whmf121 session eighteen · whmf121 session eighteen ... o definitions, advantages and...

© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1

WHMF121

Session Eighteen

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http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oiG7DZaxq6Y/maxresdefault.jpg


Today’s Topic

Emulsions and Preservatives

o Definitions, advantages and disadvantages of

these delivery methods

Creams

o Definitions, advantages and disadvantages of

these delivery methods

o Prepare medicinal creams under lecturer

supervision.


External Preparations

o Lotions, liniments, creams, ointments, poultices

and compresses are all external preparations.

o They are mainly used to treat external conditions

e.g. rashes, wounds and a range of skin

conditions.

o However they can also be used for their internal

effect via topical application e.g. hot compresses

for muscle spasm, creams for bruising etc.



o Human skin secretes a mixture of oil and

water to protect itself.

o Preparations that are applied to the skin are

better absorbed if they are also a mixture of

oil and water.

Oil and water don’t mix.

o If shaken together they mix for a while but will

separate over time.



o A good example of a common oil and

water mixture is salad dressing.

• An oil phase (olive oil, sesame oil

etc.)

• An aqueous phase (vinegar, lemon

juice).

o When shaken it will become

homogenous and can easily be poured

over salad

o After some standing the oil and vinegar

separate into distinct layers.

A classical salad

dressing… an example of

an emulsion


Emulsion

o Stable oil and water mixtures are called emulsions.

o Made from two or more immiscible liquids

o An emulsifier or emulsifying agent is needed to

keep the oil and water combined.

o Droplets of one liquid are held in suspension in the

other by a small percentage of emulsifier or

emulgent

o Emulsifiers lower the surface tension between the

oil and water so that one can be dispersed as

small particles throughout the other.


Emulsion

o Mayonnaise is a good example of an emulsion.

o The main ingredients are oil and vinegar with

mustard and egg yolk as the emulsifier.

o The egg yolk allows the oil to be dispersed and

stay suspended as tiny droplets in vinegar, and

the mayonnaise takes on a homogenous creamy

texture.


Emulsion

o An example of oil into water emulsion

Tea tree gargle – shaken to disperse but

remains seperate. The oil splits into

small globules and carried in the water

o An example of water into oil emulsion is an

Infusion or Tincture going into an ointment or

oil. The water is split into small globules and

carried in the oil


Emulsion

o The oil can be dispersed through the water or the water can be dispersed through the oil.

o The phase (liquid) that is dispersed is called the disperse phase.

o The other phase (receiving) is the continuous phase.

• Oil in water emulsions have oil as the disperse phase and water as the continuous phase.

• Water in oil emulsions have water as the disperse phase and oil the continuous phase.

NB: Different emulsifiers are needed to emulsify oil in water from those that emulsify water in oil.


Oil in Water Emulsifiers

Mucilages:

o These are not very effective emulsifiers

o They increase the viscosity of the mixture so that the

phases separate more slowly

o They can be used on their own or to help the efficacy

of other emulsifiers

o Examples include: Acacia gum, agar agar,

tragacanth, Irish moss

Chondrus crispus



Sodium and Potassium soaps:

o Soaps are formed by the interaction of alkaline

substances with free fatty acids in fixed oils

o Adding a sodium or potassium based alkali (e.g.

Borax – sodium tetraborate) will form a spontaneous

soap that then acts as an emulsifier

o Sodium lauryl sulphate is often used commercially

in shampoos and other cosmetics

o Chemically saponins are a glycoside, i.e. they have

a sugar molecule bound to a non-sugar molecule (in

this case a sapogenin)



Saponins:

o The name originates from the fact that when mixed with water they

make a froth, i.e. they are soapy - they foam when agitated

o Extracts of saponin-containing plants could be used as emulsifiers,

but saponins are not very strong emulsifiers.

o They don’t form permanent emulsions but rather will slow down the

separating time

o Saponaria officinalis’ (flower) name is derived from the Latin word

for soap.

o This same Latin word gives the word saponin, which is contained

in the roots at levels up to 20% when the plant is in flower. It

produces a lather when in contact with water.



Egg yolk:

o One egg yolk can emulsify eight times its own weight

of fixed oil, and four times its own weight of volatile oil.

o An average egg yolk will emulsify 120ml of fixed oil.

o The main problem with egg yolks is preservation, they

can also be tricky to use.

o It’s a good idea to beat them well (perhaps with an

aqueous phase) before adding the oil very gradually.

