today’s objectives: identify effects of the germanic invasions on the western roman empire....

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Identify effects of the Germanic invasions on the western Roman Empire.• Explain Germanic ideas about government and describe the first Frankish king.• Show how Christianity spread among Germanic peoples.• Summarize events leading to the rise of the Frankish kingdom.• Describe the rise and fall of Charlemagne’s empire.

Ch. 13: MIDDLE AGES –

Section 1: Germanic Kingdoms Unite

under Charlemagne

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !• WARM-UP – Read Textbook p. 316 Interact with History: “Peasant’s Life” • INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 317-321 / packet p. 1• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 13, Section 2-3 and complete p. 3-4 in packet

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History

Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50

According to your homework reading, Which of the Germanic

tribes would settle in Gaul and

be the first to convert to

Christianity?

Medium aevum -- Medieval or The Middle Ages

476 A.D. - Roman empire in Western Europe collapses. Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus surrenders to the German general Odovacar.

The period from 500 – 1500 A.D. in Europe is known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period.

The CLASSICAL Period ends with the fall of the Roman Empire in the West!

The MEDIEVAL Period in Western European history now begins!

CH 13 Section 1, “Invasions Trigger Changes in Europe” Textbook p. 317

Effects of Germanic Invasions on Western Europe• Disruption of Trade – businesses failed, money worthless, no available goods.• Cities abandoned – no government officials or security; frightened people fled.• Population shifts – move to rural areas to grow food / become self-sufficient. • Decline of Learning – few are literate and classical Greek knowledge fades. • Loss of Common language – different dialects and Romance languages develop

List the Effects

found on p. 317

STUDY for Short Essay !

CH 13 Section 1, “Germanic Kingdoms Unite” Textbook p. 318; Packet p. 1

Read, “The Concept of Government Changes” p. 318

Loyalty to government and written laws that once unified Roman societynow disappeared.

Family ties and personal loyalties, rather than citizenship in a State, now bound Germanic peoples together in small communities.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

The Germanic stress on personal ties to local leaders made it impossible for one single ruler to establish orderly government for large territories.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/contents.html

CH 13 Section 1, “Germanic Kingdoms Unite” Textbook p. 318

Recognizing aTurning Point in History

In the old Roman province of Gaul, a Germanic people called the Franks took power.

The leader of the Franks, Clovis would convert to Christianity –creating the first alliance between one of the Germanic peoples and the Christian Pope in Rome.

TEXTBOOK, p. 318: Read about the conversion of Clothilde, Clovis’ wife,and finally the baptism of Clovis and 3,000 of his Frankish warriors.


CH 13 Section 1, “Germanic Kingdoms Unite” Textbook p. 318; PACKET p. 1


The leader of the Franks, Clovis would convert to Christianity –creating the first alliance between one of the Germanic peoples and the Christian Pope in Rome.TEXTBOOK, p. 318:

Read about the conversion of Clothilde, Clovis’ wife,and finally the baptism of Clovis and 3,000 of his Frankish warriors.


1. What role did the Church play in helping Clovis conquer other Germanic peoples?

After Clovis converted to Christianity, the Church gave its support to his military campaigns against other Germanic peoples – in order to convert them.

The strategic alliance between Clovis’ Frankish Kingdom and the Church now marked the beginning of a special partnership between two powerful forces – the sacred and the secular; the religious and the political the Church and those Kings who bowed to it!

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Germanic Peoples Adopt Christianity” Text p. 318; PACKET p. 1


REASONS GERMANIC PEOPLE ADOPT CHRISTIANITY

• The Franks - first to convert, and with the Church’s blessing (and military aid) converted other German peoples.

• Missionaries – risked their lives traveling among the Germanic and Celtic groups that lived along the old western empire’s borders.

• Fear of coastal attacks by Muslims – led many people in southern Europe to become Christian and gain the protection of the Franks “Christian” army.

MISSIONARIES: Known as Saint Patrick today, Patrick was a 16 year-old British lad when he was captured by pirates and sold as a slave in Ireland.

After six years he escaped and then devoted his life to the Christian religion – returning to Ireland in the 5th century as a missionary determined to convert the Irish.

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Monasteries and Convents” Text p. 318; PACKET p. 1


Monasteries and convents – religious communities – were built by the Church in order to meet the needs of the peasants and villagers adapting to rural life.

