P2 |APUSH | Wiley | British Colonies: Note Guide, D___ Name:England was eager to duplicate the success of the Spanish in the New World. The British looked across the Atlantic for opportunities of their own in the 1580s but had failed (ex: the “Lost Colony” of Roanoke). But England emerged as the most powerful nation on the global stage after defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588. England then set its sights once again on North America, eventually building permanent and successful settlements along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean. This document will serve as a review of those regions.

ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKEJamestown, 1607: First Permanent English Settlement Rulers of England, unlike the __________________, decided not to fund the risky

venture of colonizing the Americas Instead, King James I granted a charter to the VA Company (a

________________________ company)o Investors pool wealth to finance tripo Lure financial supporters with chance of reaping wealth in form of

gold/silvero King’s charter guaranteed that monarch would receive a quarter of all

gold/silver found

The Jamestown: A Disastrous Start Colonists were not prepared to establish a community, grow crops, or sustain themselves

o They were mostly _______________________ who had been motivated by gold and silver Those that survived received assistance from nearby Powhatan Confederacy

o Powhatan hoped an alliance with the settlers would bring access to tools/weapons that would assist in the extension of their rule

The Economy of Jamestown At first, colonists ______________________ to find a commodity to export By the late 1620s, Jamestown was handsomely rewarded for its “_______________________” (tobacco cultivation), which was

hugely popular in Europe Key ingredient missing from the colony was field laborers—those who would do the difficult work of tobacco cultivation and

processing

____ Company instituted headright grants: o Awards of large plantations to wealthy colonists on condition they transport workers (__________________________)

at their own costo Granted more land depending on # of servantso Servants worked for a number of years in exchange for _________________ passageo Cheaper than buying slaves

Tens of thousands of impoverished English men and women migrated

Jamestown & Native Americans The Chesapeake was home to 12,000-14,000 natives in the Powhatan Confederacy who were eager to forge

_________________ with the colonists Desire for more land led to warfare (1610-1614 and 1622-1645), with natives accepting _________________ in 1645 By 1670, the Indian population had fallen to just 2,000 while the English population grew to 40,000 Conflict with natives was one of several reasons the Crown revoked the VA Company’s charter in 1624, making VA a

_________________ colony—one under direct control of the king (via a governor appointed by the king)

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England in the Chesapeake: pp. 1-3New England: pp. 3-6Middle Colonies, Carolinas, Georgia, & Caribbean: p. 6Immigration Visual: p. 7Colony Comparison Chart: p. 8

Virginia Politics VA Company organized the first representative legislative body in North America, 1619—________________________________

o Included two citizens (“burgesses”) from each of VA’s 11 districts House claimed authority to raise ____________ and make _______________ Company council in England had the right to veto any legislation the House passed Over time, the HOB restricted its voting constituency (only white male landowners with significant land could vote) aggravating

class tensions in the region

In 1624, VA became a royal colonyo England was concerned with the level of violence with natives and the high mortality rateo King would appoint a colonial governor and small advisory council

The king/advisors would now _________________ all legislation from the HOB Residents were forced to pay __________________ to support the Church of England

Conflict in VA—Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675 “________________” broke out in VA over:

Land Politics Defense• Small circle of men, through

headright grants, controlled most of the land in VA

• Freed indentured servants found it harder _______________________

• Lived on western outskirts of VA and faced ______________ with Indians

• Political corruption among elite• ___________________ caused ruin

for the poor• Landless were excluded from

_______________ for burgesses

• Poor whites wanted to settle in Indian land

• Conflict with Indians continued• Wanted natives expelled or

exterminated• Demands were _________________;

elite relied on trade with Indians

Rebels attacked ___________________ in ‘75 Indians responded by attacking plantations Nathanial Bacon (see image, right) emerged as leader

o Mobilized an army o Issued a manifesto demanding removal of Indians and end to the rule of the “wealthy

parasites”o Burned ______________________ to the ground

Governor put down the rebellion and hung many of the leaders (not Bacon—he died of disease in ‘76)

Significance/Impact:o Revealed tensions between colony’s

___________________________________________________o Demonstrated how ordinary colonists could challenge the “right” of the planter elite to rule over them o Planter elite would increasingly choose ___________________________________________ to indentured labor

Maryland, 1632 Monarchy granted land to the Calvert family (Lord Baltimore), important supporters of the English monarchy, as a

__________________________ colony Calverts were sole owners of the land Monarchy hoped the _________________________ (owner) of a colony

would be more accountable to the monarch than a joint-stock

Calverts hoped to create a Catholic refuge in MD but Protestants soon outnumbered Catholics

In 1649, Maryland passed the Act of Religious Toleration, granting all ________________________ right to follow their beliefs and hold church services

