Week 6

Alice Y. Chang1

Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece, Greek Greek

Mythology , the Mythology , the Homeric Homeric Hymns,Hymns,

and and TheogonyTheogony

THE CITY-STATES OF GREECE

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The geography of Greece – a land of mountain barriers and scattered islands – encouraged this fragmentation.

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Polis common Hellenic heritagecommon Hellenic heritage

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• The Greek cities never lost sight of their common Hellenic heritage, but it was not enough to unite them except in the face of unmistakable and overwhelming danger, and even then only partially and for a short time.

• They differed from each other in custom, political constitution, and even dialect: their relations with each other were those of rivals and fierce competitors.

Phoenician system of writingPhoenician system of writing

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It was in the cities founded on the Asian coast that the Greeks adapted to their own language the Phoenician system of writing, adding signs for the vowels to create their alphabet, the forerunner of the Roman alphabet and of our own.

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Ionian and DoricIonian and Doric

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By 800 BCE Greece had become linguistically divided into groups, whose culture as well as dialect were distinctive.

Foremost among these groups were Ionian, spoken in Athens, the islands and Ionia, and Doric, spoken in Sparta, Crete and Rhodes.

The expansion of GreeceThe expansion of Greece750-580 BCE 750-580 BCE

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Starting with colonies at Ischia and Cumae around the Bay of Naples in c. 750 BCE, the Greeks founded cities all around the Mediterranean, from the south of France to Naucratis in Egyptian Delta, to solve problems of over-population at home.

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ATHENS AND SPARTA

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• By the beginning of the fifth century B.C. the two most prominent city-states were Athens and Sparta.

• These two cities led the combined Greek resistance to the Persian invasion of Europe in the years 490 to 479 B.C.

• The defeat of the solid Persian power by the divided and insignificant Greek cities surprised the world and inspired in Greece, and particularly in Athens, a a confidence that knew no bounds.confidence that knew no bounds.

AthensAthens

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• Athens was at this time a democracydemocracy, the first in Western history.

• It was a direct, not a representative, democracya direct, not a representative, democracy, , for the number of free citizens was small enough to permit the exercise of power by a meeting of the citizens as a body in assembly.

AthenaAthena

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Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the civilized world.

The capital of Greece took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.

http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/athens-the-fifth-century-bce/

Athens (the fifth century BCE)(map)

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SpartaSparta

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• Sparta, on the other hand, was rigidly conservativeconservative in government and policy.

• Because the individual citizen was reared and trained by the state for the state’s business, war, the Spartan land army was superior to any other in Greece, and the Spartans controlled, by direct rule or by alliance, a majority of the city-states of the Peloponnese.

Persian War and Peloponnesian War

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• These two cities, allies for the war of liberation against Persia, became enemies when the external danger was eliminated.

• The middle years of the fifth century were disturbed by indecisive hostilities between them and haunted by the probability of full-scale war to come.

• As the years went by, this war came to be accepted as “inevitable” by both sides, and in 431 431 B.C, it began. It was to end in 404 B.CB.C, it began. It was to end in 404 B.C, with the total defeat of Athens.

The Athenian Empire The Athenian Empire

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• Before the beginning of this disastrous war, known as the Peloponnesian War, Athenian democracy provided its citizens with a cultural and political environment that was without precedent in the ancient world.

• The institutions of Athens encouraged the maximum development of the individual’s maximum development of the individual’s capacitiescapacities and at the same time inspired the maximum devotion to the interests of the community.

Solon: The Lawmaker of AthensSolon: The Lawmaker of Athens

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an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and elegiac poet.

He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athensmoral decline in archaic Athens.

His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.

Solon

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Pericles

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• There were limits on who could participate in the democracy.

• The “individual Athenianindividual Athenian” of whom Pericles spoke was the adult male citizen. In his speech, he mentioned women only once, to tell them that the way for them to obtain glory was not to be worse than their nature made them, and to be least talked of among males for human progress from savagery to civilization.

Pericles

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Ancient Greek Medicine

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Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greek.

Ancient Greek Culture was such that a high priority was placed upon healthy lifestyles, this despite Ancient Greece being much different to the Greece of the modern World.

The Cult of AsclepiosThe Cult of Asclepios

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Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, was based largely upon religious beliefs.

The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed old theories and introduced several treatments not too dissimilar from modern alternative medicines. 

Hippocrates

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• The Ancient Greeks though made major strides in medical knowledge.

• The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time: and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure. 

Observation and logicObservation and logic

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• So the Greeks were very interested in using scientific observation and logic to figure out what caused diseases and what you could do about them.

