whs ap psychology unit 11: mental illness and therapies essential task 11-1: describe contemporary...
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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 11: Mental Illness and Therapies
Essential Task 11-1:Describe contemporary and historical conceptions of what constitutes psychological disorders, recognize the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as the primary reference for making diagnostic judgments with specific attention to five axis, and identify the positive and negative consequences of diagnostic labels (e.g., the Rosenhan study).
Unit 11
Abnormal Psych:
Disorders
MoodDisorders
MoodDisorders
AnxietyDisordersAnxiety
Disorders
PersonalityDisorders
PersonalityDisorders
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
ChildhoodDisorders
ChildhoodDisorders
DissociativeDisorders
DissociativeDisorders
SomatoformDisorders
SomatoformDisorders
History,DSM
We are here
Unit 11:
Treatment of Psychological
Disorders
Unit 11:
Treatment of Psychological
Disorders
Biological Treatment
s
Biological Treatment
s
Insight TherapiesInsight
Therapies
Cognitive TherapiesCognitive Therapies
Behavior TherapiesBehavior Therapies
Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychoanalysis
Stress Inoculation
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Aversion Therapy
Behavior ContractingFlooding
Systematic Desensitization
Client-Centered
Gestalt
Rational Emotive Therapy
Classical Operant
Token Economy
Abnormal psychology
• the scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
Mental Disorders
• "a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom."--Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Ed.
National Institute of Mental Health Statistics• An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older
— about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. Or 57.7 million people.
• About 6 percent, or 1 in 17 —suffer from a serious mental illness.
• In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada for ages 15-44.
• Nearly half (45 percent) of those with any mental disorder meet criteria for 2 or more disorders, with severity strongly related to comorbidity.
• Most common disorders were anxiety, phobias, and mood disorders
What makes a Behavior a Mental Illness?
• Many definitions have been proposed, yet none are universally accepted
• ¨ Most definitions, however, share some common features…
• “The Four Ds”– Deviance – Different, extreme, unusual– Distress – Unpleasant & upsetting– Dysfunction – Causes interference with life– Danger – Poses risk of harm
Understanding Psychological Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged
like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
John W. V
erano
Medical Perspective
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic
possession, but an ailment of the mind.
Dance in the madhouse.
George W
esley Bellow
s, Dancer in a M
adhouse, 1907. © 1997 T
he Art Institute of C
hicago
Models of the Causes of Psychological Disorders
• Biological model– Physiological or biochemical basis
• Psychoanalytic model– Disorders are the result of unconscious conflicts
• Cognitive-Behavioral model– Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive
ways of behaving and thinking• Diathesis-Stress model
– Biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress
Systems theory Biopsychosocial Model
Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact
to produce psychological disorders.
Medical Approach
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these
disorders.
1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder.
2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.
3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.
4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to
describe psychological disorders.
The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological
disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.
The DSM spells out the specific diagnostic criteria • An example of this can be seen in the diagnosis of
a major depressive episode. • A person must exhibit at least five or more of the
listed nine characteristics and the symptoms must be evident for at least the last two weeks for that person to be diagnosed with this disorder.
• When diagnosing a client the American Psychological Association recommends that the clinician use a multiaxial Assessment System.
Multiaxial Classification
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? (GAF Scale is out of 100 with the lower the school the more limited their functionioning.
Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?Axis I
Sample
• Axis I 296.21 Major Depressive Disorder 303.90 Alcohol Dependence
• Axis II 301.6 Dependent Personality Disorder
• Axis III None • Axis IV Recent Divorce, unemployment • Axis V 58
Goals of DSM
1. Describe (400) disorders.2. Determine how prevalent the
disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
Diagnostic Labeling
1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)
Elizabeth E
ckert, Middletow
n, NY
. From
L. G
amw
ell and N
. Tom
es, Madness in A
merica, 1995. C
ornell University P
ress.
Diagnostic Labeling
2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy.
3. Rosenhan study -