MD quickly assumed the character of neighboring _________ with a tobacco plantation economy and indentured servitude

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Life in the Chesapeake Family size and kinship bonds were _______________ Growth of institutions (churches, schools, etc.) was slow A strong emotional connection to ________________________ endured By 1700, more than 100,000 English migrants had come to Chesapeake

o Vast majority were indentured servantso Prospect of owning ____________________ continued to lure settlers despite hardships (death and mistreatment

remained pervasive)

Slavery in the Chesapeake First Africans arrived in VA in 1619 By late 1600s, several factors spurred the importation of slaves in large #s:

o Decline in the ________________________________ population o Increase in ___________________ o Abundance of land o Growing European demand for colonial goodso Bacon’s Rebellion

____________ consciousness and legislation quickly emerged

Virginia Laws Relating to Slavery 1627: ________________ baptism may not alter conditions of servitude. 1669: The death of a slave during punishment shall not be accounted __________________. 1691: Interracial sexual conduct shall be prohibited.

PURITAN NEW ENGLANDNew England vs. Chesapeake, General Both in climate and geography, the northern coast of North America was far different than the Chesapeake Tobacco not easily produced there Less favored for investment and settlement Became haven for Protestant dissenters from England Driven more by religious reasons than _____________________ gain Roots of Puritanism can be found in the ___________________________ Reformation

Background on the Reformation, 1517-1600 The spread of Renaissance ideas and corruption among the Catholic clergy undermined the

church’s authorityo Catholic leaders often gambled, drank, and procreatedo Indulgences (pardons) were being sold by the Church, signaling that one could “buy”

their way into heaven __________________________, a German monk (see image, right), condemned the Church in

his 95 Theseso Thus began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform

Luther taught that _____________________ was the key to salvationo The Church had preached that salvation was earned through performing good works

Luther taught that all Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible; the pope and church traditions were ____________________________

His ideas led to the creation of separate religious groups; a splintering of the Church The phrase Protestant is derived from Latin Protestari that refers to bravely standing and revolting against wrongs publically

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Puritans vs. Pilgrims King Henry VIII (1491-1547) brought the Reformation to England in the 1530s by breaking with Roman Catholicism to form a

separate church, the Church of England. Although it was free of Catholic control…

PURITANS PILGRIMS…felt it had kept _____________________ of the Catholic ritual and tradition and wanted to purify it (hence, Puritans) by eliminating all traces of Catholicism.

…did not think reform was possible; they desired complete separation from the Church of England (hence, Separatists). The word pilgrim often refers to spiritual wanderer.

Both were _____________________ by the monarchy

Eventually, Puritans populated much of New England. Pilgrims fled to ___________________ and eventually Plymouth, Mass., which would be absorbed into the larger Puritan society.

Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony, 1620 Like the Jamestown colonists, the Pilgrims were funded by the VA Company and many _______________ early on, only to be

rescued by the Indians Though never a financial success, the Pilgrims did establish self-sufficient communities and were eventually absorbed by the

larger/more economically successful ________________________ Colony Crafted the Mayflower Compact: first document of self-government in North America (see excerpt below)

Pilgrims & Politics Pilgrims had landed far north of their intended destination

o Some argued that since they were outside the jurisdiction of the VA Company, its rules/regulations no longer applied

o Leaders realized they needed a temporary government authority, which led to the signing of the Mayflower Compact

All adult males (except _______________________________) met each year to elect a governor and small number of assistants; deputies were sent to represent each town

Mayflower Compact excerpt:

IN THE name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our…sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain…having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country…do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names…in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord, King James, of England…1620.

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629 Mass. Bay Company funded a group of Puritans as they escaped religious persecution

in England and attempted to establish a model community (“City upon a Hill”) 1629-43: 20,000 Puritans relocated to Massachusetts (“The

________________________”)o By 1670s, Massachusetts's population had swelled to 40,000

Most arrived in groups from long-established communities and were economically prosperous from the start

Variety of crops, pure drinking water, and cool climate led to long life and economic success

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Puritan Religiosity Taught that individual salvation was subject to a divine plan rather than the actions of

individuals (_______________________) To lessen the sense of anxiety, Puritans lived lives of strict piety, framed by prayer, righteous

living, and ___________________ Stressed the importance of well-ordered, theocratic communities (see Winthrop’s sermon) The entire community might be _________________ if Puritans did not carry out their duty Puritan approach to humanity and to God was markedly dour in these early years

Puritan Culture Puritan family was well-ordered and hierarchical, with the subordination of women to men Cultural __________________ of women came to the surface in periodic witchcraft scares Emphasized the importance of ___________________

o Required towns to support a public schoolo Literacy was higher in New England than much of Europeo Though not as well educated as men, many families also sent their daughters to school

