what is immunity? the immune system. immunity –the ability of the body to fight infection and/or...
DESCRIPTION
Foreign Invaders Called Pathogens –Viruses, bacteria or other living thing that causes disease/immune response. Antigens –Toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism.TRANSCRIPT
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What is Immunity?
• The Immune System
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Immunity• Immunity
– The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.
• Immune System– The system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by
recognizing harmful from nonharmful organisms and produces an appropriate response.
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Foreign Invaders• Called Pathogens
– Viruses, bacteria or other living thing that causes disease/immune response.
• Antigens– Toxins that pathogens
produce that cause harm to an organism.
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Parts of the Immune System
1. Blood - White Blood Cells in particular.2. Lymph nodes3. Thymus Gland – Produces T Lymphocytes4. Bone Marrow – Produces B Lymphocytes
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How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders?
The Body’s THREE lines of DefenseFirst Line of Defense – The Skin
• Provides Physical and Chemical barriers• Physical – hard to penetrate, made of indigestible keratin• Chemical – tears, sweat
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Second Line of Defense – Nonspecific Immune Response
These are defenses the body uses no matter what the invader may be. These defenses include:– Phagocytosis – done by Macrophages– Natural Cell Killers– Inflammation - caused by release of Histamine from leukocytes– Fever – caused by histamines. The fever (high temp) kills invaders by
denaturing their proteins.
Macrophage: A phagocytic cell found in the liver, spleen, brain and lungs. Travels
to all areas of the body to find and eat pathogens.
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This is a specific response to a specific pathogen/antigen.
• The response involves the creation of Antibodies.
Third Line of Defense – Specific Immune Response
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Antibodies
• Y-shaped protein molecule.
• Made up of variable and constant regions.
• Made up of Heavy and Light chains.
• Produced by B-Lymphocytes
• Function: Recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them.– Note: Variable region
recognizes the anitgens.
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The Pathway of Specific Immune Response
Pathogens
Pathogens eaten by Macrophage
Displays portion of Pathogen on surface
Helper-T cell recognizes Pathogen
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
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Activates B- CellActivates Cytotoxic
T- Cell
Memory B-CellMemory T-Cell
Kills Infected CellsAntibodies
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Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity
• Carried out by T-Cells• Infected cells are killed by
Cytotoxic T –Cells.
• Carried out by B-cells• Antibodies are produced
and dumped into blood stream.
• Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them.
Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity
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Immune Response Explained
1. Antigen infects cells.2. Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface.3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the
macrophage and becomes active.4. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.5. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory
T – Cells.6. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.7. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory
B- Cells.8. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.9. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up
the response if the same antigen reappears.10. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens
have been destroyed.
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Immune Response Summary
Antigen
Macrophage
Helper T - Cell
Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Active B - Cell
Kills Infected Cells Memory T- Cell Plasma Cell Memory B-Cell
Antibodies
Deactivates Antigens
Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell
Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity
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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response
• Primary Immune Response– This is a response to an invader the First time the
invader infects the body.• No measurable immune response for first few days.• Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows steadily
• Secondary Immune Response– A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time it
invades the body.• Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much
shorter time period..
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Passive .vs. Active Immunity1. Active Immunity
This is immunity where the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection.
Ex: You have a throat infection and you are actively creating antibodies to fight it.
Vaccination:An injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to undergo active immunity (produce antibodies).
2. Passive ImmunityThis is immunity where antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal.This immunity only lasts for a short period of time.
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• Disease
• Disease does not allow the body to function normally.
• It can effect one organ or an entire system
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Infectious Disease• Caused by tiny organisms called pathogens• Can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists• Can come from a person, contaminated object,
animal bite, or the environment.• The immune system distinguishes between the
different types of pathogens and reacts according to type
• Once pathogen is in the body, it can damage individual cells in an organ or attack an entire system
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Types of Infectious Diseases• Common cold• Influenza• Athlete’s Foot• AIDS• Strep Throat
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Colds
• Caused by a virus in the respiratory system
• Once in the body, the virus multiplies and attacks mucus membranes of nose and throat causing sore throat, runny nose and fever.
• Because it is caused by a virus, it cannot be treated with antibiotics.
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Flu
• Influenza, known as “the flu”, is a highly contagious viral infection on the respiratory system.
• Causes fever, aches, and more severe cough than the common cold and lasts longer
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AIDS
• AIDS- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• Caused by human immunodefiency virus HIV
• Virus attacks cells in the immune system making the person unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body.
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Strep Throat
• A contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection
• Symptoms include fever, pain, redness and swelling of throat and tonsils
• Symptoms can be mild or severe
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Non-Infectious Diseases
• Not caused by pathogens in the body• Not spread from organism to organism• Caused by malfunctions in the body
systems that are either inherited or caused by environmental factors
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A List of Non-infectious Diseases
• Diabetes• Parkinson’s Disease• Skin cancer• Asthma