These men (monks) and women (nuns) gave up all their possessions, left their families behind, and devoted their lives to serving God in various ways.

Monasteries would become Europe’sbest-educated communities where men maintained libraries, copied books, and taught young boys in school.

Venerable Bede, an English monk, wrote a History of England that most scholars consider the best historical work of the Middle Ages period.

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Monasteries and Convents” Text p. 318; PACKET p. 1


"Listen carefully, my son, to the Master's instructions, and attend to them with the ear of your heart. This is advice from a father who loves you; welcome it, and faithfully put it into practice. The labor of obedience will bring you back to him from whom you had drifted through the sloth of disobedience. This message of mine is for all, and armed with the strong and noble weapons of obedience to do battle for the true king, Christ the Lord."

(the Rule of St. Benedict, Prologue, verses 1-3)

The Bendictine Rule An Italian monk named Benedict wrote a book of strict, yet practical, rules for monasteries that became the model for most religious communities in Europe.


CH 13 Sec. 1, “Gregory I Expands Papal Power” Text p. 319; PACKET p. 1

2. What role did Pope Gregory the Great play in spreading the idea of a vast unified kingdom?

He increased the Church’s power to include secular affairs also – not only religious matters. He wanted to create a “churchly kingdom” on earth.

Under Gregory, the papacy (office of the Church’s Pope) became a secular power involved in politics. He used Church money to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. He negotiated peace treaties with invaders and even acted as mayor of Rome. Yet he believed his authority extended even further - he believed all of Europe fell under his jurisdiction. His idea of a “churchly kingdom” ruled by a Pope would be a central motivating theme in the European Middle Ages.

Secular – that which is not considered religious or sacred; “worldly” matters rather than “heavenly” matters.


Kingdom of

Franks

Thanks to his partnership with as well as the aid he received from the Church,at his death in 511 A.D., Clovis had extended his rule over most of what is today France.

His Merovingian Dynasty would rule this largest of European kingdoms for the next 200 years.

However, by 700 A.D., the official post in the

government known as the “mayor of the palace” had acquired more power over the years than the king himself.


Kingdom of

Franks


In 732, a Mayor of the Palace named Charles Martel (“the Hammer”) defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours.

SPAIN(Caliphate of Cordova)

3. What was important about Charles Martel’s victory at the Battle of Tours?

The victory stopped a Muslim invasion of Europe and prevented the Frankish kingdom from becoming part of the Muslim empire. It made Charles Martel a hero.

Recognizing aTurning Point in

History

KINGDOM OF

FRANKS

3. What was important about Charles Martel’s victory at the Battle of Tours?

The victory stopped a Muslim invasion of Europe and prevented the Frankish kingdom from becoming part of the Muslim empire. It made Charles Martel a hero.

Recognizing aTurning Point in

History



ABBASIDMUSLIM EMPIRE


Kingdom of

Franks

Pepin the Short succeeded his father Charles Martel after he died as the new Mayor of the Palace.

But Pepin the Short wanted to become king and, taking advantage of his father’s powerful fame,decided to make his move.

In 751, Pepin deposed the last ruler of the Merovingian Dynasty and declared himself king of the Franks.

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Clovis’s Descendants” Text p. 319; PACKET p. 1


754 A.D. – Three years later the Pope in Rome, Steven II, was in need of military help to fight the Lombards who were invading his Italian lands.

Pope Steven agreed to recognize Pepin as the new King of the Franks and his descendants as the new legitimate rulers.

In return, Pepin agreed to invade Italy and rescue Rome from the Lombards. Pepin then became the first king to be officially “annointed” by a Pope.

The Donation of Pepin: Pepin gave the Pope control of all the lands surrounding Rome, creating the Papal States.

FRANKS

LOMBARDS

LOMBARD ITALY in the 8th century


The Donation of Pepin: Pepin gave the Pope control of all the lands surrounding Rome, creating the Papal States.

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Pepin and the Pope” Text p. 320; PACKET p. 1

4. How did Pepin the Short strengthen the Frankish kingdom?

He successfully fought off the Lombards, presented the Pope with the Papal States, and was anointed by the Pope as the new king of the Franks. This established an alliance between the Pope and the Frankish kings for some time to come.