NB: Emulsifiers are sometimes called

Surfactants


Oil in Water

Emulsifiers required:

• Mucilage

• Sodium &

Potassium salts

• Saponins

• Egg Yolk

http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/physEQ/solutions/

solutions-all.php


Water in Oil Emulsifiers

Wool fat:

o This is the grease that comes for sheep's wool.

o It is also called lanolin and may contain 30% water.

o Anhydrous lanolin has had all the water removed

and so will be a better emulsifier.

o Wool fat will emulsify half its own weight of aqueous

liquid, more (up to four times) if diluted with a fixed

oil or soft paraffin first.



Beeswax:

o Produced by bees to make their hives.

o Beeswax is not a strong emulsifier and needs to be

dissolved in oil first – using gentle heat.

o As it is solid at room temperature but quite a light

substance (unlike wool fat) it is often useful to add

texture to a preparation.

https://www.localhoney.melbourne/collections/beeswax-

food-wraps/products/pure-australian-beeswax



Calcium and Magnesium Salts:

o Like the sodium and potassium soaps these are

formed from the interaction of calcium and

magnesium based alkalis with free fatty acids in fixed

oil.

o Both are main components of soap scum, a white

solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water.

o Unlike soaps containing sodium and potassium, they

are insoluble in water and do not lather well.

o Commercially they are sold as a 50% dispersion in

water or as a spray dried powder.



Emulsifying wax:

o Emulsifying wax will emulsify both types of

emulsions – both water in oil and oil in water.

o It is very effective and easy to use.

o Coconut oil is often the main ingredient and it may

contain circa 10% sodium lauryl sulphate.

o Whether this is a problem or not is up to personal

preference.


Water in Oil

Emulsifiers required:

Wool fat

Calcium & Magnesium salts

Emulsifying wax

Beeswax

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/260376328_fig2_Concept-of-two-

phase-water-in-oil-and-oil-in-water-emulsions


Cracking

o Sometimes an emulsion will separate into its oil and

water parts even with an emulsifier present. This is

called “cracking”

What causes Cracking?

o Extreme heat

o Adding more of the disperse phase than the emulsifier

can handle.

o Adding alcohol or glycerine may make emulsification

more difficult.

• Alcohol promotes precipitation

• Herbal tincture that have a high concentration of alcohol

• Glycerine changes the balance between the phases.(Adams & Tan,, 2012)


Art of Emulsions

o Lotions, creams, ointments and liniments can all be

easily made by emulsion.

o Both the oil and aqueous phases can be medicated to

maximise the action of the preparation.

o Always have the two phases (aqueous & oleum) at the

same temperature <65°C

o Add the dispersion phase gradually to the continuous

phase – this can vary.

o Whipping the cream with a hand held mixer adds air &

makes the consistency of the cream light also

o There is an art to making emulsions, so experimenting

to find your own technique is best.


Preservationo Preparations that are made by

emulsion need to be protected from

spoiling.

o Preservatives - stop microbial &

fungal growth.

o Antioxidants - slow down oxidation

or rancidity.

o It is best to combine the two.

o The preservative agents commonly

used by herbalists are Amiox and

Citricidal.

o Essentials oils can also be

considered a part of this


Preservation

o Amiox is dioxide of Rosmarinus officinalis and a

powerful antioxidant.

o Between 0.05-0.1% of the oil ingredients (2-4 drops

per 100ml oil) is added to protect against rancidity.

o Citricidal is a non-toxic, non-irritant grapefruit seed and

pulp extract. Citricidal works as a benign,

hypoallergenic and wide-spectrum preservative in

many formulations.

o Adding 0.2-1.0% by volume of the aqueous ingredients

(4-20 drops per 100ml) will protect creams and lotions

against the growth of micro-organisms.

o Benzoin as a resin or liquid can also be used


Preservationo When making small amounts of creams or lotions for

personal use they can be kept in the fridge for a few

months without adding preservatives. Although this does

depend upon the sterility of your utensils used.

o When made for professional use or longer term storage,

preservative agents are needed.

• Amiox - Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil (and)

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract

• Citricidal - Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as

citrus seed extract, is a liquid extract derived from the

seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit.