• In the 300's BC and afterward, in the Hellenistic period, Greek doctors worked out a logical system for understanding disease. Their writings about this have been collected in the Hippocratic Writings, named after the first and most famous of these doctors, Hippocrates

Four Humors

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• The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on medical practice has been great.

• Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was, for a long time, the basis upon which to develop medical reasoning. Likewise the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine.

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Hippocrates Refusing Gift from Alexander

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1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Museé d’Histoire de la Médecine

Hippocrates

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• was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Greek physician of the Age of PericlesPericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.

• He is referred to as the father of medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of medicine.

• This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with , thus making medicine a profession.

Hippocratic Corpus

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• However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled;

• thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did.

• In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicinestudy of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Oath and other works.

Ode on a Grecian Urn Greek Mythology

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Greek mythology is . . .Greek mythology is . . .

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the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their Gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.

a part of religion in ancient Greece.

Modern scholars refer to the myths and study them in an attempt to throw light on the the religious and religious and political institutions political institutions of Ancient Greeceof Ancient Greece, on the Ancient Greek civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself.

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The Olympian gods = natural forces

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The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with each other, and always with a sublime disregard for the human beings who may be affected by the results of their actions.

It is true that they are all subjects of a single more powerful god, Zeus.

Gods= the blind forces of the Gods= the blind forces of the universeuniverse

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Such gods as these, representing as they do the blind forces of the universe that humans cannot control, are not always thought of as connected with morality.

Morality is a human creation, and though the gods may approve of it, they are not bound by it.

Subject matters

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Greek mythology is embodied explicitly in a large collection of narratives and implicitly in representational arts, such representational arts, such as vase-paintings and votive gifts. as vase-paintings and votive gifts.

Greek myth explains the origins of the world and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and other mythological creatures.

These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral-poetic tradition; today the Greek myths are known primarily from Greek literature.

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The temple of Hera

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sources

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the epic poems IliadIliad and and OdysseyOdyssey, focus on events surrounding the Trojan War.

Hesiod: the Theogony and the the Theogony and the Works and DaysWorks and Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices.

Myths also are preserved in the Homeric Hymns…

http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/music-of-ancient-greece-hymn-to-the-muse-by-halaris/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v3fJSn-oPo&feature=related

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Music of Ancient Greece - Hymn to the Muse - by

Halaris

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Greek pantheon

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According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titansoverthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop Mount Olympus Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. under the eye of Zeus.

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Olympian Gods

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Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo,

Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus

希臘神話衆神 http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP_NeirFIkM

Olympian Gods of Ancient Greek Mythology

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Greek god (Roman equivalent)  

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Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) / Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/ Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/ Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) / Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) / Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) / Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/ Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) / Asclepius (Aesculapius) / Hades (Dis Pater) / Persephone

(Proserpine)

Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of Athens

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Delphi, Temple of Apollo

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普羅米修斯（ Prometheus ）

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普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走火的泰坦巨人，因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子；亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄弟。 " 普羅米修斯（ Prometheus） " 在希臘語中是 " 遠見（ foresight） " 的意思。

普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類，並教會了人類很多知識。

The sculptor The sculptor of this of this Roman Roman sarcophagusarcophagus has s has portrayed portrayed Prometheus Prometheus as a as a workman workman creating creating mini-mini-humans.humans.

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Prometheus and the eagle

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當時 Zeus 禁止人類用火，他看到人類生活的困苦，幫人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火，因此觸怒宙斯。

宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上，每天派一隻鷹去吃他的肝，又讓他的肝每天重新長上，使他日日承受被惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。幾千年後，赫剌克勒斯為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊，把惡鷹射死，並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的喀戎來代替，解救了普羅米修士。

但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環，環上鑲上一塊高加索山上的石子，以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖在高加索山的懸崖上。

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PROMETHEUS & THE EAGLE

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Heroes

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Perseus, Theseus, BellerophonAtlanta, Heracles, Meleager

Hercules and Achilles

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Heracles and the Heracleidae

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Some scholars believe that behind Heracles' complicated mythology there was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos.

Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the twelve constellations of the zodiac.

Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene granddaughter of Perseus.

Heracles

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He is portrayed as a sacrificier, mentioned as a founder of altars, and imagined as a voracious eater himself; it is in this role that he appears in comedy, while his tragic end provided much material for tragedy — Heracles is regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great significance in examination of other Euripidean dramas".

In art and literature Heracles was represented as an enormously strong man of moderate height; his characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently also the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the unparalleled popularity of Heracles, his fight with the lion being depicted many hundreds of times.