LOMBARD ITALY in the 8th century


CH 13 Sec. 1, “Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule” Text p. 320; PACKET p. 2

CARLOMAN

CHARLES“Charlemagne”

In 768, Pepin died, leaving the Kingdom of the Franks to his two sons.

Packet Reading, p. 2

“Charlemagne”

Kingdom of

Franks


CH 13 Sec. 1, “Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule” Text p. 320; PACKET p. 2

“Charlemagne was the most potent prince with the greatest skill and success in different countries during the 47 years of his reign. Great and powerful as was the realm of Franks that Karl [Charlemagne] received from his father Pepin,he nevertheless still splendidly enlarged it… in fact, he almost doubled it.” - Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne (810 A.D.)

(Born deformed, Einhard was sent to Charlemagne’s Palace School at Aachen where, in spite of his ugliness, became one of the emperor’s most trusted advisors and was placed in charge of the construction of the Palace Cathedral. He also served his Emperor Charlemagne in tense negotiations for the exchange of Saxon hostages.)

Left: Statue of Charlemagne today in Aachen, Germany (once Aix-la-Chapelle, France – Charlemagne’s capital).

Right: The impressive empire created by

Charlemagne – the largest in Europe

since the fall of Rome.


CH 13 Sec. 1, “Charlemagne Takes Center Stage” Text p. 320; PACKET p. 2

CHARLES“Charlemagne” Charlemagne's Chapel at his Court

in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)

Kingdom of

Franks

CH 13 Sec. 1, “Cultural Revival” Text p. 321; PACKET p. 2

CHARLES“Charlemagne” Charlemagne's Chapel at his Court

in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)Kingdom of

Franks

THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE at the Palace School


In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to capture a mob that had attacked the Pope.

In gratitude, on Christmas Day, 800 A.D.Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor.


Significant that a Pope was claiming the “right” to confer the title “Roman Emperor” on a European king.

5. What was the significance of Charlemagne’s coronation as emperor?

The crowning of Charlemagne as H.R.E. symbolized the joining of the Church with the Germanic Powers and the heritage of the old Roman Empire.

It is also significant in that the Pope assumed the power to bestow such title and crown upon a political ruler.



6. How did Charlemagne govern his unified kingdom?

He sent out agents to see that his Counts governed their counties justly; regularly visited every part of his kingdom; served as judge, settling disputes; and personally managed his huge estates – the source of his wealth and power.


Fourteen years after being crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, in 814 A.D. Charlemagne died.

Left: Charlemagne’s jewel-encrusted tomb in the Aachen cathedral.



CH 13 Sec. 1, “Charlemagne’s Heirs are Weak Rulers” Text p. 321; Packet p. 1

A year before he died, Charlemagne himself crowned his only son, Louis the Pious, his heir. Devoutly religious, Louis was a weak ruler.

Louis left three sons:Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German.

These grandsons of Charlemagne fought each other for control of the Empire.

Their civil war ended in 843 The Treaty of Verdundivided the former great empire of Charlemagneinto three small kingdoms.

The lack of strong rulers inEurope now led to a new systemof governing and landholdingwhich we will examine next …Feudalism.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Identify effects of the Germanic invasions on the western Roman Empire.• Explain Germanic ideas about government and describe the first Frankish king.• Show how Christianity spread among Germanic peoples.• Summarize events leading to the rise of the Frankish kingdom.• Describe the rise and fall of Charlemagne’s empire.


Section 1: Germanic Kingdoms Unite

under Charlemagne

AGENDA:

WARM-UP – Read Textbook p. 316 Interact with History: • DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 317-321 / packet p. 1• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 13, Section 2-3 and complete p. 3-4 in packet



TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Explain the effects of the new invasions on western Europe.• Summarize the structure of the political system known as Feudalism.• Explain the role of the Manor system in the feudal economy.• Describe the training and standards of knighthood as well as the technology of warfare.• Summarize the roles of medieval women.


Section 2 - 3:

The Feudal Society

AGENDA: WARM-UP – Study the map on p. 323: Who was invading Europe? • DISCUSSION of Section 2-3, Text p. 322-331 / packet p. 3 - 4• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 13, Section 4 and complete p. 6-8 in packet



CH 13 Sec. 2, “New Invasions Trouble Europe” Text p. 322; PACKET p. 3800 – 1000 A.D. was a period of intense invasions that disrupted life in Europe and completely destroyed the former great Carolingian Empire of the Franks.