Puritan culture spread across all of New England

Religious Dissent Puritans were not _________________ of other religious points of view and often banished dissenters and their followers Religious disagreement among the New England colonists provoked the founding of new colonies in 1635-‘6

Thomas Hooker Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson (see image below)• led his followers to what would

become Connecticut after a disagreement over church membership with Winthrop

• led his followers to _____________ after he argued for separation of church and state and better treatment of natives

• led her followers to Williams’s settlement after criticizing Boston ministers for their lack of ________ and challenging gender norms

• See picture below

Puritan Politics _________________ governments (minus Rhode Island) Each Puritan town had its own church and town meeting, a form of government where all the

male church members made decisions about the running of the town Law mandated that religious devotion was enforced Anyone who practiced witchcraft or worshipped a god other than the one acknowledged by the

Puritans was subject to _______________

Respect for Authority Many citizens were exiled for criticizing the _________________________ Respect for authority inculcated at very young:

o 1648 law : Any child “of competent understanding” would be put to death if they were to “curse or smite (hit) their natural Father or Mother” unless “it can be sufficiently verified that the parents have been very unchristianly negligent in the education of such children”

o Taken from the Bible in Exodus 21:15 which holds that “he that smitheth his father or his mother shall surely be put to death”

New England Economy _____________________________________________________________ Had looked to natives as potential labor force (like the Spanish) but local Indians proved too dangerous and unreliable Thanks to immigration and a balanced sex ratio, towns mushroomed across the landscape, all based on an English village model,

which meant that slavery had little future in the regiono Some Puritans did, however, own slaveso By 1750, there were over 13,000 slaves in Massachusetts

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Puritans and Native Americans Mirrored the violent clashes that occurred in _________________________ Puritan-_________________________ War (1636-7)

o Puritans allied with other Indian groups to avenge the death of an English trader by a Pequot Indian

o Massacred hundreds of men, women, and childreno Divided Pequot land

Take notes while watching video on the Pequot War:

_________________________/King Philip’s War (1675-78) (see image, right)o Faced with death, disease, and cultural disintegration (as a result of missionary work, impact of trade, etc.) Chief

Metacom (nicknamed King Philip), organized a military alliance and attack on New England towns o Natives destroyed 12 of 90 New England towns but were ultimately _________________________o Natives lost 40% of their own population

ENGLAND’S MIDDLE COLONIES, the CAROLINAS, GEORGIA & the CARIBBEAN Carolinas & Georgia 1663: Crown authorized settlement of Carolina

o North and South formed in 1691 Coastal plantations developed; slaves sometimes _____________________

whites Trade with Indian peoples; lots of poor whites and runaway servants Rice cultivation Lack of community _____________________

1733: Crown authorized settlement of Georgia to serve as a haven for the poor and ________________ between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida

o Over time, took on character of Carolinas

The Middle Colonies 1664: Acquired New Netherland; renamed New York; cordoned off New Jersey 1681: Crown bestowed PA (which included DE) to William Penn Export economy flourished due to demands for cereal crops (grains) and fertile land was

abundant Mass immigration led to the fraudulent taking of land from natives __________________________________________________________________________

o Most European migrants held tightly to their traditions, creating mosaic of ethnically/religiously diverse communities

Caribbean / West Indies Produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical products for an international market Slave labor was _____________________ to the success of sugar cultivation

o Slaves often constituted the __________________ of population By 1750, Jamaica was Britain’s most profitable colony

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Estimated European Migration to the British Mainland Colonies, 1700-1780

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Region & General

Characteristics

Colonies Year Founded /Claimed by

England

Distinctions

New England

Puritan commonwealth, high religiosity, theocracy, town meetings, farming, trade, emphasis on schools, small numbers of slaves, mostly English settlers

Massachusetts Pilgrims: 1620Puritans: 1629

Governor John Winthrop:“City on a hill”

Connecticut 1635

Rhode Island 1636 Roger WilliamsReligious toleration

New Hampshire 1638

Middle Colonies

Diversity (settlers: English and German Quakers, Dutch, French, Scottish, Irish), religious toleration, farming, trade, small numbers of slaves, town meetings

New York 1664 (Dutch 1624)

New Jersey 1664 (Dutch 1629)

Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn:“Holy Experiment”

Delaware 1701 (Dutch 1638)

Southern Colonies

Mostly English settlers, aristocratic, slave societies, elitist politics, small number of schools and community institutions, cash crops, predominantly rural

Virginia 1607 Jamestown: first permanent British settlement

Maryland 1632 Religious freedom for all Christians

Carolina (split into N&S in 1691)

1633

Georgia 1733

Caribbean/West Indies

Small numbers of English settlers, high numbers of slaves, cash crops

Barbados 1625

Jamaica 1655 Most profitable of all colonies by 1750

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