Western Europe in Western Europe in the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages

600 to 1450600 to 1450

The Franks The Franks FranksFranks were a were a

GermanicGermanic tribe united tribe united after fall of Western after fall of Western Roman EmpireRoman Empire

– Roman CatholicRoman Catholic– capital in capital in ParisParis

732732: : Charles MartelCharles Martel defeated Muslims at defeated Muslims at Battle of ToursBattle of Tours

Martel founded Martel founded Carolingian DynastyCarolingian Dynasty

Charles I the Charles I the GreatGreat

– crowned ‘Holy crowned ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ Roman Emperor’ by popeby pope

– CharlemagneCharlemagne Holy Roman Holy Roman

EmpireEmpire– Otto the GreatOtto the Great– Confederation of Confederation of

Germanic feudal Germanic feudal statesstates

The Franks The Franks

NormansNormans

Settled in Settled in Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Russia, Sicily, and Russia, Sicily, and northern France northern France (Normandy)(Normandy)

Fought with Fought with Byzantine Empire for Byzantine Empire for control of southern control of southern ItalyItaly

1066: 1066: William the William the ConquerorConqueror invaded invaded Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon EnglandEngland

Norman Migrations and Norman Migrations and InvasionsInvasions

FeudalismFeudalism FeudalismFeudalism

– Kings granted Kings granted fiefsfiefs to vassals for military service

– Swore oaths of fealty– Peasants worked land in

exchange for protection

FeudalismFeudalism

ChivalryChivalry: honor-based system: honor-based system Patriarchal Patriarchal = male-dominated= male-dominated PrimogeniturePrimogeniture = oldest male son = oldest male son

inherits landinherits land Women and peasants had few rightsWomen and peasants had few rights

Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class TownsTowns

– Independent of feudal estatesIndependent of feudal estates– Middle class merchants = Middle class merchants = burghersburghers– Allied with other cities and towns for Allied with other cities and towns for

protectionprotection– Hanseatic League Hanseatic League controlled trade controlled trade

throughout Northern Europethroughout Northern Europe

Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League

Art and architecture:Art and architecture: RomanesqueRomanesque GothicGothic (flying (flying

buttresses, vaulted ceilings)buttresses, vaulted ceilings) Gregorian chantsGregorian chants

ReligionReligion ScholasticismScholasticism = = use of reason to use of reason to understand religionunderstand religion

St. Thomas St. Thomas Aquinas Aquinas (1225-(1225-1274)1274)

– Summa TheologicaSumma Theologica– faith and reason are faith and reason are

not incompatible, not incompatible, both are gifts from both are gifts from GodGod

HeresyHeresy– religious practices or religious practices or

beliefs that do not beliefs that do not conform to Churchconform to Church

The CrusadesThe Crusades First Crusade (1099 CE)First Crusade (1099 CE)

– Letter from Byzantine Letter from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I to Emperor Alexius I to Pope Pope Urban IIUrban II asking for help asking for help

– Crusaders captured Crusaders captured Nicaea, Antioch, Edessa, Nicaea, Antioch, Edessa, and Jerusalemand Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1144 Second Crusade (1144 CE)CE)

– Crusaders defeated by Crusaders defeated by Turks in Asia MinorTurks in Asia Minor

– Survivors travel on to Holy Survivors travel on to Holy LandLand

– Ruined relations with the Ruined relations with the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Muslim JihadMuslim Jihad Re-ConquestRe-Conquest

– Saladin overthrows Saladin overthrows Fatimid Fatimid CaliphateCaliphate in Egypt and in Egypt and establishes establishes Ayubbid Ayubbid DynastyDynasty

– Defeats Crusader army at Defeats Crusader army at Battle of HattinBattle of Hattin in 1187 in 1187 CECE

– Recaptures city of Jerusalem Recaptures city of Jerusalem in 1189 CEin 1189 CE

The CrusadesThe Crusades Third Crusade (1189-97 CE)Third Crusade (1189-97 CE)

– English King English King Richard I the LionheartRichard I the Lionheart defeats Saladin defeats Saladin but cannot recapture Jerusalembut cannot recapture Jerusalem

– Treaty guaranteeing safety of pilgrimsTreaty guaranteeing safety of pilgrims Fourth Crusade (1204 CE)Fourth Crusade (1204 CE)

– Crusaders cannot afford to pay Venetians for Crusaders cannot afford to pay Venetians for their fleettheir fleet

– Campaign is diverted to ConstantinopleCampaign is diverted to Constantinople– Byzantine Empire is overthrown by CrusadersByzantine Empire is overthrown by Crusaders

Sixth Crusade (1213-21 CE)Sixth Crusade (1213-21 CE)– Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Frederick II

HohenstaufenHohenstaufen recaptures Jerusalem through recaptures Jerusalem through diplomacydiplomacy

Bubonic Plague (Black Bubonic Plague (Black Death)Death)

Originated in Originated in ChinaChina, where it , where it killed est. 35 million peoplekilled est. 35 million people

Spread via Mongol-controlled Spread via Mongol-controlled Silk RoadsSilk Roads Italy Italy

Crowded cities, poor Crowded cities, poor sanitation, and limited sanitation, and limited medical knowledgemedical knowledge

1/31/3 of Europe’s population of Europe’s population was dead in 30 yearswas dead in 30 years

People lost faith in the power People lost faith in the power of the of the ChurchChurch

Emergence of Nation-Emergence of Nation-StatesStates

IntroductionIntroduction

In Middle Ages, Europe was not In Middle Ages, Europe was not organized in nation-states; rather organized in nation-states; rather feudal kingdomsfeudal kingdoms

By end of Middle Ages, western By end of Middle Ages, western Europe starts to organize along Europe starts to organize along cultural and linguistic linescultural and linguistic lines

Germany and Italy became Germany and Italy became decentralized in a group of small decentralized in a group of small independent townships and independent townships and kingdomskingdoms

EnglandEngland

1215: English nobles force King John to 1215: English nobles force King John to sign the sign the Magna CartaMagna Carta

reinstated feudal rights of noblesreinstated feudal rights of nobles extended rule of law to other peoplesextended rule of law to other peoples foundation for foundation for ParliamentParliament: : House of Lords (nobles and Clergy)—House of Lords (nobles and Clergy)—

legal issues, advised kinglegal issues, advised king House of Commons (knights and House of Commons (knights and

wealthy landowners)—trade and wealthy landowners)—trade and taxationtaxation

FranceFrance England occupation of England occupation of

French-speaking lands led French-speaking lands led to revolts and statehoodto revolts and statehood

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc led French army led French army to victory against British at to victory against British at OrleansOrleans

Hundred Years War (1337-Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England 1453) between England and Franceand France England England retreatsretreats

France unified under France unified under BourbonBourbon Dynasty of Dynasty of monarchsmonarchs

SpainSpain Spain was divided Spain was divided

between between threethree kingdoms kingdoms and two religions and two religions (Christian and Muslim)(Christian and Muslim)

Isabella married Isabella married Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon

Non-Christians (Jews and Non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) forced to Muslims) forced to convertconvert or or leaveleave; start of ; start of Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

New unity and energy led New unity and energy led to imperial quest to to imperial quest to spread Spanish language spread Spanish language and religion to new lands and religion to new lands