west irian and the suharto presidency: a perspective bilveer singh

8/14/2019 West Irian and the Suharto Presidency: A Perspective Bilveer Singh

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West Irian and the Suharto Presidency:

a perspective

Bilveer Singh

Introduction

Fr Suhar, lik may hr, h ruggl vr W Iria1 wa rgara par h uih bui Iia aialim h

much Duch clialim i h h Duch Ea Ii. Th acha h Duch urrr all i clial rriri a h Ru TablCrc xcp W Iria ly mbl aiali uch a Su-har ha h ruggl wa wrh puruig, wa wiabl a ha i waly a mar im br h Duch wul capiula. Tha h Duchwul hl W Iria r ahr wlv yar wa mhig u-r a vry paig yar rpr a a humiliai, himr ha ayhig l wa rpibl r h uaimu cii hai W Iria cul b rcvr hrugh iplmacy, ju a wa hr Iia, h prjuaga r miliary ruggl hul b pur-

u. Thi ircly ivlv Suhar i h W Iria iu, whr jua i h ruggl agai Duch clialim prir hi, h wa amgh i h rr laig h miliary ruggl wi ipcr Iia.

I hi cx, Suhar ivlvm i h W Iria iu ca b u-r rm w ir ragic pii h hl, amly, r ah Cmmar h Maala Cmma ak miliarily ah Duch i W Iria a c, a Iia Pri, whr hiplici ha a irc barig h uur h rriry a h p-pl hri. Fr h cvic icui, h rl Suhar a

h W Iria iu ca b xami hrugh a umbr pha. Thpha braly crib h pliical vlui h W Iria iu ah mar Suhar wa pii a ar a vlpm i W Iriawr ccr. I h mai, hr wr ix pha a llw:

[1] 1945-1949 h pha rvluiary war agai h Duch[2] 1950-1961 h pha iplmacy i rcvrig W Iria[3] 1961-1963 h pha miliary prur a h uccul rcv-

ry W Iria[4] 1963-1965 h pha prlimiary Iia miai[5] 1965-1969 h pha challg i h pr-Ac Fr Chic ra[6] 1969-1998 h pha al Iia miai i h p-Ac

Fr Chic ra

Hwvr, br plugig i Suhar rl i W Iria, i i impra-iv ha h ralii a bai i W Iria b r ur.


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The political anatomy of West Irian

By ay cu, W Iria i a highly cmplx a cmplica pic ral a. Th wr Papua a Iria ha b raiially u crib h pic rriry ha rm par Iia llwig iuccul ruggl agai h Duch. Whil hr i much crvryabu h rmilgy, i acualiy, bh rm hav b i vgu rqui mim. A wa argu by Ja Ramal, whil h arlir Eu-rpa xplrr uch a Ori Rz, a Spaiar, rrr h i-la a Nw Guia, h rriry wa a blgig Iria (aahIria) a i ppl wr Papua r black.2 Th wr Papua i alwily u i lcal laguag, pcially rm Biak. I h am way,h rm Iria i al u i variu rgial laguag i W Iria,

icluig i Biak, Srui, Warp, Tbai a Mrauk.3 I wa agaihi backgru ha 29 April 1945, Iriaia aiali uch a Fraa Marku Kaiip, Pir Hamai a hr clar h chag am Papua Iria a Ka NICA (Nhrla Ii Civil Amii-rai), Kampug Harapa, Sai.4 I rr ura h pliicalaamy W Iria a hw i ca cm b prciv by Iriaia,Iia a hr, i i vially cary ura i ragic,pliical, cmic a cial-culural aribu.

Geography

W Iria i h arm a larg prvic Iia, cvrigh wr hal h wrl c larg ila ar Grla. Oi rhr i, W Iria i wah by h Pacic Oca, h uh-r i by h Araura Sa, h wr i by h Sram a BaaSa a wll a h Maluku prvic a h ar i by PapuaNw Guia, wih which i har a lg la brr. Papua ha a laara 421,981 quar kilmr. Thi ciu 21.9 prc I-ia al la ara (1,937,179 quar kilmr).5 Dpi big h larg ila i h wrl, W Iria i hily ppula, highlyrugg a ihpiabl wih limi culiva la a cvr wih r a wamp. Tpgraphically, W Iria ha 15 muai,

40 rivr, 12 lak a 40 ila. Glgically, W Iria i al highlypr arh quak, xpricig mr ha 10,000 lcal arh quaka abu 20 majr i 2000 al.6 I aii h maiv la-ma, a umbr ila li W Iria ca uch a Biak, Gag aDlk.

GeopoliticsGgraphically, i wa h mr iz a lcai W Iria hama i a z ci bu rahr i gpliical igicac h ky akhlr, amly, Iia, h Nhrla, Auralia ah Ui Sa. Frm Jakara prpciv, W Iria impracmm rm a umbr impraiv. Fir, i viw il a a uc-cr a h Duch a claim all vrigy h rmr DuchEa Ii a ay ial hi wul imply ha h clizaia aial rvlui wa icmpl. Sc, a prbably mrimpra, Duch prc i W Iria wa viw a a aial ar

West Irian and the Suharto Presidency: a perspective


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75 Singh

a a hra. I aii ailig giv up i clial way, h Duchprc wa prciv a a miliary hra. Iia ragic plar

aw Duch prc i W Iria a a ki piig i h har Iia, a hc, mhig ha ha b rmv by rc i c-ary. Jakara aw Duch prc i W Iria a big rpibl rh variu cii mvm, pcially l by rmr Duch mili-ary cr a hir cri. A h am im, Duch miliary prci W Iria wa viw a a hra, mhig Th Hagu ha ply

braih r Iia rm hraig Duch cmic iri Iia. Hc, r all h cirai, Jakara challg hDuch prc i W Iria a wa prpar g war rigrah rriry i h Iia a a ailig wul imply hai rririal igriy ha b cmprmi.7

Th Duch wr miva hl h rriry r variu ra-. Fir, h Duch aw h rriry a par hir amp cra aTrpical Hlla, h Euraia Fahrla ha wul b u lEuraia fig rm ip Iia a wll a Duch ciizlivig i h Nhrla, pcially rm h rural rgi. Sc, iwa a uci iiviual uch a Ja va Echu a Duch civilrva wh bliv ha h rriry a i ppl rv a ir- a a uur, a hy champi a para pliical xic rh rriry. Thir, rla h c pi, wa h argum ma

by variu Duch cial ha h W Iria, ially big Mla-ia, wr hlgically ir rm h r Iia a pra backwar a ha. Thy l ha hy rv a ir pliicalarragm ha wul ui hm pliically, cially a cmically.Furh, fwig rm h abv, hr wa h civiliig/acr mii,which l may Duch cial bliv ha h W Iriaia ugh b ur, wih Duch hlp, war l-rmiai a i-pc. I hi, hy wr uppr by Church, Fih, hr wr alh wh bliv ha v hugh Iia wa l a a clial r-riry, Th Nhrla cul ciu xpliig h pil clial-im v hugh i wa cu ly W Iria. Fially, r variu

pychlgical ra, hlig W Iria wa parly riv by h ham a humiliai may Duch cial l a h l Iia. Hlig par i rmr clial rriry wa aki hagig a a Aia Pwr, hpig ha i Iia uravl,h Th Hagu wul b giv h r chac rclaim i clialpi, h am mar, h Duch rur llwig h Japacqu i March 1942.