Creams

o Creams are semi-solid emulsions, usually oil in

water.

o Creams are used topically, they keep the skin

moist by “trapping” moisture in the skin.

o Creams are mixtures of oil and water so that one is

held in suspension throughout the other by an

emulsifying agent.

o Lotions are liquid emulsions whereas creams are

semi-solid emulsions.


Creams

Creams are used Therapeutically for;

o Wounds – to help them heal and keep them free of

infection.

o For sprains, bruises, burns, bites and stings.

o Skin complaints – eczema, herpes, tinea etc, that cover

small areas of skin. (Lotions may be useful for larger

areas)

o Dry skin conditions – creams have the ability to keep

skin moist by “trapping” moisture in the skin.

o As a skin care product e.g., moisturiser.


Therapeutic Herbs in Creams

Herbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:

Calendula officinalis Arnica montana

Marigold flowers Arnica flowers

Calendula officinalis flowers have

long been used for wound healing

and skin soothing

Arnica montana, traditionally

used for bruising


Therapeutic Herbs in Creams

Herbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:

Stellaria media Symphytum officinale

Chickweed plant Comfrey leaves/roots

Stellaria media, one of the

best herbs to soothe severe

itchy skin.

Symphytum officinale

(whole plant) is a deep

wound healing and bone

knitting remedy


Therapeutic Herbs in CreamsHerbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:

Hypericum perforatum Melissa officinalis

St Johns Wort aerial parts Lemon Balm leaves

Melissa officinalis (folia) is

efficacious topically for viral skin

conditions

Hypericum perforatum has

long been used topically for

viral skin conditions


Therapeutic Herbs in CreamsHerbs that are efficacious in a cream base include:

Plantago lanceolata Urtica dioica

Plantain leaves Nettle leaves

Plantago spp. used in topical

applicationsUrtica dioica used

therapeutically for

rashes and bites


Basic Cream Formula

Ingredients:

o 12G emulsifying wax

o 110mL infused oil

o 50 -70mL herbal infusion

o 5g borax

Procedure:

o Heat the wax & infused oil over a water bath to combine.

o Warm the herbal infusion & borax to the same temperature as the

oil-wax mixture.

o Slowly add the water phase to the oil phase whipping with an egg

whisk of stick blender until a light fluffy cream develops.

(Courtesy of Wendy Williams)


Basic Cream Formula

o Your basic recipe can be modified as you wish e.g. you

may like to use your Calendula infused oil for the oil

component.

o Or why not consider 2 different infused oils depending

on the actions required.

o What type of herbal tinctures/fluid extracts could you

use?

o What could you replace the distilled water with?

N.B. Adding the aqueous phase gradually to the oil-wax mixture allows some

control over the consistency of the cream. When the desired consistency is

reached, stop adding the watery mixture. The cream may thicken slightly as it

cools.


Calendula Cream

This makes a wonderful all-purpose first aid cream

o Melt 1 tablespoon emulsifying wax in 50-60ml infused

oil of Calendula (good to use the one made earlier in

the semester) over a water bath.

o Mix 10ml Calendula FE in 90ml water & heat to the

same temperature as the oil & wax.

o Then slowly add A to B stirring to maintain the

emulsion as it cools.


Calendula Cream

o The addition of lavender oil (or other suitable essential

oils) gives these creams a pleasant smell and helps

with preservation.

o Essential oils are usually added to creams at a

concentration of up to 5% depending upon which part

of the body they are used for.

o Amiox and citricidal can also be added to creams to

aid preservation.

o 2 -4 drops of Amiox per 100ml of oil will protect against

rancidity, and 4-20 drops of citricidal per 100ml of

aqueous ingredients will inhibit microbial growth.


Creams

Using Vitamin E cream as a base:

o Adding herbal extracts to an unmedicated cream base is

easy and less time consuming. This is the process that

is used in the College Clinic Dispensary.

o Many clinicians/herbalists prefer this for convenience.

o Sorbolene can also be used. It is a white, non-greasy,

moisturising cream made from a mixture of liquid and

soft paraffin's, chlorocresol, water and emulsifying wax.

o Vitamin E cream as a base may be preferable due to the

constituents being more naturally identical.

o Aloe gel can also be used.


