfected by chlorine in the water plant.chlorine in the water plant.

–– For surface water: For surface water: The surface water from The surface water from reservoir in Beijing often has the odor and color, reservoir in Beijing often has the odor and color, the drinking water treatment plant usually adopts the drinking water treatment plant usually adopts the activated carbon adsorption process or the the activated carbon adsorption process or the ozone oxidation process after the traditional ozone oxidation process after the traditional drinking water treatment processes including drinking water treatment processes including flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. And flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. And after disinfection process at last, the treated after disinfection process at last, the treated water with good quality will be distributed to the water with good quality will be distributed to the consumers.consumers.

The ninth drinking water treatment plant

Recently, a new contingency water source is Recently, a new contingency water source is constructed. 274 thousand mconstructed. 274 thousand m33 /d (100 million /d (100 million mm33 /year) of ground water from /year) of ground water from PingguPingguthrough 83 km pipeline are drawn into the through 83 km pipeline are drawn into the eighth and the ninth water treatment plant. eighth and the ninth water treatment plant. In connection with 330 thousand mIn connection with 330 thousand m33 /d of /d of ground water from ground water from HuirouHuirou, they make up of , they make up of an emergency system for solving water an emergency system for solving water shortage in Beijing.shortage in Beijing.

3, Wastewater treatment in Beijing3, Wastewater treatment in Beijing

Wastewater treatment plantsWastewater treatment plants–– GaobeidianGaobeidian WWTP, 1 million mWWTP, 1 million m33/d/d–– JiuxianqiaoJiuxianqiao WWTP, 0.2 million mWWTP, 0.2 million m33/d/d–– QingheQinghe WWTP, 0.2 million mWWTP, 0.2 million m33/d/d–– FangzhuangFangzhuang WWTP, 40 thousand mWWTP, 40 thousand m33/d/d–– BeixiaoheBeixiaohe WWTP, 40 thousand mWWTP, 40 thousand m33/d/d

Five wastewater treatment plants with the capacity of 1.48 million m3 /d in the urban area of Beijing. Including the suburbs, the total capacity has reached 1.89 million m3 /d.

Distribution of wastewater treatment plants in Beijing

Wastewater treatment processes:Wastewater treatment processes:In general, these wastewater treatment plants In general, these wastewater treatment plants

usually use activated sludge processes. But there usually use activated sludge processes. But there is a little difference between different plants. is a little difference between different plants.

–– GaobeidianGaobeidian WWTP adopts traditional activated WWTP adopts traditional activated sludge process.sludge process.

–– JiuxianqiaoJiuxianqiao WWTP adopts oxidation ditch WWTP adopts oxidation ditch process, which could remove nitrogen and process, which could remove nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater. phosphorus in the wastewater.

–– QingheQinghe WWTP adopts extended aeration WWTP adopts extended aeration process, which also have the function of process, which also have the function of removing nitrogen and phosphorus. removing nitrogen and phosphorus.

Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant

Jiuxianqiao wastewater treatment plant

The perspective of wastewater treatment The perspective of wastewater treatment in Beijingin Beijing–– In the plan of 2008 Olympic Game in Beijing, In the plan of 2008 Olympic Game in Beijing,

14 wastewater treatment plants in urban 14 wastewater treatment plants in urban areas will be operated. The total capacity will areas will be operated. The total capacity will be reached to 2.8 million mbe reached to 2.8 million m33 /d, and over 90% /d, and over 90% discharged wastewater will be treated by discharged wastewater will be treated by secondary secondary biotreatmentbiotreatment processes.processes.

–– Moreover, 39 wastewater treatment plants Moreover, 39 wastewater treatment plants with the total capacity of 335 thousand mwith the total capacity of 335 thousand m33 /d /d in suburbs will be also constructed. It is in suburbs will be also constructed. It is certain that the quality of aquatic environment certain that the quality of aquatic environment in Beijing will be more and more improved.in Beijing will be more and more improved.

4, Water reuse in Beijing4, Water reuse in Beijing

Water transformation engineeringWater transformation engineering–– A good way to solve the problem of water A good way to solve the problem of water

shortage in Beijingshortage in Beijing–– 3 projects of canal (east route, middle route 3 projects of canal (east route, middle route

and west route) are putting in discussion. and west route) are putting in discussion. –– But it will spend a lot of money, manpower, But it will spend a lot of money, manpower,

and material resources. and material resources.

SouthSouth--north water transfernorth water transfer

Wastewater reuseWastewater reuse–– the secondary the secondary biotreatedbiotreated effluent could be effluent could be

reused after advanced treated, it will be reused after advanced treated, it will be another good way to solve the serious another good way to solve the serious problem of water shortage. problem of water shortage.

–– Now 400 thousand mNow 400 thousand m33/d treated wastewater in /d treated wastewater in GaobeidianGaobeidian treatment plant is transferred into treatment plant is transferred into the sixth water supply treatment plant to be the sixth water supply treatment plant to be advanced treated, and to be reused as advanced treated, and to be reused as industrial consumption at last. industrial consumption at last.

–– In In JiuxianqiaoJiuxianqiao wastewater treatment plant, 20 wastewater treatment plant, 20 thousand mthousand m33/d treated wastewater is /d treated wastewater is advanced treated for urban miscellaneous advanced treated for urban miscellaneous use.use.

By year 2008, nine new advanced wastewater By year 2008, nine new advanced wastewater treatment plants will be constructed, after that treatment plants will be constructed, after that the ratio of reused wastewater will be raised the ratio of reused wastewater will be raised from 15% to about 50%from 15% to about 50%

5, Water resource management 5, Water resource management in Beijingin Beijing

Water resource management should Water resource management should include managing the affairs of include managing the affairs of

•• water source, water source, •• flood control,flood control,•• drain waterlogged fields,drain waterlogged fields,•• drinking water, drinking water, •• wastewater, wastewater, •• water reuse, andwater reuse, and•• save on watersave on water. .

Before 2004, the different parts of these Before 2004, the different parts of these affairs were managed by different affairs were managed by different departmentsdepartments

–– drinking water works drinking water works ------ department of public department of public utilitiesutilities

–– Industrial wastewater, pollution control Industrial wastewater, pollution control ------department of environmental protectiondepartment of environmental protection

–– drainpipe network and the facilities, municipal drainpipe network and the facilities, municipal wastewater wastewater ------ department of municipal department of municipal engineeringengineering

–– reservoir and river, flood control and drain reservoir and river, flood control and drain waterlogged fields waterlogged fields ------department of water department of water resourceresource

““多龍治水多龍治水””Many dragons control the waterMany dragons control the water

Therefore, such management of water Therefore, such management of water resource could not optimize water resource could not optimize water resource utilization.resource utilization.

On May 19 in 2004, the On May 19 in 2004, the department ofdepartment ofBeijing water authorityBeijing water authority was established.was established.Except for the general affairs of management, the Except for the general affairs of management, the Beijing water authority are facing following new Beijing water authority are facing following new problems:problems:–– Capital in the construction and operation of Capital in the construction and operation of

drinking water and wastewater treatment drinking water and wastewater treatment plantsplants

–– Price policy of drinking water and wastewaterPrice policy of drinking water and wastewater–– New techniques of water and wastewater New techniques of water and wastewater

treatmenttreatment–– Techniques and equipments on water savingTechniques and equipments on water saving–– Exploitation of new water resource, such as Exploitation of new water resource, such as

water transfer, sea water utilization and rain water transfer, sea water utilization and rain water utilization.water utilization.