希臘神話中最偉大的英雄

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相當於羅馬神話中的赫丘利（ Hercules ）。宙斯底比斯（ Thebes ）國王之女 阿爾克墨涅之

子，半人半神的他自幼在名師的傳授下，學會了各種武藝和技能，能勇善戰，成為眾人皆知的大力士。

天后赫拉非常嫉妒，曾在海格力斯年幼時派了兩條毒蛇去毒殺他，伊克力斯一看到蛇哭起上來，但兩條蛇居然被嬰兒海格力斯活活捏死了，

後來在赫拉的詛咒下，海格力斯發瘋殺害了自己三個無辜的兒子，之後由於痛苦他再也不能與妻子 蜜格拉（ Megara ）相處，

英勇與贖罪

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為了贖罪他不得不替邁錫尼（ Mycenae ）國王 歐律斯透斯 Eurystheus ）服役十幾年。海格力斯拒絕了惡德女神要他走享樂道路的誘惑，而聽從了美德女神的忠告，決心在逆境中不畏艱險，為民除害造福。

他在十二年中完成了十二項英勇業績，另外人馬 涅索斯（ Nessus ），他在希臘神話中是企圖調戲海格力斯後來的妻子 伊阿尼拉（ Deianira ），被海格力斯射殺。

「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了「大力士」的同義詞。

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臨死時，涅索斯叫伊阿尼拉把自己的血藏好，若海格力斯不受管束或另結他歡時，把染血的緊身衣給海格力斯穿上就會讓他回心轉意，重回伊阿尼拉的懷抱。伊阿尼拉信以為真，誰知涅索斯的血有毒，海格力斯被毒死後升天成為神。 他神勇無比，完成了十二項英雄偉績，被升為武仙座。

此外他還參加了阿耳戈船英雄的遠征幫助伊阿宋覓取金羊毛，解救了普羅米修斯等。有關他英勇無畏，敢於鬥爭的神話故事，歷來都是文藝家們樂於表現的主題。在現代語中「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了「大力士」的同義詞。

Housof Troy and Helen

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Age of gods and mortals

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Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together.

These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later.

Most of these tales were later told by Ovid's Metamorphoses and they are often divided into two thematic groups: tales of love, and tales of punishment.

Homeric HymnsHomeric Hymns

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The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns celebrating individual gods are a collection of ancient Greek hymns, "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the same epic meter— dactylic hexameter— as the Iliad and Odyssey, use many similar formulas and are couched in the same dialect.

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They were uncritically attributed to Homer himself in Antiquity—from the earliest written reference to them, Thucydides (iii.104)—and the label has stuck. "the whole collection, as a collection, is Homeric in the only useful sense that can be put upon the word;" A. W. Verrall noted in 1894, "that is to say, it has come down labeled as 'Homer' from the earliest times of Greek book-literature."

HOMERIC HYMNS 16

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http://www.theoi.com/Text/HomericHymns1.htmlXVI. TO ASCLEPIUS[1] [1] I begin to sing of Asclepius, son of Apollo and healer of sicknesses. In the Dotian plain fair Coronis, daughter of King Phlegyas, bare him, a great joy to men, a soother of cruel pangs. And so hail to you, lord: in my song I make my prayer to thee!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKx7ig5PAiA

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Prometheus and Pandora

Greek Cosmogony

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But Homer is not our only source for Greek mythological thought. HesiodHesiod, Homer’s rough contemporary, provided a mythological cosmogony in his TheogonyTheogony:

World map of Hecataeus (c.550-c.490 BCE):

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anthropomorphic deities

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The gods and humans shared a common history.

This was a world of anthropomorphic deities interfering in human affairs, using humans as pawns in their own plots and intrigues—acting out of spite, anger, love, lust, benevolence, pleasure, or simple caprice. The gods were also implicated in natural phenomena.

Sun and moon were conceived as deities, offspring of Theia and Huperion.

a capricious worlda capricious world

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Storms, lightning bolts, winds, and earthquakes were not regarded as inevitable outcomes of impersonal, natural forces, but mighty feats willed by the gods.

The result was a capricious worlda capricious world, in which nothing could be safely predicted because of the boundless possibilities of boundless possibilities of divine interventiondivine intervention.

Homer and HesiodHomer and Hesiod

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Homer and HesiodHomer and Hesiod, after all, are among the few sources at our disposal that reveal anything of archaic Greek thoughtarchaic Greek thought;

and if they do not represent primitive Greek philosophy, they were nonetheless central to Greek education and culture for centuries and cannot have been without influence on the Greek mind.

NousNous--

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Early in the sixth century, Greek culture experienced a burst of a radically new kind of discourse—speculation discourse—speculation unprecedented in its rationality unprecedented in its rationality (nous in Greek), its concern for evidence, and its acknowledgment that claims were open to dispute and needed to be defended.

Knowledge

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Speculations ranged over a broad subject matter, including the cosmos and its origins, the earth and its inhabitants, celestial bodies, striking phenomena such as earthquakes, thunder, and lightning, disease and death, and the nature of human knowledge.