Creams

o Tinctures/FE’s are generally added to sorbolene at a

concentration of 10-20% but this may vary according to

the herb used, the concentration of alcohol in the tincture

and the sensitivity of the patient's skin.

o The tinctures or fluid extracts can have the alcohol

evaporated off prior to the mixing should there be time,

or the skin is very sensitive

o Essential oils can be added at a concentration of

between 1-5%, again depending on circumstance


Video – Cream Making

o Please watch the video on medicinal cream making:

http://youtu.be/QCUb94niKWU

http://youtu.be/QCUb94niKWU


(http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2gkDoMNz8RQ/0.jpg)

Medicinal creams are not snowy white

like most commercial creams


Cream making as per Clinic Dispensary

MATERIALS NEEDED

o 30 or 60g glass jar – [in class a 10g sample pot is sufficient per

person & adjust the amounts accordingly].

o Scales

o Small bowl

o Spatula

o Measuring cylinder (to measure liquidherbs)

o Cork mat

o Paper towel

o Chosen herb/s

o Vitamin E cream (from Fridge)



METHOD

o Hopefully by this stage you have identified with your patient what

size of cream they wish to buy. This may be based on the area that it

is going to be used on or how long they are going between

appointments.

o There are two different sizes of creams in clinic - 30g or 60g.

o Place bowl on the scale ensure it goes to zero.

o Add Vitamin E cream into bowl

• 25g of cream for 30g glass Jar

• 45g of cream for 60g glass Jar

• 8g of cream for 10g pottle in class



METHOD (continued)

o Measure the herbs in a cylinder / small measuring cup

o You can put in a maximum of 5ml of herb/s for 30g glass jar and a

maximum of 10ml of herb/s for 60g glass Jar *

o Essential oils can be added at an amount between 1 – 5% of your

total product depending on circumstances.

o Therefore, in a 30g glass jar you can add between 7 and 35 drops of

essential oil, and for a 60g jar you can add between 14 and 70 drops

of essential oil * The essential oil is included in your liquid total

If you allow more than these measures of liquid you will change the

cream base to a lotion and it will be a more liquid consistency



METHOD (continued)

o Add herb/s to cream

o Mix herbs through the cream with Spatula until thoroughly

combined

o Add the cream in to the jar with the spatula

o Tap jar on cork mat to get the air out.

o Wipe edges with paper towel.

o Put lid on

o Write the label and dispense.

o Clean up equipment


Comfrey Cream

Ingredients:

o 50g vitamin E cream

o 50mL of Comfrey fluid extract

o 2 drops of rosemary essential oil

Method:

o Reduce Comfrey FE to 10mls over a water bath to

evaporate the ethanol & reduce volume

o While it is still warm add the comfrey to the vitamin E

cream

o Add the rosemary oil for preservative

o Formula sufficient for 1 x 60g jar of cream(Courtesy Wendy Williams)


Video – Using Vitamin E Cream

o Please watch videos of cream making using a

commercial Vitamin E cream:

Part 1 http://youtu.be/H-3GNyDT3t4

Part 2 http://youtu.be/-ASpCaKpd4s

http://youtu.be/H-3GNyDT3t4

http://youtu.be/-ASpCaKpd4s


Tutorial Session

Practical Session:

o Break into working groups

o Make a Therapeutic Herbal Cream (slide 31)

o Use the infused oils you made in session 14

o Make a cream as per dispensary process with tincture/extract added to Vitamin E cream

Compare your preparations and make notes


Preparation for next week

o Read through your textbook pp. 78 - 79 in preparation for

the lecture on Lotions

o Have your Manufacturing product ready to hand in along

with the submission paper work

o Finish your Manufacturing Project written component

and submit it via LMS / Turn-it-In as a PDF.

o Read through your slides for Session 20


Suggested Readings

British Herbal Medicine Association. (1996) British herbal

pharmacopoeia (4th ed.). Bristol, UK: British Herbal Medicine

Association.

Fenner, B. (1888). Fenner’s complete formulary and hand-book (6th

ed.). New York, USA: B. Fenner. Retrieved from

https://archive.org/details/fennerscompletef00fenn

Green J. (2000). The herbal medicine-maker’s handbook: A home

manual. NY: Crossing Press.

https://archive.org/details/fennerscompletef00fenn


References

• Adams, J., & Tan, E. (2012). Herbal manufacturing: How to make

medicines from plants. Melbourne, Australia: Northern Melbourne

Institute of TAFE.


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