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Apr. 2006

Node B Products of Huawei

May 2008

WCDMA Load Control

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

www.huawei.com

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

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Load Control exists in all phases

Load Control is used to keep system stable, maximize system capacity while

ensuring the coverage and QoS.

Different load control algorithms according to different phases provided:

- Before UE access: Potential User Control (PUC)

- During UE access: Call Admission Check (CAC) and Intelligent Access Control (IAC)

- After UE access: Load Reshuffling (LDR), and Overload Control (OLC)

3. After UE access2. During UE access1. Before UE access

Time

LDRCACPUC

OLC

IAC

PUC: Potential User Control CAC: Call Admission Control

IAC: Intelligent Admission Control LDR: Load Reshuffling

OLC: Overload Control

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Load control features

PUC

The function of PUC is to balance traffic load among inter-frequency cells. By modifying

cell selection and reselection parameters and broadcasting them through system

information, PUC leads UEs to cells with light load. The UEs may be in idle mode,

CELL_FACH state, CELL_PCH state, or URA_PCH state.

CAC

The function of CAC is to decide on resource requests from UEs, such as access,

reconfiguration, and handover requests, according to the resource status of the cell.

IACThe function of IAC is to increase the access success rate with the current QoS assured

through rate negotiation, queuing, preemption, and Direct Retry Decision (DRD).

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Load control features

LDR

The function of LDR is to reduce the load of a cell when the available resources of the cell

reach the specified alarm threshold. The purpose of LDR is to increase the access

success rate in the following ways:

Inter-frequency load handover

Code reshufflingBE service rate reduction

AMR voice service rate reduction

Uncontrolled realtime traffic QoS renegotiation

CS inter-RAT load handover

PS inter-RAT load handover

OLC

The function of OLC is to reduce the cell load rapidly by restricting the Transport Format

(TF) of the BE service or releasing UEs when the cell is overloaded. The purpose of OLC

is to ensure the stability of the system and the QoS of most UEs.

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Load Control for different cell load level

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Thresholds and actions of the load control

algorithms

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RAB integrate priority

If the value of the parameter is set to Traffic Class, the integrate

priority abides by the following rules:

Classes of services: conversational -> streaming -> interactive ->

background

Services of the same class: priority based on Allocation/Retention Priority

(ARP) values

Only for the interactive service of the same ARP value: priority based on

THP

Services of the same class and priority: HSDPA or DCH service preferred

on the basis of the value of the Indicator of Carrier Type Priority

parameter

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RAB integrate priority

If the value of the parameter is set to ARP, the integrate priority

abides by the following rules:

ARP1 -> ARP2 -> ARP3 -> ARP14

Same ARP value: conversational -> streaming -> interactive ->

background

Only for the interactive service of the same ARP: priority based on THP

Services of the same ARP, class and THP (only for interactive service ):

HSDPA or DCH service preferred on the basis of the value of theIndicator of Carrier Type Priority parameter

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Priority Definition - Example

RAB ID ARP Traffic Class THP Bear Type

A 1 Interactive 3 DCH

B 1 Interactive 3 HSDPA

C 2 Conversational DCH

D 2 Background DCH

E 2 Background HSDPA

F 2 Streaming DCH

Services with different ARP/TC/THP/Bear

ARP is the top-priority, and HSDPA over DCH

TC is the top-priority, and HSDPA over DCH

RANK ARP Traffic Class THP Bear Type

B 1 Interactive 3 HSDPA

A 1 Interactive 3 DCH

C 2 Conversational DCH

F 2 Streaming DCH

E 2 Background HSDPA

D 2 Background DCH

RANK Traffic Class ARP THP Bear Type

C Conversational 2 DCH

F Streaming 2 DCH

B Interactive 1 3 HSDPA

A Interactive 1 3 DCH

E Background 2 HSDPA

D Background 2 DCH

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Priority Definition in Huawei Implementation

User Prior i ty

ARP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

User

PriorityERROR 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

User Integrate Priority:

- For multiple-RAB users, determined by the service with the highest

RAB Integrate Prior i ty.