Whil h wr h variu ra prvi by Duch cial, b-w 1950 a 1962 h ragic imprac W Iria wa icra-igly rrr a h ky rai r r h Duch ciu prci h rriry v hugh h clizai rvlui wa i vguwrlwi. Thr ky argum wr ciuuly uiliz urig hipri. Fir, miliary ba i W Nw Guia, i wa argu, wul buul prc Duch cmic ir i Iia, i hy wr vrhra by a icraigly aialiic r cmmui gvrm i


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76 West Irian and the Suharto Presidency: a perspective

Jakara. Sc, h Duch argu ha hir prc i h rriry waimpra a i cribu h Amrica c ym i h rgi

cai Cmmuim. Thirly, h Duch argu ha hir prc ih rriry wul aguar Auralia ragic a curiy iri W Iria a Nw Guia, h rriry ajiig W Nw Guiaha Auralia hl a a ru rriry r h Ui Nai.

Frm Augu 1945 Nvmbr 1949, Auralia wa xrmly uppr-iv Iia a play a criical rl i hlpig Iia ai-ali cur ipc. Hwvr, wh i cam h iu WIria, h Labr Gvrm maiai a ural pur lig hDuch a Iia l i amg hmlv. Thi pii chaguamally wih h h Libral Gvrm ur Rbr

Mzi llwig h Dcmbr 1949 Fral lci. Blivig haW Iria wa vial imprac r Auralia curiy, h MziGvrm plicy wa uppr h pii h Duch a yh rriry Iia. 8

I h mai, rm Dcmbr 1949 righ up h im h rriry waurrr Iia, Auralia ciu argu i ha vial -curiy a ragic ir i W Iria a ha i hul all Iia. Auralia curiy plar prrr a Duch crl hrriry a i prvi a curiy bur rm Iia. Wh hr wr

ccr ha h Duch migh b abl hl h rriry rlg, Cabrra prp ihr a Duch-Auralia cmiium r va Duch rar h rriry Auralia. Auralia curiy plarargu ha W Iria wa vial Auralia curiy rm a umbr prpciv. Fir, h rriry wa bliv b par a impralik h rhr c crrir a a h mai curiy hra wa

bliv maa rm h rh, curig hi wa viw a bigvial r Auralia curiy. Thi wa al i ca wih Aural-ia rwar li c, implyig ha i rli wa ablih iSuha Aia, a wa vi i h plym Auralia rpi Kra, Viam a Malaya (lar, Malayia). A h curiy iuai

i Suha Aia wr wih pcially llwig Ma vicry iChia, h Frch a i Ichia a h ubrak variu cm-mui iurgci i Suha Aia, Cabrra ccr wih curiyi h rgi a h ar ha Iia-crll W Iria cul bu hra Auralia wa mhig ha wa cribl i h mi m Auralia ragic plar.9

Sc, Auralia bliv ha Iia crl W Iria wulgaivly ac i pii i h Auralia-amiir Trriry Papua a Guia. Scuriy plar i Cabrra viw Duch-crl-l W Nw Guia a a ragic bur prv Iia p-ial aggri awar. Thi wa b aricula by Mzi wh hargu, w wa rai yu [Nhrla] a ur ighbur i NwGuia a wa by bu yu. I ca w wih h I-ia ak vr. Thi maily mm rm h ar ha ly willIia rp wul ilra i Auralia-crll rriry i


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Papua a Guia, wr ill wa h ccr ha llwig Iiaakvr Duch Nw Guia, Iia rvluiary rvur wul

pra by h brr hraig Auralia crl h rriry.I hr wr, Cabrra al ar ha c Iia ccupi DuchW Guia, i wul b mp lay claim Ear Nw Guia.10

Whil publicly Auralia plicy makr wr cuig h cial-cul-ural irc bw Iia a h W Iriaia, i acualiyi wr h miliary-curiy acr ha wr upprm i hir mi.A Ju 1955 Cabi ubmii by Cay h gru r upprigh Duch pii ma hi appar:

W cir ha lgally hir vrigy i clarly ablih;ha hy mak g ighbur r ur w rriri i Ear

Nw Guia a ha i i irabl i h ir Auraliaw c ha W Nw Guia hul b i h ha a-Cmmui Gvrm. Iia i -Cmmui bu w ca b ur ha i will i h cur im cmi h Cmmui rbi.11

Y, i wa r h vry ragic a curiy ra ha h Auraliawr rc chag hir pii W Iria a accp Iiacrl h rriry. Whil h Auralia, lik h Duch, wul lik hl hir pii, by la 1959 a pcially ic la 1961,

vlpm i Iia a lwhr, rc Cabrra rviw ipii. Th igl bigg ar ha mia Auralia hikig wihrgar Iia, pcially i h Cl War ig wa ha Iiamigh all h Cmmui Pary Iia. Thi wa h wr cacari. Hwvr, by 1959, h Ui Sa a Auralia-upprpr-Mulim rbl Sumara a i Ea Iia wr a byh Iia miliary. A h am im, Wr uppr r h a-

bilizai Iia mrly rgh h ha h PKI, h vryhig ha h W wa avi. Hc, h blwback rm Wrplici hi pi, ha rc Wahig, L a Cabrra rviw hir plici war Iia. Nw h pii Duch Nw

Guia bcam paramu. I rr prv h PKI vicry i I-ia, a acical chag plicy k plac i h W a culmia iCabrra iacig il rm h Duch a i raliz ha bh Wah-ig a L wul cm i aiac hul war braku bw Iia a h Duch a Auralia vr W Guia.T brak u h ilai, Cabrra urk a ragic rviw aicraigly bga accp Iia crl W Iria.

I hr, Cabrra, lik Wahig a L ci ha h i-r h W Iriaia mu b prm h x ha ihra hir ir i Iia, a h lar wa ar mr impr-a ragically a gpliically. A h ragic imprac I-ia ar uwigh ha W Iria, Duch crl Nw Guiawa acric, rcig Cabrra acquic i a Iia akvr h rriry i 1962, wih all i arlir argum abu hiry, hic-iy a ragic imprac Auralia bcmig irrlva.


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I h bgiig, Wahig i rgar h mrgig Duch-I-

ia cfic vr W Iria b impra a aum ha h u-l bui clizai wul b vually l a wa agrup a h RTC. Fr Wahig, W Iria wa ragically uimpraa Iia imprac ar uwigh h largly backwar rriry.Al, a w i cl alli, h Duch a Auralia, wr ivlvi ppii Iia, Wahig prrr maiai a uralac a i wa a cfic amg i ri. A h am im, impraragic plar i Wahig ciu bliv ha W Iria waa ul pic rriry a ha Duch plici wr puig a rikhir vrriig vial ragic ir i Iia. Thy migh hav hc puhig h cury i h cmmui camp. Th US aw gh-

ig cmmuim a ar mr impra cmpar champiig r abackwar pic rriry ha h Duch ha all h yar glc,a wr bliv b hlig i r pychlgical a algicra. I viw hi, wh bh Th Hagu a Cabrra ri x- SEATO umbrlla vr W Iria, Wahig pp i.