What lands did the Vikings

raid?

Why were these

invasions so threatening to Europe?

CH 13 Sec. 2, “Social Structure of Feudalism” Text p. 322; PACKET p. 3

1. Explain the mutual obligations of the feudal system.

Land-lord (noble) owns a Manor (huge estate of land).

He gives a grant of land (fief) to someone who promises in exchange to provide military protection to the lord and his family, work the lord’s lands, and serve in other ways.

A person who receives land from a lord is a vassal.

King Terry’s kingdomLord Roland’s Manor Sir Thor’s

ManorSir Alfred

Sir Oscar

2. Why did the feudal system create complicated alliances?

The same noble might be a vassal himself to several different lords.


CH 13 Sec. 2, “Social Structure of Feudalism” Text p. 324; PACKET p. 3

3. Describe feudal social classes.

Those who fought : nobles, knights, and kingsThose who prayed : the Church’s Clergy (priests, bishops, monks)Those who worked : Peasants (serfs)

Social class was usually inherited.

Those who fought Those who prayed Those who worked

See Feudal Pyramid (Hierarchy), Text p. 324


CH 13 Sec. 2, “The Manor – Feudalism’s Economic System” Text p. 325; Packet p. 3

Serfs – (peasants / workers) who were bound to the land of a noble (landlord).

4. Explain the mutual obligations between the lord and serfs under the Manor system.

In exchange for housing, land to grow their food, and protection,the serfs had to perform work to maintain the lord’s manor lands and to pay several different kinds of taxes.

Manor – the lord’s estate; includes all land and houses.

See Medieval Manor Text p. 326

Taxes, Taxes!Textbook, p. 325

Serfs not only paid several different taxes to their lord and king, there was also the Church tax, tithe, which was 10% of their income.

5. Explain why the serfs rarely had to leave their manor.

Because the manor was self-sufficient – producing almost everything one needed for daily life.


CH 13 Sec. 2, “The Manor – Feudalism’s Economic System” Text p. 325; Packet p. 3

6. Explain why serfs accepted their economic hardships.

They were taught by the Church and believed that God “determined” a person’s social position before they were born.

To leave the community in which they were born… would be questioning God’s wisdom.

And it was a sin to question the Church!


CH 13 Sec. 3, “The Age of Chivalry” Text p. 328; PACKET p. 3

See Diagram,“Education of a Knight”

Text p. 328

1. Education

At age 7 – began training as a “page” in a lord’s castle

At age 14 – began training as a “squire” acting as a servant to a knight.

At age 21 – becomes a knight !



1. Education




2. Weapons / Equipment

Saddles, stirrups, armor, high-flying missiles.

Packet reading, “Medieval Hand

Weapons” p. 5

Question about the “Crossbow”

on Test!


Loading, or “cocking” a crossbow.


1. Education






3. War games

Fighting in local warsand in tournaments (mock battles) kept knights trained and in shape.


1. Education






3. War games


Chivalry – a code of behavior / values for Medieval knights and lords.

4. Code of Chivalry

-be loyal, brave, courteous;- defend the “3 masters” your Lord God, your feudal lord, and your lady;- protect the weak / poor.


1. Education






3. War games



4. Code of Chivalry

-be loyal, brave, courteous;

- defend the “3 masters” your Lord God, your feudal lord, and your lady;

- protect the weak / poor.

5. Castles

The lived in and protected home of feudal lords – designed as fortresses with massive walls and guard towers.

Castles and Siege Weapons, Textbook p. 329

The trebuchet was a catapult machine that could sling objects at or over a castle wall.


1. Education






3. War games



4. Code of Chivalry

-be loyal, brave, courteous;

- defend the “3 masters” your Lord God, your feudal lord, and your lady;

- protect the weak / poor.

5. Castles

The lived in and protected home of feudal lords – designed as fortresses with massive walls and guard towers.

6. Romance

Knight expected to defend his

chosen lady and keep her

entertained with love songs and

poems.

Troubadours were poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe who composed short verses and long songs about romance, heroic and lovesick knights, or the news of the day was also shared in this way. Troupes of musicians / troubadours / minstrels would travel village to village and deliver the news “in song.”