User Prior i ty:

Gold(1)

Silver(2)Bronze(3)

Typical Mapping of ARP and User Priority

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GBR Configuration in Huawei Implementation

For R99 I/B services Uplink BE Guarantee Bit rateand Downlink BE Guarantee Bit rateare configurable

respectively per cell. Uplink B E Guarantee Bitrateis used in BE downsizing due to uplink cell basic congestion.

Downlink BE Guarantee Bit rateis used in BE downsizing due to downlink coverage and

downlink cell basic congestion.

For R99 and HSDPA RT services GBR is in accordance with the requested guaranteed bit rate in RAB parameters.

For HSDPA I/B services Different GBRs are configured for Gold/Silver/Copper user.

Gold Silver Copper

Uplink 64kbps 64kbps 64kbps

Downlink 64kbps 64kbps 64kbps

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

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Potentioal User Control

The PUC algorithm controls the cell selection of a potential UE and prevents an idle UE from

camping on a heavy load cell.

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Potentioal User Control

Cell load comes with three levels: heavy, normal, and light.

When cell load is higher than the load level division upper threshold plus the load level division

hysteresis, it is decided to be heavy.

When cell load is lower than the load level lower threshold plus the load level division hysteresis, it is

decided to be light.

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Potentioal User Control

Based on the cell load, PUC works as follows:

If the cell load becomes heavy, PUC modifies cell selection and reselection

parameters and broadcasts them through system information. In this way, PUC

leads UEs to neighboring cells with light load.

If the cell load becomes normal, PUC uses the cell selection and reselection

parameters configured on the LMT.

If the cell load becomes light, PUC modifies cell selection and reselectionparameters and broadcasts them through system information. In this way, PUC

leads UEs to this cell.

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

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Resource Admission Check Overview

Affected users Users in connected mode

Procedure Make decision whether to admit

new users or service upgrade

according to the available system

resources.

Resources to

check

1. DL Channelization Code

2. Radio Resource: Power /

Interference

3. Credit: Resource

4. Iub transmission bandwidth

For

HSDPA/HSUPA

Maximum user number per Cell /

NodeB

Admission request

Code resource

based admission?

Credit resource

based admission?

Iub resource

based admission?

Resource admission passed

Power resource

based admission?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Resource admission denied

No

No

No

No

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Admission Check of Radio Resource

UL and DL independently

On the basis of TCP / RTWP

On the basis of equivalent user number

Request initiation

Uplink calladmission desicion

Admitted?

Downlink calladmission desicion

Admitted?

Request admitted Request rejected

End

No

No

Yes

Yes

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Admission Algorithm Selection

Algorithm 1: based on TCP/RTWP measurement and load increment estimation

Downlink:

Load level definition: TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power)

Uplink:

Load level definition: load factor

Load increment of the new request is taken into consideration.

Algorithm2: based on static Equivalent Number of Users calculation

Standard user: 12.2kbps AMR with active factor 100%.

Algorithm 3: based on current TCP/RTWP measurement

Based on TCP/RTWP measurement;

Load increment of the new request is not taken into consideration

RTWP

PN

UL1

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Uplink Admission Algorithm 1 & 3

)/( NoEcFun

Uplink admission control request

Get measured RTWP and calculate

the current uplink load factor.

Calculate the increment of the

uplink load due to the request.

Get the predicted uplink load

factor.

RTWP

PNUL

1

LUULpredictedUL +

,

Compare the predicted value withadmission threshold

! Increment is alwaysequal to ZEROwhen

algorithm 3 is applied

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Downlink Admission Algorithm 1&3

)/_,/( NoEcCPICHNoEcFunP

Downlink admission control request

Get measured current TCP

Calculate the increment of thedownlink power due to the request.