S r a whil h Eihwr amiirai brach h ia pli-ig Iia, a a im i bliv Java b l h PKI.12 Hwvr,h US uppr r h rbl backr a h TNI quickly ahm by 1959. I ayhig, hr wa ar ha Iia wul b puh

v mr rgly h l a i h Svi camp a vi i hva cmic a miliary larg ha wa rhcmig rm Mcw.By h im h Ky amiirai r c, h cii wama cur Iia a h xp W Iria. A prvig I-ia all h cmmui bcam upprm, Wahig piv-al rl i h iu urac h am mar i i i 1949, i rcigTh Hagu gra Iia ipc. Thi im, hrugh h gc h US, h Duch wr impr up a ac-avig rmulawih W Iria big rarr Iia wih h ulima aim allig h PKI march pwr i h cury. Thi al all I-ia ry i h Svi camp.

Fllwig h Sc Wrl War, ach h majr akhlr i hW Iria pi bga prciv h rriry a impra. I wrpcially h miliary-curiy prpciv ha mar. Gpliicrmi h plici i h m ir capial. By 1962 , rm hcuriy prpciv, i wa cclu ha highr ir prvigIia rm big l h cmmui a allig i h Svirbi ica h rigrai W Iria wih h Rpublic a hah Duch a Auralia ha b brugh li a puh hiu ay urhr, ic i wul hav rul i h ablihm aSvi bachha i Suha Aia h rim h Ui Saa i alli. I h , h cirai curiiz W Iria rIia. S Sukar plici brikmahip ma him mrg ah wir. I wa a ac ha wa ly grugigly accp by h Ducha Auralia.


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DemographyPpulai aiic ar highly crvrial mar i W Iria. Ac-

crig L Laba Lajar, h pr Bihp Jayapura, hr i a -cy r h lcal ifa hir acual umbr r w mai ra.Th r i ha i abl hm ma mr acial a hr r-urc rm h cral gvrm. Th c ra i Sc, byclaimig ha h iigu ppulai i umrically larg i primarilyha i r hm a argum ma a largr har h ky pi-i a hr rurc a h lcal lvl, amly, prvicial, muicipala rgcy, a y hi hr, pcially h migra rm u-i W Iria.13 Accrig h ppulai cu i 1990, hr wr1,648,708 ihabia i W Iria. Th ir-cal ppulai urvy i1995 rcr a ppulai 1,942,627 ppl i W Iria. I 1998, hi

icra 2.1 milli ppl. A h 2000, hr wr 2,219,500ppl, rmig l ha 1 prc Iia al ppulai mr ha 225 milli. I 2003, h cial aiic iica ha hW Iriaia ppulai a 2,469,785 ppl.14 Accrig -cial prjci, h ppulai W Iria i xpc icra 2,556,419 a 2,646,489 i 2004 a 2005 rpcivly.15 Ev hugh aa prvic, W Iria ha a ppulai iy abu 5 pr prquar kilmr, i raliy, h iribui i qui uv wih BiakNumr havig a iy 229.26 pr quar kilmr, Yap Warp,33.74 a wih Fak-Fak a Mimika ly 2.30 a 2.98 rpcivly. Du

h gvrm-pr ramigrai prgramm, h prvicha h a grwh i ppulai gur i h la wca r . Thr ar mr ha 770,000 migra livig i W Iria,m wh ar rm h vr-ppula ila Java, Bali a Su-lawi. Th m havily ppula par h prvic ar h PaiaiLak iric a h Balim Vally h a, ara ha ar al h mhighly culiva. Ev hugh h mgraphic iz W Iria i rla-ivly mall, i cmplxiy a clavag ar mark a mia. Thiha alway ma rachig cu ay iu a ryig prjc aparly xplai Iia, a r lg, h Duch bli ha h ma v ym will hav gra iculi i big praial i

W Iria.

Social-CulturalTh W Iriaia culur i ivr, rfcig h hur hicgrup ha ccupy h rriry. W Iriaia ar i gral Mla-ia, hugh hy ar urhr ivi i mr ha 240 mallr hica culural grup. Dpi h wi a varyig culur ha ca bu i W Iria, h ri W Iria ca b grally ivii hr mai grup, h caal wllr, h r wllr a hwh liv plaau ara. Accrigly, h caal wllr p ag culivai a wll a hig r a icm. Th i h r- bai rm huig, hig rm lak a wll a mall culiva-i whil h livig plaau p maily mall agriculuralculivai.


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ReligionDu Duch, Briih a Grma clialim, h majriy W Iri-

aia ar Chriia v hugh aimim ciu b wily prac-ic. I rm rligi, i 1998 u a ppulai 2.164 milli,W Iria ha 1,171,297 Pra, 478,609 Cahlic, 452,214 Mulim,5,600 Hiu a 3,780 Buhi. Thi wrk abu 85 prc bigChriia a 15 prc Mulim. I h mai, h gral r ha

b uai vr h yar a i vi rm h aiic r rligiumiai i h prvic rm 1995 1999 i Tabl 1 a rm 2000 2003 i Tabl 2.

Table1:StatisticsofReligiousDenominationsinWestIrian,2000-2003

Year Protestants Catholics Muslims Hindus Buddhists2000 1,171,297 478,609 452,214 5,600 3,7802001 1,171,030 530,643 452,030 6,640 4,0852002 1,235,670 543,030 498,329 7,249 4,1232003 1,338,064 505,654 491,811 6,869 3,400

Source:PapuainFigures2003,p.200.

Accrig h prviial 2000 ppulai cu, 58.31 % h pp-ulai wa Pra, 24.08 % Mulim, 17.30 % Cahlic a 0.31 %hr.16 I 2003, h gur wr a llw: 57.0 % Pra, 21.55 %Cahlic, 20.96 % Mulim, 0.43 % hr. A h mai rligiu ivii W Iria bw Chriia a Mulim, h mai ccrai Mulim ppulai i u i h rgci Srg, Mrauk, Jayapu-ra, Makwari a wll a i h capial ciy Jayapura.Wha i clar rm h abv i h cficig rligiu gur r WIria a hi mrly crm h arlir am by Bihp L hahr i a l pliickig a maipulai a ar a h acual gur

ar ccr. Hwvr, wha i clarly vi i h miac hChriia, bh Pra a Cahlic, cmpar wih h Mulim.Th rmr ar a mia miriy, v hugh hr i a rg upi-ci ha h umbr Mulim i ar grar ha i cially ami.

Table2:PopulationConcentrationbyReligionin2003inWestIrian

Regency/Town Christians Muslims Total(plusothers)

%ofMuslims

Merauke 270,395 84,593 355,549 23.79 Jayawijaya 434,157 3,155 437,363 0.72 Jayapura 127047 53065 180805 29.34Paniai 147267 400 147690 0.27PuncakJaya 80904 680 81681 0.83


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Nabire 92642 28050 121286 23.12Fak-Fak 40521 52274 92966 56.22

Mimika 61066 38010 99259 38.29Sorong 55089 34940 90719 38.51Manokwari 154575 48762 205025 23.78

YapenWaropen 90040 9802 99967 9.80BiakNumfor 105794 12023 118213 10.17

Jayapura(capital) 107417 76143 186460 40.83Sorong(town) 76804 49914 128815 38.74

Total 1,184,371 491,811 2,345,798 20.96 Source:PapuainFigures2003,p.202.