This burst of intellectual activity of intellectual activity were distributed geographically distributed geographically over an area that extended well beyond the boundaries of the modern Greek state.

Mythology philosophy

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Whereas Hesiod regarded earth and sky as divine offspring, for the philosophers Leucippus (fl. 435) and Democritus (fl. 410) the world and its various parts result form mechanical sorting of lifeless atoms in a primeval vortex or whirlpool.

To be sure, these philosophical developments did not signal the end of Greek mythology.

Herodotus

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As late as the fifth century, the historian the historian HerodotusHerodotus retained much of the old mythology, sprinkling tales of divine intervention through his Histories.

Poseidon, by his account, used a high tide to flood a swamp the Persians were crossing.

And Herodotus regarded and eclipse that coincided with the departure of the Persian arm for Greece as a supernatural omen.

kosmos

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The world of the philosophers, in short, was an orderly, predictable world in which things behave according to their natures.

The Greek term used to denote this denote this ordered world was Kosmosordered world was Kosmos, form which we draw our word “cosmology.”

The capricious world of divine intervention was being pushed aside, making room for order and regularity; chaos was yielding to Kosmos.

Earth is the centre of the universe.

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Nature/ physis

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A clear distinction between the natural and the supernatural was emerging; and there was wide agreement that causes (if they are to be dealt with philosophically) must be sought only in the natures of thing.

The philosophers who introduced The philosophers who introduced these new ways of thinking were these new ways of thinking were called by Aristotle called by Aristotle physikoiphysikoi or or physiologoiphysiologoi, from their concern with , from their concern with physis physis or nature.or nature.

Hesiod’s Theogony

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a poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogies of the gods of the ancient Greeks, composed circa 700 BC.

a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods, organized as a narrative that tells about the origin of the cosmos and about the gods that shaped cosmos.

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Chaos Eros and Gaia

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that Chaos arose spontaneously. Chaos gives birth to Eros and Gaia

(Earth), the more orderly and safe foundation that would serve as a home for the gods and mortals, came afterwards.

Tartarus (both a place below the earth as well as a deity) and Eros (Desire) also came into existence from nothing.

Chaos Darkness and Night

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Eros serves an important role in sexual reproduction, before which children had to be produced by means of parthenogenesis.

From Chaos came Erebos (Darkness) and Nyx (Night).

Erebos and Nyx reproduced to make Aither (Brightness) and Hemera (Day).

From Gaia came Ouranos (Sky), the Ourea (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea).

twelve Titans

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Ouranos mated with Gaia to create twelve Titans:

OceanosOceanos, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetos, Theia, Rhea, Themis, , MnemosyneMnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and KronosKronos;

Pandora’s Box

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Pandora ("giver of all, all-endowed") was the first woman.

As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts.

火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土做成的地上的第一個女人，作為對普羅米修士盜火的懲罰送給人類的第一個女人

罈子 Pithos

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眾神亦加入使她擁有更誘人的魅力。根據大英博物館所藏的一隻白底基里克斯杯基里克斯杯（古希臘一種雙耳淺口的大酒杯），潘朵拉的另一名字是「安妮斯朵拉」（ Anesidora ），意思為「送上禮物的她」。根據神話，潘朵拉打開一個「盒子」

（應作罈子，希臘文原作πίθος， πίθοι ，英語：）。

基里克斯杯 κύ¡λιξ

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Pandora’s Box

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而現時當提到「 Pandora’s Box」，通常是指潘朵拉出於好奇而打開了盒子，釋放出人世間的所有邪惡——貪婪、虛無、誹謗、嫉妒、痛苦——當她再蓋上盒子時，只剩下希望在裡面。

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解釋世界上罪惡的存在

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潘朵拉的神話源遠流長，以不同的版本出現，並從不同的角度詮釋。然而，在所有的文學版本，此神話作為自然神學自然神學以解釋世界上罪惡的存在。

在西元前 7世紀， Hesiod 在他的 TheogonyTheogony（第 570行，大概提及而並無完全指出潘朵拉的名字）及《工作與時日》（Works and Days ）是最早有關潘朵拉故事的文學著作。

"Pandora" by John William Waterhouse, 1896.

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Dante Gabriel Rossetti – Pandora (1869)

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Theogony

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Study Guide for Hesiod's Theogonyhttp://www.temple.edu/classics/Theogony-

guide.html

工作與時日 工作與時日 : : 神譜神譜長庚大學 三樓中文書區 長庚大學 三樓中文書區 871.31 8775 88871.31 8775 88

http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/timeline-of-world-

mythology/

Timeline of World Mythology

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