Get the predicted downlink totalpower

Compare the predicted power withadmission threshold

TCP

PTCPP +predicted

! Increment is alwaysequal to ZEROwhen

algorithm 3 is applied

+

++

+ )()1()/_(/1

/)1(

1010

10 NPNECPICH

P

NE

NENP

Nc

CPICH

Nc

Nc

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Priority Handling of Admission Check

Parameters Default value

UL Handover access threshold 80

UL threshold of Conv AMR service 75

UL threshold of Conv non_AMR service 75

UL threshold of other services 60

Threshold for uplink radio resource admission check

Parameters Default value

DL Handover access threshold 85

DL threshold of Conv AMR service 80

DL threshold of Conv non_AMR service 80

DL threshold of other services 75

Threshold for downlink radio resource admission check

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Code Management

Code management is used to manage the code resource between all the

physical channels, including common channel (CCH) e.g. PCPICH and

PCCPCH, dedicated channel (DPCH), and shared channel (HSDPA).

DPCHCCH

SF=16SF=8

SF=

4

HSDPA

Code for DPCH:

- Dynamically allocated

Code for common channel:

- Reserved

Code for HSDPA:- Shared with R99 (Refer to HSDPA part)

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Code Allocation Mechanism

Reserve the codes

with smallest SF to

improve utilization

rate of whole code

tree.

On the basis of maximum free sub-tree

Less code

fragments

are left

SF=256SF=128 C(256,0):PCPICH

0 SF=64 C(256,1):PCCPCH

0 C(256,2): AICH 1

SF=32 C(256,3): PICH 0

SF=16 C(64,1):SCCPCH 0

C(128,2):DPCH 2 1 3

SF=8 3 0

SF=4 1 0 1

1

2 Occupied code3 Non-occupied code

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Admission Check of Iub Bandwidth

DPCH Service

Bandwidth consumption:

MBR * Act ive factor

HSDPA Service

Bandwidth consumption:

GBR * Act ive factor

Traffic Class

Active

Factor Scope

Common Channels 1

NodeB

SRB 0.9

Telephony (AMR&VOIP) 0.7

R99 Conversational (VP) 1

R99 Streaming 1

R99 Interactive 0.9

R99 Background 0.9

HSDPA Streaming 1

HSDPA Interactive 0.9HSDPA Background 0.9

Configurable

per service

type

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Admission Check of NodeB Credit

Admission Check:

Credits of local cell

Credits of local cell group

Credits of NodeB

Credit Consumption Law:

Reported from NodeB

In terms of SF

HSDPA is not involved

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

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Intelligent Admission Control Overview

Preemption

Queuing

DRD

Admission

algorithm

Succeeded

Failed

Failed or not

supported

Failed or not

supported

Service requestdenied

Service requestadmitted

Failed

Succ-

eeded

Succ-eeded

Succ-eeded

Failed

Succ-

eeded

Failed

Succeeded Succeeded

RAB processing

RRC connection processing

Iu Qos Negotiation

algorithm switch

UE capability

RAB establishment

RAB modification

Inbound relocation

Ratereconfigurationhard handover

Cell loadinformation list LIT

Scenario

LDM CRM Others

DCCCalgorithm switch

Rate

negotiation

PS domain:maximum rate

negotiation

PS and CS

domains:

initial ratenegotiation

PS domain BEservice:

target rate

negotiation

Load admission

Code resource

admission

Iub resourceadmission

Credit resource

admission

FailedRRC connectionrequest

Admissionalgorithm

DRD Redirection

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Rate Negotiation in IAC

384kbps

256kbps

128kbps

64kbps

32kbps

UE capabilities

Physical layer capability Transport channel capability

RLC capabilityMaximum allowed bit rate

System load

Channelization codes

Iub transmission resources

Radio resources

Initial data rate / Target data rate

Scenarios: RAB setupRAB modify, reconfiguration

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Rate Negotiation in IAC

Rate negotiation includes the maximum expected rate negotiation

and initial rate negotiation.