Th gur hw ha, ulik Ea Timr, h -Chriia ppulaiha alway b rahr ubaial. Thi i ly u h ramigra-i r vluary migrai rm ui W Iria bu al u hac ha h wr par W Iria wa hirically, r lg, urh rig h Sula Tir, h l Ilamic ulaa i arIia. Thi accu r h izabl Mulim ppulai i wrW Iria, pcially i plac uch a Srg, Makwari a Fak-Fak.

Languages

Th prvic i hm mr ha 250 ub-grup. Du h ruggpgraphy, hirically W Iria ha b a ivi cury, laig h vlpm may para ribal culur, ach wih i wuiqu cum a laguag. Th mai laguag pk ar Dai,Ama, Ekari, Amugm, My Bra, Warp, Nimbra, Jagai, Auwyu,Tbai, Biak, Arak, Mi, Sgl, Karabra, Kbar, Ambrbkm, Sarmi,Sai, Mariaim, Yahray, Mab a Aya. Pliically pakig,mmig rm laguag irc a hr aribu, ca i-iy mr ha 20 culural pri i W Iria. I ur, h ca bub-ivi i 6- 7 culural ara.

Political SystemPrir h ivii W Iria i hr prvic, a ar a amii-raiv ivii wr ccr, hr wr w muicipalii (Jayapu-ra a Srg), 12 rgci (Mrauk, Jayapura, Jayawijaya, Nabir,Fakak, Makwari, Yap Warp, Biak Numr, Pucak Jaya, Paiai,Srg, a Mimika), 173 iric, 91 ub-iric a 2,803 villag.Sic h 1950, h rriry ha a umbr gvrr a llw: Za-ial Abii Syah (1956-61); P. Pamuji (1961-62); Elizr Bay (1963-64);Fra Kaiip (1964-73); Acub Zaial (1973-75); Sura (1975-81); BuiriSurywi (1981-82); Izaac Him (1982-88); Baraba Subu, (1988-93); Jacb Paipi (1993-98); Fry Numbri (1998-2001); a J.P.Sla(2001-pr).

O 13 Ocbr 1999, h Acig Miir Hm Aair, Fial Tajugiall Abraham Okaviu Aaruri a W Iria Jaya Gvrr aHrma Mim a Cral Iria Jaya Gvrr. Earlir, 16 Spmbr


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1999, h Hu ha pa a bill h ablihm hr prvic(Nrh Maluku, W Iria Jaya a Cral Iria Jaya) a 32 rgci

i law. Ur hi law, Iria Jaya wa pli i hr prvic W,Ea a Cral Iria Jaya. Ev hugh hi wa lar rci u W Iriaia ppii, Pri Mgawai rurrc h para-i W Iria i hr prvic i 2003.

Fllwig h 1999 gral lci, h w laig pliical pari iW Iria wr GOLKAR a h PDIP. A r rprai rm WIria h Hu Rpraiv, Prvicial a Rgial Parlia-m, GOLKAR crll 38.09%, 37.81% a 36.66% h a r-pcivly whil h PDIP crll 33.43%, 33.22% a 32.66% ha rpcivly.17

EconomyDpi big h urh rich prvic i Iia ar Ea Kalima-a, Jakara a Riau, h cmy W Iria i ill ially mi-a by primary iuri a h majriy h ppulai ciu b gag i agriculur a ar alk wih pvry. Exraci miral a agriculur mia W Iria cmy. I paricular,h xraci il, ga, cppr a gl i paricularly igica. Thlarg raaial miig cmpai aciv i xpliig miral ail i W Iria iclu Ui Oil, Amc, Agip, Cc, Phillip, E,

Txac, Mbil, Shll, Prmr Tr Explrai, Alaic Richl, SuOil a Frpr, Opphimr, Tal, Igl, Maraha Oil, Kpala Bu-rug, Dmii Miig, Aka Tambag, BHP, Cug RZ a CRA.M h miig cci ar iua i h Erbrg a Gra-

brg muai, h Paiai a Wil Lak rgi, Fak-Fak, h BalimVally, h Bir Ha wr ip a h PNG brr ara. I 1967,Frpr McMRa Cmpay Luiiaa, cur miig righ a M.Carz, whr i ar xpli h hug gl a cppr rrvha ha b xplr br. Prly, Frpr M Erbrg mii h c larg cppr mi i h wrl a cai h largprv gl pi i xic. A ar a il pi ar ccr, h

Agl-Duch rm Shll ha b miig i r mim.

O h agriculural i, culiva la ciu 2.49 % r 1,020,800hcar availabl la. W Iria mai agriculural pruc i-clu ric, cr, ccu, cca, palm il a carr. I 2002 al, hal ag h pruc amu 400857 mric .18 Aparrm h, chick, uck, pig a cal armig al ciu a largpri W Iria agriculural pruc. Ai rm i agriculuralla ara, much W Iria la ara i havily r. Th ila Nw Guia i amg h larg ara rpical rair l i hwrl. W Iria' r, rich i bi-ivriy, accu r apprxima-ly 34.6 milli hcar r 24 % Iia' al r ara 143milli hcar. O which, 27.6 milli hcar hav b iga apruci r.19 Frry h i a big urc icm r h I-ia gvrm. Amg h umru imbr lggig curi pra-ig i Iia iclu PT Djayai Grup, PT Bari Pacic Timbr


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83 Singh

Grup, PT Pria Grup, PT Kay Lapi Iia Grup, PT MuiaraGrup, PT Yu Lim Sari, PT Ara (Iia), Marubi, Sagi (Ja-

pa), a Mambram (Auralia).20

Th imbr bui i W Iriaal i ima a US$85.68milli21 aually. Th hug pr ha igra, ly xmpli h maiv rai ha i akigplac, bu hav al rai ccr abu h virmal graa-i ha hav rul.

Culture as the base of West Irians political anatomy.

Whil h ac W Iria aamy ar ma h ligh i hgral backrp W Iria, hy ar by ma xiv. Clarly,

W Iria i a cmplx a ivr a ay hr ciy. I wul lyb pru ha ay amp lv i h iu a ha mu cmpr-h h gral rai a rucur ha hav b brify cribabv. Hwvr, wha i icraigly icrabl i h um impr-ac culur a h bai W Iriaia pliic. Sic im immm-rial, ribal archicur ha alway rm h bai W Iria a ipliic. Failig apprcia hi will la a ailur ura hW Iriaia wrlviw a will amu hig mr ha uchigh uprcial apc W Iriaia ciy. Wr ill, i ca a hal miuraig a hi ca hav iaru cquc

pliic a gvrac. T ha x, ribal culural bli a pracic- rm h bai W Iriaia pliic. O ca pi ha ribal pliicr ribaliic, r hr, rm h bai W Iriaia pliic.

