what is aggression ahad on

8/6/2019 What is Aggression Ahad on

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PRESENTATION ONPRESENTATION ON

AGGRESSIONAGGRESSION

(The motivation to hurt someone)(The motivation to hurt someone)

By AHAD AHMED,FARHAN HASHMIBy AHAD AHMED,FARHAN HASHMI


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What is aggression?What is aggression?Aggression is physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.Aggression is physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

i.e. slap, direct insult etci.e. slap, direct insult etc..

Aggression as any act that isAggression as any act that isintended to injure the targetintended to injure the target

(Dollard, Baron, 1977)(Dollard, Baron, 1977)


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For example:For example:

If your neighbor shoots you, the action is aggressive orIf your neighbor shoots you, the action is aggressive orif your neighbor intended to hurt you..if your neighbor intended to hurt you..

So we can say that aggression is an actSo we can say that aggression is an actthat is intended to injure the target.that is intended to injure the target.


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Types of aggression.Types of aggression.

There are two types of aggression.There are two types of aggression.

Hostile aggressionHostile aggression::

Hostile Aggression is aggression that intends harm as its primaryHostile Aggression is aggression that intends harm as its primary

goal e.g. Yelling at a child to make her feel bad is hostile aggressiongoal e.g. Yelling at a child to make her feel bad is hostile aggression

Instrumental aggressionInstrumental aggression::Instrumental Aggression is aggression that intends harm as aInstrumental Aggression is aggression that intends harm as a

means (instrument) to another goal. e.g Yelling at a child to makemeans (instrument) to another goal. e.g Yelling at a child to makeher stop drawing on the walls is instrumental aggression.her stop drawing on the walls is instrumental aggression.


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Aggression as a response toAggression as a response to

frustration:frustration: Frustration aggression theory says frustration alwaysFrustration aggression theory says frustration always

leads to some kind of aggression. Frustration is anyleads to some kind of aggression. Frustration is anything which blocks our attainment of a goal.thing which blocks our attainment of a goal.

Frustration is high when the motivation to achieve a goalFrustration is high when the motivation to achieve a goalis very high. So, this theory postulates that the greateris very high. So, this theory postulates that the greaterthe frustration, the greater the resulting aggression.the frustration, the greater the resulting aggression.

For example in a study by Davitz,(1952) in which heFor example in a study by Davitz,(1952) in which he

gave children candy bars and showed them a verygave children candy bars and showed them a veryinteresting movie. Just before the climax of the movie,interesting movie. Just before the climax of the movie,he took the candy bars away from the children andhe took the candy bars away from the children andescorted them out of the film room. So children's wereescorted them out of the film room. So children's werefrustrated and showed more aggression.frustrated and showed more aggression.


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Theories of aggressionTheories of aggression

There are some theories of aggressionThere are some theories of aggressionwhich are as follow:which are as follow:

Instinct theoryInstinct theory Biochemical theoryBiochemical theory

Biological theoryBiological theory

Genetic theoryGenetic theory


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INSTINCT THEORYINSTINCT THEORY

Instinct TheoriesInstinct Theories: This theory state that: This theory state that

aggression is an instinct. This concept impliesaggression is an instinct. This concept impliesthat a behavior is inherited rather than learned,that a behavior is inherited rather than learned,and that behavior pattern is common to alland that behavior pattern is common to allmembers of the speciesmembers of the species


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Biological Theory :Biological Theory :

This theory attempts to identify specific biologicalThis theory attempts to identify specific biologicalmechanism that excite people to aggression.mechanism that excite people to aggression.

This theory identify that there are some specific parts ofThis theory identify that there are some specific parts of

the brain or nervous system that may be related tothe brain or nervous system that may be related toaggression.aggression.

Researchers have identified that the cerebral cortex ofResearchers have identified that the cerebral cortex ofthe brain play an important role because, cortex isthe brain play an important role because, cortex is

responsible for higher level thought processes, such asresponsible for higher level thought processes, such asdeciding when an action is appropriate (Weiger anddeciding when an action is appropriate (Weiger andBear, 1988). So when this cortex is damaged or impairedBear, 1988). So when this cortex is damaged or impairedpeople may commit more impulsive acts of aggression.people may commit more impulsive acts of aggression.


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Biochemical influenceBiochemical influence

Blood chemistry also influences neural activity.Blood chemistry also influences neural activity.Experiments and police data shows that alcoholExperiments and police data shows that alcoholconsumption increases aggression. Violentconsumption increases aggression. Violent

people are more likely to drink and becomepeople are more likely to drink and becomeaggressive when intoxicated. Because alcoholaggressive when intoxicated. Because alcohol

enhance aggressivenessenhance aggressiveness..


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Genetic influenceGenetic influence

Research shows that there is a relationshipResearch shows that there is a relationshipbetween aggression and gender. (Miller, 1996).between aggression and gender. (Miller, 1996).

Recent reviews shows that males are moreRecent reviews shows that males are moreaggressive than females. They believe that thereaggressive than females. They believe that thereis due to hormonal changes. (Progesteroneis due to hormonal changes. (Progesteronehormone)hormone)

So, we can say that biological. biochemical, andSo, we can say that biological. biochemical, andgenetic influences to predispose some people togenetic influences to predispose some people toact aggressively.act aggressively.


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Social learning theorySocial learning theory

Social learning theory by Bandura (1973)Social learning theory by Bandura (1973)suggests that children's learn when to aggress,suggests that children's learn when to aggress,how to aggress and against whom to aggress.how to aggress and against whom to aggress.

This theory comes from observation of parentsThis theory comes from observation of parents

and it also from peer group and mass media.and it also from peer group and mass media.


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Learning to AggressLearning to AggressThere are two mechanismThere are two mechanism

ReinforcementReinforcement ModelingModeling

Reinforcement:Reinforcement:Through reinforcement children often learn though by giving positiveThrough reinforcement children often learn though by giving positiveand negative reinforcement. Geen and Stoner (1973) found that subjectsand negative reinforcement. Geen and Stoner (1973) found that subjectsincreased the intensity of aggression when they received verbalincreased the intensity of aggression when they received verbalreinforcement for violence.reinforcement for violence.

Modeling:Modeling:

Through modeling, we say that we are prone to imitate theThrough modeling, we say that we are prone to imitate thebehaviors of others persons especially the persons whom we admire or like.behaviors of others persons especially the persons whom we admire or like.

In one research Bandura (1963), that cartoons can teach aggression. MyersIn one research Bandura (1963), that cartoons can teach aggression. Myers(1972) found that adults too will imitate the behavior of a model displaying(1972) found that adults too will imitate the behavior of a model displayingreal or staged aggression.real or staged aggression.


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How Can We Reduce Aggression?How Can We Reduce Aggression?

Exposure to non-aggressive models

Promote empathy and identification with thosewe might aggress against

Minimize aggression cues and opportunities

what is aggression ahad on

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