Maximum expected rate negotiation

Initial rate negotiation

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Pre-emption and Queuing

Queuing

Weight based queuing

Periodically retry

Pre-emption

Low Priority

High

Priority

Integrate Priority considered:

- Traffic Class

- Allocation/Retention Priority

- Bear Type (R99/HSDPA)

- THP (Traffic Handling Priority)

Priority based

Pre-empt

Pqueue = Tmax Telapsed- Telapsed: the time which the service request has queued.

- Tmax: the maximum time which the service request can be

in the queue.

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Parameters: Intelligent Admission Control

Rate

Negotiation

1.PS maximum rate negotiation

2.PS & CS initial rate negotiation3.PS target rate negotiation

Pre-emption 1.User priority based pre-emption for R99

2.RAB priority based pre-emption forHSDPA

Queue 1.RAB priority based queuing.

DRD Switch

DRD 1.RRC connection direct retry

2.RRC connection redirection

3.RAB direct retry

Max Queuing Time Length

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

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Load Reshuffling

Power

ResourcesIub Transmission

Resources

NodeB Credit

Resources

Handover DownsizingRAN-CN

Renegotiation

IRAT

HO

IF

HO

DCCC

AMRC

For

PS Streaming

Service Quality

UnchangeService Quality

Downgrade

CS

PS

Load Reshuffling (LDR)

Monitoring load, trigger

the actions

corresponding to basiccongestion

Code Resources

Code

Reshuffling

MBMS

Power Downgrading

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Available Reshuffling Actions And Objects

Resource UL/DL

LDR Actions

Inter-

Freq HO

BE Rate

Reduction

Inter-

RAT

CS HO

Inter-

RAT PS

HO

AMR

Reduction

Iu QoS

Renegotiation

Code

Reshuffling

MBMS Power

Downgrading

PowerResource

UL DL

Code

Resource

UL .

DL

NodeB Credit

UL

DL

Iub Transport

Resource

UL

DL

Object

LDR Actions

Inter-

Freq HO

BE Rate

Reduction

Inter-

RAT CSHO

Inter-

RAT PSHO

AMR

Reduction

Iu QoS

Renegotiation

Code

Reshuffling

MBMS Power

Downgrading

DCH

HSDPA

HSUPA

MBMS

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Load Reshuffling Due To Power Limitation

trigldrN Thr

RTWP

PRTWP_

Uplink

Downlink

sup _ max max( min( , ))non hspa GBR h a res hspa total ldr P GBP P P P Thr + +

Reserved power for HSUPArelated DL channels (The

power of downlink control

channels (E-AGCH/E-

RGCH/E-HICH) )

Dl HSUPA reserved factor

ADD CELLCAC

RTWP based UL LDR

Power based DL LDR

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Load Reshuffling Due To Code Limitation

Trigger condition

Cell SF reserve threshold

Max user number of code adjust

ADD CELLLDR

Actions

Minimum available SF > reserved SF_Thd

Code reshuffling

BE rate reduction

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Load Reshuffling Due To NodeB Credit Limitation

Trigger condition

Actions

, , , _ NodeB UL NodeB current UL Ldr ULC C Thr

, , , _ NodeB DL NodeB current DL Ldr DLC C Thr

UL/DL separate

Inter-RAT PS/CS HO

BE rate reduction

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Load Reshuffling Due To ENU Limitation

resCCHDCHDL NNN _+

trigldr

Max

UL

ThrK

K_

UL

CCH

UL

DCH

UL

StreamH

UL

BEH

UL

HSUPA

ULKKKKKK ++++

Uplink

Downlink

For R99 cell

ldrdchresCCHDCH ThrNNN + m ax_

For HSDPA cell

If ENU based DL LDR is enabled, HSDPA users shall not beselected to perform load reshuffling actions.