Accrig Willy Maw, h ky W Iriaia lar apr a h Miar h Papua Cucil, whavr rapir iW Iria, mu ak h ac ha hr ar ially 132rib, 257 laguag ha ca b cruc i 60 pr-yp la-guag a i ur ivi i w mai grup (Auria a Pa-pua r -Auria) a i ur, h whl culural bai WIria ca b ivi i 6 7 culural ara.22 A ay im, u h

imprac culur, h raiial pliical rucur rmai viallyimpra a hi ak ur mai rucur, amly,h pariarchal ym, h Ha rib, h Big Ma a h Ryalym. I rr maiai a mblac pac a ay im, allh ur lm W Iriaia ciy mu b igra i rr achiv a pliical quilibrium ba raii a culur.23 Whilmuch ha b wri W Iriaia culur a ribalim, hr ar aumbr ky apc ha hav barig pliic a hul b akcgiza . Fur paricular ar wrhy.

Fir a rm, hr i h ura W Iriaia ivr-iy. W Iriaia ar pra u vr h ila wih pri alu i Papua Nw Guia. Each rib ha i w uiqu aur a b l-cai. Sc, W Iriaia b iwar-lk-ig wih a wrlviw a li yl prmi raii, culur avariu riual a pracic. Th challg r ay pliical r cial-cul-


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ural auhriy i hw c-xi wih h culur a raii. WIriaia lik b cr a u hiry a ggraphy,

hav vlp a impl apprach a aiu war xral iaa v auhriy. Accrig Bihp L Laba Laja, h uwria ua c cuc a pricipl all W Iriaia i a im-pl : Aal jaga gagu kaga kami r a lg a yu hra ur pac, rala i hra ur li yl, blia valu ym, h W Iriaia rally car a ar mrha prpar accp whavr r whvr i h Payug(umbrlla)r vr-archig auhriy.

Thir, W Iriaia, u hir culur, rligi a valu ym aralway i qu harmy bw ma a aur, a bw h

micr a macr cm. A lg a hir li yl, culur a raiiar hra, W Iriaia bliv ha hy ar uccul i hirpurui harmy a i pac wih h cm. Fially, v hughhr ar harp clavag amg h W Iriaia, mmig rm i-r rib, rligi, laguag, bli ym, bw h highlara lwlar, bw h rh a uh, ilar a maila-r, braly pakig, W Iria ca b ivi i a umbr culuralara h bai h-liguiic characriic. Ev hugh wihia paricular culural ara, hr migh b irc, a lg a hr ar

bra cmpaibilii, a bai uiy a cxic ca b bai

a i hr ar cfic, h ca b rlv hrugh raiial ma rlui. Th Duch, u hir uraig a apprciai W Iriaia ahrplgy ivi h rriry i a umbr rg-ci, which wr largly crmiu wih h culural ara.24 Tay,laig W Iriaia al valu h imprac culural ara a hm a impra a apprpria gvrig ui. Wha hi alimpli i ha lik h Duch, i W Iria i b civly gvr, ihul al b pli up alg culural ara rahr ha m hr r-miig mchaim. D Flay, a laig W Iriaia aiali ah-culural pciali, ha ii v mai culural ara i WIria a llw: Sairri, Dbrai, Bmbrai, Ha-Aim, Tabi, Lai-Paq

a M-Paj.25

Wha h abv icui ha mra i ha h ky ur-aig a apprciaig W Iriaia pliic i hir culur. I WIria i b cmpar a paiig, h culur i h cava rgar-l wha i big raw. Whil h rawig ca chag, wha willrmai criical a largly prma i h cava, a hi i h h-culural aribu W Iria.

Suharto and the West Irianese issue

Suhar rl ca b b highligh by aalyig hi ivlvm i hir pha h pliical vlui W Iria.


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1945-1949 : the phase of revolutionary war against the DutchI hi pha, Suhar wa miimally ivlv i h W Iria iu a,

lik hr aiali, h wa mr prccupi wih h miliary rug-gl cu i Java. Hwvr, i i uul ha urig hi p-ri rvluiary war, Suhar wa appi a cmmar hhir war ara cmpaig Jgyakara rgi, h ill ccupi by hDuch. Hi curagu aci, wih h hlp h Sula Jgyakara, iz h capial h Rpublic, albi ly r a mr 6 hur, hlp cvic majr pwr ha h Rpublic Iia wa ali Duch ha. Tha paricular Suhar aci vually l hRu Tabl crc i Th Hagu. Thu, Suhar mrg rm hpri rvluiary war a a much applau hr. Lar hi am acmmar h hir war rgi l him h pricy.

Equally impra, c h miliary ruggl prv uccul, h acha W Iria rmai a Duch cly wa mhig ha ciu rubl may aiali a hi mu b mhig ha mu hav alimpac up him. A h wa lar lu, i Suhar wr, vric h Ru Tabl Crc ail icrpra W Iria i hRpublic Iia, h W Iria iu ha b a hr i h i h rpublic.26 Th ailur h Duch rar W Iria Iiawa cir a brayal by h rmr clial pwr a all r allgai a cpiraci wr allu a ar a Th Hagu mi-

vai wr ccr. Hr, u h Cl War a h W, p-cially h Amrica rlucac prur h Duch cliz hrriry wa viw a a ac ba aih a whr aachriic acwr big c upply by a pwr, h US, ha claim bai-clial i c.

1950-1961 : the phase of diplomacy in recovering West IrianDurig hi pha, Suhar wa al miimally ivlv i h W Iriaiu. A a laig gral, h wa mr prccupi wih h iriral challg rm variu gm, b i h Darul Ilam grup,h Wrlig rvl, c. Icraigly, h iabiliy a ailur Jakara

rgai h rriry hrugh bilaral a mulilaral iplmacy, p-cially a h Ui Nai, l h highig milia aial-im a hi wa xpli by Sukar clia hi mic pwr

ba. Thi culmia i h cllap Iia mcraic xpri-m, ai i par by h wak cmy a Amrica-uppr pa-rai mvm i Sumara a Sulawi. A Sukar miliacy a

brikmahip wih rgar h W Iria iu ii a h pub-lic wa mbiliz i uppr hi ai-Duch avur, aiali r-vur rach a w high a whr all gm ciy, icluigh miliary, wr mbiliz a ui i rgaiig W Iria by rci cary. Ev hugh h wa ircly ivlv i h W Iriacfic a hi ag, Suhar am a prig ciu ri. Thipri wi Suhar ri h prigiu p Cmmar Dipgr ivii wih h rak Majr Gral. Du hi ama cmmar h hir war ara (whrkri III)), i plac him ramg qual h hr gral. A uch i wa urpriig ha


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Sukar appi him a Cmmar h Maala Oprai akwih h rcvry W Iria rm h Duch.