Noble men and women flocked to the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine (one of the richest and most famous of Medieval women – she would marry both a French king and later an English king). She and her daughter turned “love” into a scientific study at their famous “Court of Love.” Here men visited to learn how to properly “court” a Lady and to write love sonnets, women also learned the “art” of loving a man “properly.”

TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Explain the effects of the new invasions on western Europe.• Summarize the structure of the political system known as Feudalism.• Explain the role of the Manor system in the feudal economy.• Describe the training and standards of knighthood as well as the technology of warfare.• Summarize the roles of medieval women.


Section 2 - 3:

The Feudal Society

AGENDA: WARM-UP – Study the map on p. 323: Who was invading Europe? • DISCUSSION of Section 2-3, Text p. 322-331 / packet p. 3 - 4• DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• Read Chapter 13, Section 4 and complete p. 6-8 in packet



TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Describe the Church’s structure, influence, and power.• Explain the relationship between the Church and the German Empire.• List events in the power struggle between the popes and German emperors.• Summarize the conflict between the Church and Frederick I.• Explain why the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the middle ages.


Section 4:

The Church Wields Power

AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.WARM-UP – Read p. 332 “Setting the Stage” & “The Scope of Church Authority”• DISCUSSION of Section 4, Packet p. 6• REVIEW Discussion for test

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• STUDY Chapter 13 (including all quizzes) for Friday’s TEST !!!



CH 13 Sec. 4, “The Scope of Church Authority” Text p. 332; PACKET p. 6

POPE

Bishops Bishops Bishops

Priests Priests Priests Priests Priests

Lay People People People People People People

Bishop’s Cathedralsin Major Cities

The Village Parish Churches

The Church Structure (Hierarchy): Clergy – religious

officials

Lay – the common people in the Church

The Village Parish Churches

Diocese Diocese

CH 13 Sec. 4, “Religion as a Unifying Force” Text p. 332; PACKET p. 6

The Middle Ages are aptly sometime calledThe Age of Faith.

While Feudalism and the Manor system created divisions among Medieval people…

Shared beliefs and the teachings of the Churchwas a stable force, establishing unity among Europeans.

Whoever you were, whatever your lot in life,everyone could still follow the same pathto Salvation (everlasting life in Heaven). This path to Heaven – according to the Medieval Church – was paved

by following the Church’s sacraments.


CH 13 Sec. 4, “Religion as a Unifying Force” Text p. 332; PACKET p. 6

Sacraments – important religious ceremonies (rites) in the Church.

Baptism – initiation rite into the Christian community.

Confirmation – people of their own will acknowledge their belief.

Holy Communion - a meal of bread and wine that (Eucharist) Christians share in remembrance of Jesus’ last meal.

Marriage – ceremony blessing the union of a couple

Ordination – ceremony to initiate new priests into the priesthood

Penance / Confession – repenting of sins; (Reconciliation) asking of forgiveness

Last Rites – prayer service priest provides the dying or over the dead.

The Sacraments were meant to follow a person’s life from beginning to end.

CH 13 Sec. 4, “Church Justice” Text p. 333; PACKET p. 6

canon law – the laws of the Church.

Church courts tried people for breaking canon law / heresy.

Two types of punishment:

Of an individual = ExcommunicationOf a community / region = Interdict

Popes often used the “threat” of these two types of punishment to force kings into obedience.


The Holy Roman Empirewas the strongest kingdom that arose following the collapse of Charlemagne’s Frankish kingdom.

Otto I became king came of the Holy Roman Empire in 936. His constant problem was trying to control the nobles / princes who controlled the several princely “states” within his Germanic Empire, the H.R.E.

To do so, Otto created close alliances with church officials who gave their support to his defeating the “unruly” German princes.


CH 13 Sec. 4, “The Church and the H.R.E.” Text p. 333; PACKET p. 6

CAUSES ACTIONS OUTCOMES

Otto wants to limit the power of his nobles; forms close alliance with Church.

1. Otto invades Italy to rescue the Pope.

Pope agrees to crown Otto “Emperor” in 962.

Otto was now the first Emperor in the West since Charlemagne.

However, his attempt to re-create an Empire like Charlemagne’screated tensions – particularly with Italian nobles who resented growing German strength.