ENU based UL LDR

T i f LDR

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Triggers of LDR

Power Resource:

Load level > LDR trigger threshold

Iub Bandwidth:

Available Iub bandwidth < predefined threshold

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default value

ADD/MOD CELLLDM UL/DL LDR trigger threshold ULLDRTRIGTHD

DLLDRTRIGTHD

55%

70%

ADD/MOD

AAL2ADJNODE

RT Forward congestion control threshold

RT Backward congestion control thresholdNRT Forward congestion control threshold

NRT Backward congestion control threshold

HsRT Forward congestion control threshold

HsRT Backward congestion control threshold

HsNrt Forward congestion control threshold

HsNrt Backward congestion control threshold

RTFWCONGTHD

RTBWCONGTHDNRTFWCONGTHD

NRTBWCONGTHD

HSRTFWCONGTHD

HSRTBWCONGTHD

HSNRTFWCONGTHD

HSNRTBWCONGTHD

95%

95%95%

95%

95%

95%

95%

95%

No

Check the load of theserving periodically

Is the load higher thanbasic congestion trigger

threshold

Take congestion

release measures

Yes

No

End load adjustment

Yes

Is the load lower thanbasic congestion release

threshold

Inter Frequency Handover in LDR

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Inter-Frequency Handover in LDR

Candidate target cell:

LDR trigger threshold in target cell current load level in target cell >

Predefined threshold in target cell

Candidate users:

Users with the lowest Integrated Priority

Bit rate smaller than the predefined maximum bandwidth

Action:

Blind handover

Cell 1

Cell 2

Load: high

Load: low

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default

value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDR

UL/DL Inter-freq cell load

handover load space threshold

ULINTERFREQHOCELLLOAD

SPACETHD

DLINTERFREQHOCELLLOAD

SPACETHD

20 (%)

UL/DL Inter-freq cell load

handover maximum bandwidth

ULINTERFREQHOBWTHD/DLI

NTERFREQHOBWTHD

400 (kbps)

BE R t R d ti i LDR

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BE Rate Reduction in LDR

Candidate Users:

Users with the lowest integrated priority

Only BE services are involved.

Action:

Reconfiguration

Highest High Lowest

Bit rate

GBR

Priority

384kbps

128kbps

64k 64k 64k

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default

value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDR

UL/DL LDR-BE rate

reduction RAB number

ULLDRBERATEREDUCTION

RABNUM

DLLDRBERATEREDUCTION

RABNUM

1

AMR R t R d ti i LDR

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AMR Rate Reduction in LDR

Candidate service:

AMR service with the lowest integrated priority

Action:

Downlink: Rate control over Iu interface

Uplink: TFC control over Uu interface.

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default

value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDR

UL/DL LDR-AMR rate

reduction RAB number

ULLDRAMRRATEREDUCTIONR

ABNUM

DLLDRAMRRATEREDUCTIONR

ABNUM

3

RT S i Q S R ti ti i LDR

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RT Service QoS Renegotiation in LDR

Candidate service:

PS streaming

Action:

QoS renegotiation over Iu

1) RNC: RAB modification request (Iu)

2) CN: RAB assignment (Iu)

3) RNC: reconfiguration (Iub/Uu)

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default

value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDR

UL/DL LDR un-ctrl RT

Qos re-nego RAB num

ULLDRPSRTQOSRENEGRAB

NUM

DLLDRPSRTQOSRENEGRABNUM

1

Inter RAT Handover of LDR

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Inter-RAT Handover of LDR

Candidate target cell:

2G cells with same/bigger coverage as serving 3G cell

Candidate users:

User with lowest Integrated Priority

Actions:

PS service inter-RAT handover

CS service inter-RAT handover

WCDMA

GSM CELL

Load: high

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default

value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDR

UL/DL LDR PS inter-

rat ho user number

ULLDRPSINTERRATHOUSERNUM

DLLDRPSINTERRATHOUSERNUM

1

UL/DL LDR CS inter-

rat ho user number

ULLDRCSINTERRATHOUSERNUM

DLLDRCSINTERRATHOUSERNUM

3

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Overview

PUC

CAC

IAC

LDR

OLC

Overload Control (OLC)

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Overload Control (OLC)

Actions supported:

TFC Control of R99 BE service

Drop of low priority UEs

Sequence of OLC actions:

Fast TFC control -> Call drop of UEs

Check the load of the

serving periodically

Is the load higher than

overload congestion trigger

threshold

Yes

No

Yes

No

Take actions to release

congestionEnd load adjustment

Is the load lower thanoverload congestion release

threshold

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Fast TFC Control in OLC

Monitor Cell Load

If Cell load >

Congestion threshold

Congestion Detected

and inform MAC

Congestion Relieved

and infrom MAC

MAC decrease the

max TF number

Start a Adjust Timer

expires

Kill the Adjust Timer

MAC increase the

max TF number

Start a Recover Timer

expires

Downlink TFC Control

Performed within MAC-d/RNC

Uplink TFC Control

RNC -> UE: TFC control

P t f O l d C t l

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Parameters of Overload Control

MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default value

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLLDM

UL/DL OLC trigger threshold ULOLCTRIGTHD

DLOLCTRIGTHD

95%

UL/DL OLC Release threshold ULOLCRELTHD DLOLCRELTHD 90%

ADD/LST/MOD

CELLOLC

UL/DL OLC fast TF restrict RAB number ULOLCFTFRSTRCTRABNUM

DLOLCFTFRSTRCTRABNUM

3

Data rate restrict coefficient RATERSTRCTCOEF 68%

DL OLC fast TF restrict data rate restrict

timer length

RATERSTRCTTIMERLEN 3S

DL OLC fast TF restrict data rate recover

timer length

RATERECOVERTIMERLEN 5S

UL/DL OLC traff release RAB number ULOLCTRAFFRELRABNUM

DLOLCTRAFFRELRABNUM

0

Summary: Load Control Parameter Classification

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Summary: Load Control Parameter Classification

RNC

RadioClass

GlobalParaClass CellClass

LDM.Class

CELLPUC.ClassUSERPRIORITY.Class

CORRMALGOSWITCH .Class

FRC.Class

QUEUEPREEMPT.Class

CELLLDM.Class

CELLLDR.Class

CELLOLC.Class

CELLCAC.Class

UL/DL basic meas rprt cy cle, Unit:10ms

UL/DL basic meas rprt cycle, Unit:min

LDM.Class

Integrate Prior i ty Configured Reference

Indicator of Carr ier Type Prior i ty

USERPRIORITY.Class

RAB Downs iz ing Swi tch

Switcher for IU QoS Negotiat ion

CORRMALGOSWITCH .Class

Upl ink ini t ial access rates

Downl ink in i t ial access rates

FRC .Class

CELLLDR.Class

UL/DL Inter-freq cell load handov er load space threshold

UL/DL Inter-f req cel l load handover maximum bound width

UL/DL LDR-BE rate reduct io n RAB num ber

UL/DL LDR un-ctrl RT Qos re-nego RAB num

UL/DL LDR CS inter-rat ho user num ber

UL/DL LDR PS inter-rat ho user num ber

UL/DL LDR-AMR rate reduct ion RAB num ber

Load level div is ion threshold 1

Load level div is ion threshold 2

Load level div is ion hysteresis

CELLPUC.Class

Preempt algor i thm switch

Queue algor i thm switch

Poll t imer length

QUEUEPREEMPT.Class

UL threshold of Conv AMR service

UL threshold of Conv non _AMR service

UL threshold of other services

UL Handover access threshold

DL threshold of Conv AMR service

DL threshold of Conv non _AMR service

DL threshold of other services

DL Handover access threshold

DL total nonhsdpa equivalent user number

Maximum HSDPA user number

CELLCAC.Class

UL/DL OLC fast TF restrict t imes

UL/DL OLC fast TF restrict RAB number

Data rate restr ict coeff ic ient

UL/DL OLC traff release RAB num ber

CELLOLC.Class

UL/DL LDR trigger threshold

UL/DL LDR release threshold

UL/DL OLC Trigger threshold

UL/DL OLC Release threshold

CELLLDM.Class

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Thank You