1961-1963: the phase of military pressure and the successful recovery of WestIrianAgai h backrp Sukar aial mbiliai rcvr WIria by all ma, Suhar ircly r i h W Iria ray. O 19Dcmbr 1961, Sukar cr h ablihm h Ppl TriplCmma r Tri Kma Rakya (Trikra). Th praial cmma Trikra wa call Kma Maala Pmbbaa Iria Bara r hMaala Cmma r h Librai W Iria wih Majr-GralSuhar a i Cmmar. A Cmmar h Maala Cmma,Suhar primary ak wa mbiliz a mak prparai r h u

h miliary rgai crl W Iria by 1 Jauary 1963. I prpa-rai r hi, h Maala Cmma, which wa a cmbi arm cm-ma, bga la, air a a ilrai i W Iria. Suhar maiak wa pla r Oprai Jayawijaya, a ull-cal ji amphibi-u aaul libra W Iria by cqurig Biak, h my maipwr ba.27 Th ilrai a h variu air a aval praicvic h Amrica ha war wa immi a hi rc Wah-ig prur h Duch u r a gia lm. Th Bu-kr al cclu 15 Augu 1962 ma ha Oprai Jayawijayawa abr a Suhar pla miliary akvr W Iria vr

vua. Sill, i Suhar viw: Alhugh h Ui Nai mi-a h rar crl vr W Iria, h rul hul b aribu ur rg rmiai a raic aci ak. Wih h JayawijayaOprai, w brk hrugh h iplmaic impa a rur WIria h prci h Rpublic Iia.28

1963-1965 : the phase of preliminary Indonesian dominationHavig uccully vr h iiial icrprai W Iria ih Rpublic, Suhar wa ply a h Cmmar KOSTRAD. Ihi capaciy, h ha miimal ivlvm wih rgar h W Iriaiu. Thugh ly miimally ivlv i h iu, h wa ully awar

h implicai ha h gvrm wul ac a a cquc h Bukr al a h Nw Yrk agrm. H wa al ully awar h pibl ivlvm KOSTRAD i h implmai hai agrm i h ac ha bh civilia a miliary mplacmi W Iria a wll a h riig ppii W Iria icrpraii Iia, pcially rm h ac pliical li rai by hDuch.

1965-1969: the phase of challenge in the pre-Act of Free Choice EraThi pri aw h ri Suhar a acig pri by cr ha waiu by Sukar a lar, big ciuially lc h pri-cy. Pychlgically, hi rpr a majr rarmai Suhar-, wihi a yar, rm a miliary ma i a pliicia, havig a Javaculural backgru. Agai hi backrp a pliicia-cum- Java--cum-miliary backgru, all hi plici wih rgar W Iriahul b ur a aalyz. I hi pha, hr criical vlp-


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m k plac ur h iiial pri Suhar pliical lar-hip i Iia. Fir, h W Iriaia ppii Iia rul

brk u miliarily wih h OPM bcmig h wr barr. Sc,Jakara ig h iiial crac wih Frpr, givig i cci xpli h cppr a gl miral. Thir, h crvrial Ac FrChic wa cuc ha W Iria lgal a ciuialigrai i h Rpublic Iia a whr h Ui Naiaci hi by akig wha ha rapir.

1969-1998 : the phase of total Indonesian domination in the post-Act of FreeChoice EraA Suhar wa ircly ivlv i W Iria igrai i I-ia hrugh h Maala Cmma, h ha m kwlg wha h

rriry wa all abu. A h rfc lar i hi pricy: I mar vlpm, i i ru ha W Iria rv pcial ai. I1962, h rgi bcam a par h Rpublic [acually ru a iwa ur h Ui Nai]. I wa h h yug prvichaha ch igra wih u hrugh a pcial prc. Wh lk-ig clly a h iuai, W Iria wa laggig 17 yar bhi hrpar Iia, a ruly backwar rgi. I wa by chac ha I cam kw abu h xac cii hr bcau a Maala Cmma-r I ha ravl hrughu h rgi. - - - Wh h Nw Orr gvr-m bga i aial vlpm prgram, I pai pcial ai

W Iria. I ma h cii ha h prvic mu b abl qualh achivm hr rgi. Subquly, i aii h vl-pm bug allca r h prvicial gvrm, u ar wprvi r h cruci vlpm prjc ur PriialIruci uch a r primary chl a halh cr. I aii,hr i a upplmary bug r h acclrai rgial vlp-m.

T hi ay, Iria Jaya i giv pcial ram i rm vlpmpririy a uig i cmpari wih hr prvic. Ohr rgi vy hi plicy bcau W Iria i wll bhi hm all i

mar vlpm. Th rgi rally rv a pcial plicy avlpm aiac. Thi i carri u by h Miir Hm A-air a i a pliical cii. W Iria mu b abl a h rui i rm i h hr pibl im. Evry i wlcm r himl hw h rgi i prgrig.29

I valuaig Suhar rl i W Iria, hr ar may apprach ca ap. O uul mh wul b aaly h pliical, c-mic, cial-culural, virmal a miliary-curiy plici hawr ap urig h Nw Orr ra. Wha ca cclu abuh impac h plici? Hw civ hav hy b i ar-ig h pcial prblm W Iria, b i rm h vlpmal rrui rm prpciv? Whavr pii ak, wha ca

b i i ha hr ha b a gig cfic i h rriry rmh mm i wa icrpra i Iia. Th cau ar may awha rmai b ba i h x which h Suhar gvr-


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m wa rpibl r h prblm? Or, ar h r mr p-ai hiry r imply a uci h aur h rriry a i ppl.

Th will b xami i h llwig ci.

Suharto and the rise of West Irians opposition.

Th Orgaiai Papua Mrka, OPM r Orgaiai r IpPapua prc wa h igl m impra imy ha hr wappii Jakara plici, v lgiimacy, i W Iria. Fr mayW Iriaia, h havr h Duch Iia mrly rprh paig crl rm clial pwr ahr. Th OPM ai upprr viw Jakara rlaihip wih h rriry a hig

mr ha a xpliaiv , a hc, h ruggl. I m way,hr i agrm amg may aaly ha larg-cal xpliai ha

b akig plac wih vry lil b big accru h lcal h prvic. Accrig Aam Schwarz: I 1985, i (Iria Jaya) hah ixh high pr capia gr mic pruc amg Iia27 prvic bu al ha h high icic rural pvry. Iamraliy i Iria Jaya i 133 pr hua, 85 pr c abv h aialavrag: li xpcacy i ju 48 yar. Th ppl i h hu callIria Jaya h i hr hu bu ar hmlv arvig. D yuhik hi i air? ak Iria Jaya highly rgar gvrr Baraba

Subu i a 1991 irviw. Th gvrm mu mr mak hivm clima i Iria Jaya mr araciv. Iv ak r ax hli-ay, w cri, c. bu Im ill waiig r a awr, h ai.30

Agai hi backrp, a umbr prblm a acr hav ull hparai challg i W Iria. Th mai big :1. Dvlpm urvlpm. I may way, h grivacamg h ppl bga righ ar h igrai W Iria ih Rpublic Iia mmig rm cmic ra. I h p-ri 1950 1962, h Duch Gvrm p lavihly iraruc-ur a hr ci-cmic prjc, givig h lcal wha hy hav

vr xpric br, amly, cmic prpriy. Th much ua rv larg wa vry much apprcia paricularly amgh Iria aiali li. Hwvr, righ ar h rar pwr,W Iria wa plac ur h amiirai UNTEA which amghr hig ciu vlpig h ara v hugh vry lil ricklw a hi graly agr h Papua aiali. Wih Iiai ull crl h rriry, h b rm h cmic ap almca a ly h lcal cri Iia a ky pwr hlrrm Jakara b rm h walh h prvic. Thi prvia majr urc agr a i mhig ha ha ciu ul hparai ruggl.2. Flig racial icrimiai. Th W Iriaia l ha hy havvry lil rm maag hir w cmmuii a acualihmlv, a h ky a lucraiv pii i gvrm bi apriva cmpai ar mia by -W Iriaia. I hr, hri a lig big cli by hr Iia, may wh uru-aly al happ b -Chriia.