The Popes also came to resent the power German emperors held over church clergy in Germany and even over some Italian principalities.


CH 13 Sec. 4, “The Church and the H.R.E.” Text p. 333; PACKET p. 6

Otto was now the first Emperor in the West since Charlemagne.

However, his attempt to re-create an Empire like Charlemagne’screated tensions – particularly with Italian nobles who resented growing German strength.

The Popes also came to resent the power German emperors held over church clergy in Germany and even northern Italian principalities.

EUROPE, 1000 A.D.

E A S T E R N

CH 13 Sec. 4, “H.R.E. Clashes with the Pope Text p. 334; PACKET p. 6

One of the things Popes began to resent most was kings who exercised power over clergy and their church offices.

The main focus of this resentment was the practice known asLay investiture – a ceremony in which kings appointed church officials within their own kingdom.


Pope Gregory VII resents the power that emperors have over the church clergy.

2. Pope Gregory bans lay investiture

H.R.E. Henry IV calls a meeting of bishops in the H.R.E. and orders Pope Gregory to step down from the papacy.

The Showdown at Canossa, Textbook p. 334


Remember:Kings are

considered “Lay” –

they are not ordained “Clergy”

CH 13 Sec. 4, “H.R.E. Clashes with the Pope” Text p. 334; PACKET p. 6


Pope Gregory excommunicates H.R.E. Henry IV;German bishops & princes side with the pope (fearing an interdict);Henry must seek the Pope’s forgiveness.

3. Henry IV travels to Canossa.

Henry is forgiven by the pope, returns home,and then punishes his German nobles for siding with the pope.

The issue of lay investiture would remain undecided for another century.

4. Representatives of Church and the emperor meet in Worms.

Compromise is reached:Only the pope could now promote priests to be bishops in any kingdom; but the emperor would be given veto power over any selection he didn’t like.


The Concordat of Worms is signed in 1122.

CH 13 Sec. 4, “Conflicts Continue under Frederick” Text p. 334; PACKET p. 6

The Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV’s struggle with the Popeprovided a chance for German princes in the Empire to regain much of the powerthey had lost under Otto.

A later German ruler, Frederick I, would resume the battle to assert royal authority over these princes.

While Frederick was the first to actually call the German lands the “Holy Roman Empire” it was anything but a unified empire – rather, a patchwork of princely states.

EUROPE, 1000 A.D.

E A S T E R N

Poor

Rich

CH 13 Sec. 4, “Conflicts Continue under Frederick” Text p. 335; PACKET p. 6

Instead of focusing on building up his royal power in the German states,Frederick repeatedly invaded the rich cities of Italy.


Frederick’s brutal acts angered the wealthy Italian merchants who formed the Lombard League.

5. Lombard League fights Frederick’s army at the Battle of Legnano.

The Italian foot soldiers of the Lombard Leagueusing crossbowsdefeat Frederick’s feudal army of mounted knights.

Frederick is forced to make peace with the Pope,

a weakened ruler among his German princes back home.


CH 13 Sec. 4, “German States Remain Separate” Text p. 335; PACKET p. 6

Reason why German states Remain Separate and not a Unified Nation

• German kings getting involved in Italian politics led to continued disruptive clashes.• The system of German princes being the ones to elect the king only weakened royal authority.• German rulers controlled fewer “royal lands” in their kingdom to use as a base of power. (Unlike English and French kings who would quickly establish strong central authority and create the first Nation-states in Europe… as we shall see in Chapter 14.)


TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:• Describe the Church’s structure, influence, and power.• Explain the relationship between the Church and the German Empire.• List events in the power struggle between the popes and German emperors.• Summarize the conflict between the Church and Frederick I.• Explain why the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the middle ages.


Section 4:

The Church Wields Power

AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.WARM-UP – Read p. 332 “Setting the Stage” & “The Scope of Church Authority”• DISCUSSION of Section 4, Packet p. 6• REVIEW Discussion for test

NEXT ASSIGNMENT:• STUDY Chapter 13 (including all quizzes) for Friday’s TEST !!!



today’s objectives: identify effects of the germanic invasions on the western roman empire....

Documents

germanic kingdoms

germanic peoples

germanic stress

germanic tribes

germanic ideas

effects of germanic

europe textbook

western roman empire