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3. Th aggriv xpliai aural rurc (cppr, gl, im-br) irrpciv lcal ir a raii. Thi i b ymbli

by Frpr Iia, a Amrica cmpay ha lirally mia hW Iria cmy a which ha b praig i cllui wih hIia Gvrm, pcially urig h Suhar ra. N ly arh ir, raii a la wrhip righ h W Iriaiaigr, wha i wr, vry lil b hav accru hm, wihW Iria crib a a raur hu bu whr h lcal ar rappi h cycl pvry.4. Grwig mgraphic imbalac bw ramigra a hlcal, wih h rmr big giv all h privilg a acc, vry - a h xp h lcal. Thr i ar amg h W Iriaiaha hr i a agr hm bcmig mirii i hir w la,

pcially h mr aggriv a capabl hic grup rm hrpar Iia, pcially h Bugi a Bali.5. Grwig uhappi i h mar W Iria bcam par I-ia wih h Ac Fr Chic big crib a hig mr haTh Ac N Chic, hrby challgig h lgal bai W Iriaigrai r rrai i Iia.6. Gr vilai huma righ by h curiy apparau, pcial-ly h miliary wh cucig prai agai h OPM a h-r grup ppig Iia pliical a cmic prc i hprvic. Th murr Thy Eluay a hr laig aiali wa

ympmaic hi abu.

Evaluating Suhartos role in the West Irian issue.

I hiigh, h mar Suhar apprach h W Iria iu havari cquc a implicai r Iia, h rriry appl W Iria, a i ur, hi ha ramicai r Iiaimag a aig wrl-wi. O ca bh pragi a a-agi war Suhar W Iria plicy.

Successes1. Succ i kpig W Iria wihi h NKRI l.2. Iiia larg cal pliical, cmic a cial-culural rar-

mai W Iria, makig i a mr ciy alg h li hr prvic wihi a rlaivly hr im ram.

3. Urk maiv irarucur vlpm i h prvic, -pcially i rm builig ra, chl, hpial a plac wrhip.

4. Chag W Iria rm a ragic backwar i a ky cr cmic vlpm by pluggig i i h aial a glbalcmy.

5. Trmia h W Iria iu i mic a iraial pliic(a la iiially), igallig h h rvlui a achiv-m Iia rririal uiy.

6. Wihi limi brugh W Iria civil rva a miliary prl h aial lvl by givig hm a ppruiy paricipa icii makig a h variu lvl.


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Failures1. A igrai wa largly achiv hrugh miliary ma, h TNI

wa giv a mia rl i W Iria a i ciy, a hi wa hav ir cquc i h lg rm i rm Jakara-WIria rlai u h miac curiy rahr ha pr-priy apprach i maagig W Iria.

2. Wa uabl apprcia h cmplxiy W Iria ciy, i par-icular, h mb aur i ribalim.

3. Urima h x a ph W Iria aialim, -pcially u plici h la Duch Gvrr, Plal, whichprvi h lcal wih a hp l-rmiai a ip-c.

4. Urmi raiialAdat-ri ciy hrugh pliical, c-

mic a cial-culural plici, pcially by ablihig a highlycrali amiiraiv rucur, prciv a a Java ra-pla (Bupai, Cama, Lurah, c) ha ha r i W Iria awr ill, urcu a margiali h raiial lar.

5. Wa uabl igra W Iria i h largr Iia ciy,igallig a ailur i wiig h har a mi h ppl.

6. Fail crl h Iia Arm Frc a hr lm h cral gvrm ha harm W Iria a i ppl.

7. Dpi igraig W Iria i h aial cmy, cmi-cally h ppl barly b a hr wa miimal rickl-w

c. Dvlpmal-ri plici backr a h ppl pr-civ hm a big -cli by Jakara.8. Ap Duch plici ivi a rul wihu uraig

h paraigm W Iria ciy a hi ha iaru lg rmcquc i rm cr-rgial rlai.

9. Ap a aiu upririy a hic r-ypig, i c,apig a civiliig mii mri h ppl W Iria,i ur, craig maiv iaci i h rriry.

10. Fail ac ciivly agai h rampa crrupi i W Iriaa alm vry cr a lvl h lcal gvrm.

11. Fail rapir g gvrac i h prvic.

Conclusion

I ummary, h mrgc W Iria a a fahpi i Iia haa lgaig hiry a i cau by a umbr acr, h mai big h prciv pliical hgmy Jakara ha urmih lcal, h prcpi h maily Chriia W Iriaia ha I-lamic Iia i hraig hir li yl a culur, h ii-iv mar variu gvrm-pr ramigrai prgrammhav b implm a h xp h lcal, h grwig mar-gialiai h lcal, pcially hir acc raiial la haar big ccupi by rig muliaial a -W Iriaia, hiicrimia u rc by h curiy apparau, wih h I-ia miliary big icraigly viw a a ccupai rc a mimpra all, h ri iru Jakara a all lvl ciy. I i


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agai hi backgru ha may hav argu, v ar, ha hr ih agr ha W Iria may g h am way Ea Timr wa l.

I viw h rgly hl grivac, rm h prpciv hW Iria aiali a ppii, hir challg Jakara i a l-giima a h rriry ha alray clar i ii bcma l-gvrig rriry. Thi, accrig h W Iria ppiiwa vi i h 1961 prclamai ipc, h uvilig h W Iria fag a aial ahm. W Iria aiali arguha hy ar cii, a ubb by Jakara a h curiy ap-parau a hy ar ly lgiimaly rclaimig wha blg hm,amly, hir vrigy ha ha b ujuly uurp rm hm. ThW Iria ppii ha argu ha bh h Duch a Iia, wih

h uppr h Ui Nai, Ui Sa a i alli uch aAuralia bray h ru h W Iriaia a r g-pliical ag-ragic ra ha h rriry Iia. Hc, h uiagai bh h Nhrla a Iia, h rmr a pr c-cupyig pwr. Th W Iria ppii ha argu ha bh h Ducha Iia ar a aul a h urc h pr prblm i WIria a hy i ak cgiac h iuai a apirai h W Iriaia a wr xpr i 1961, amly ha hy waipc. T ha x, h iu prcpi i a impra a h W Iriaia aiali bjc big labll a cii a

hy bliv ha hy ar ly claimig wha i hir ialiabl righ ipc a vrigy i W Iria.

endnotes

1 I hi uy, W Iria rr h pic rriry ha h Duch arlir

rrr a Nhrla Nw Guia. Thi wa lar ram W Iria r

Iria Bara. I 1973, Suhar ram h rriry Iria Jaya. I h p-Su-

har pri, h prvic wa ram Papua. Sic h h rriry wa

pli i hr prvic, r by Pri B.J. Habibi a lar, PriMgawai Sukarpuri. Th rriry ha b cllcivly rrr a Iri-

a Jaya r W Iria a Papua i mrly h hr w prvic wihi

i. Th ppl h rriry ca b rrr a W Iriaia, Iriaia r

v Iria. Sm hav cllcivly rrr hm a Papua.

2 S Ja H. Ramal, Dari Samuraa K Iria Jaya, (Jayapura, Iria Jaya:

CV. Bula Biag, 1999), p. 9.

3 Ibi, pp. 20-21.

4 Ibi, p. 3 a pp. 81-84.

5 Fr ail, Iria Jaya i Figur 2000, (Jayapura, Iria Jaya: Baa Pr-

caaa a Pgalia Pmbagua Darah Prpii Iria Jaya a

Baa Pua Saiik Prpi Iria Jaya, 2001), pp. 3-9.

6 Ibi, p. 29.

7 Thi hikig wa aply capur by J.A.C. Macki wh h argu: Th ra-

ial bhi Iia ca wa prcly raighrwar: hr claim

Iria Jaya riv rm h cral pricipl aialim a ai-cl-


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ialim up which hr rvlui agai h Duch ha b ugh. T

aba h claim wul hav b y h pricipl a a im wh

h vry uiy h ragil w a p maiaiig h pricipl aialim a paramu i h ac pially cii rgial

ii mvm. Iia bliv ha i puruig hir claim

Iria Jaya hy wr mrly ryig gai crl vr rriry ha hul

hav b rcgiz a righully hir rm h u. Th Duch wr

hugh b hlig W Nw Guia r br ra ha u

i a a ba rm which hy cul ubvr a ragm h w Rpublic

Iia pcially by irrig up rubl i h Mlucca a h hr a-

r ila h archiplag. Th Duch ri y Iia claim by

rig h racial irc bw Iia Java r Sumara a

h Mlaia ihabia W Nw Guia, bu Iia rgar hi

a irrlva, ic hy hmlv wr hically a hrgu buch

a hy i rgar racial aii a h rmiig criria hir a-

ih. S J.A.C. Macki, D Iia hav xpaii ig

Papua Nw Guia?, i R.J. May (.), Bw Tw Nai: Th Iia-

Papua Nw Guia Brr a W Papua Naialim, (Bahur, N.S.W.:

Rbr Brw a Acia, 1986), p. 69.

8 Thi wa aricula by h Auralia Frig Miir Prcy Spr a

llw: Th Auralia Gvrm rgar Duch Nw Guia a

rmig par Iia. W bliv ha h ppl W Nw Guia

hav lil i cmm, xcp a pa cmm amiirai, wih h p-

pl Iia. Thir vlpmal prblm ar para a h lvl pliical vlpm cia placig hm i a cagry qui ir

rm h Ui Sa Iia. I ac, w rgar Duch Nw Guia a

havig much i cmm rm a hic, amiiraiv a vlpm

pi viw wih ur w rriri Nw Guia a Papua. S Ci

i C.L.M. Pr, p. 301.

9 Thi wa clarly a by Prcy Spr i h llwig rm: Expric

ha hw h Auralia hw ragically vial Auralia c i

h maila Nw Guia. I hav pi u br ha w ca alr

ur ggraphy which r all im mak hi ara uprm cquc

Auralia. Qui apar rm i miliary a ragic igicac, ca

irgar h vr-icraig Cmmui prur i Aia. Cmmuim ha g ay hl y i Auralia Nw Guia. Auralia i rmi

i ar a i ca ur ha i will . Ci i L. Mzmakr, Th

Wr Nw Guia Prblm, Pacic Aair, Vl. 24, N. 2, (Ju 1951), pp.

139-140.

10 Frig Miir Prcy Spr argu i Augu 1950: I h claim I-

ia Duch Nw Guia wr cc ay gr a all, i wul b

a mar im, mar hw gui may b aurac h crary,

wh h claim will b puh urhr a iclu h ru rriry

Auralia Nw Guia a i ppl. Ci i C.L.M. Pr, p ci, p.

306.

11 Ci i Pr Ewar (wih Grgry Pmbr, Cri a Cmmim:

Th Pliic a Diplmacy Auralia Ivlvm i Suha Aia

Cfic, 1948-1965, (Syy: All a Uwi, 1992), p. 201.

12 S Aury R. Kahi a Grg McT.Kahi, Subvri A Frig Plicy:

Th Scr Eihwr a Dull Dbacl i Iia, (Nw Yrk: Th Nw


21/21


Pr, 1995).

13 Auhr irviw wih Bihp L Laba Lajar i Jayapura, 18 April 2005.

14 S Papua i Figur 2003, (Jayapura: Baa Pua Saiik Prvii Papua,2003), p. 90.

15 Ibi, p. 97.

16 Ibi, p. 129.

17 Ibi, p. 54.

18 S hp://g.papua.g.i/prl/?halama=8&i=3

19 S hp://www.c.uxa.u/ur/cli/papua/rai.hm

20 S hp://www.c.uxa.u/ur/cli/papua/rai.hm

21 Eima ar riv rm h valu imbr pr mric mulipli by

h avrag aual imbr pruci i Papua.

22 Irviw wih Mr. Willy Maw i Jayapura, Papua, 18 April 2005.

23 Ibi.

24 Durig h rig Gvrr P.J. Plal, h Duch ivi Papua, r i

ur a lar, ix rici. Th vh ricy rrr h r-

gi ha wr ur brvai a hir a wa y b ci. Th

ix rici wr Hllaia, Glvikbaai, W Niuw Guia, Fak-ak,

Zui Niuw Guia a Craal Brgla. Th rgi ur brvai

wr kw a Explrai-rr iclu Wlijk Brgla, Mi Br-

gla, Bkii Swarvalli, Nr-O W Balim a Olijk

Brgla. S Jh RG Djpari, Pmbraka Orgaiai Papua Mrka,

(Jakara: PT Gramia Wiiaaraa Iia, 1993), p. 28.

25 S D A.L.Flay, Sikriai UU-RI Uuk Papua: Iia Tampil BaPrvii-Prvii Ou Diuru Mri Khuu Papua, (Jakara: Balai Pu-

aka, 2004), p. 11. Fr a mr ail uy, D A.L.Flay, Ehgra

Papua: Pgahua Sial Buaya Bagi Maajm Pmbagua a

Pmriaha, (Jakara; Balai Puaka, 2002), pp. 48-59.

26 Shar: My Thugh, Wr a D: A Aubigraphy, a l

G.Dwipayaa a Ramaha K.H., (Jakara: PT.Cira Lamr Gug Praa,

1991), p. 85.

27 Ibi, p. 89.

28 Ibi, p. 91.

29 Ibi, pp. 91-92.

30 Ci i Aam Schwarz, A Nai I Waiig: Iia Sarch Fr Sabiliy,(S.Lar, N.S.W. All a Uwi, 1999) p. 64.

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