word bao cao

8/8/2019 Word Bao Cao

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ti: AN TON TRONG S DNG HA CHT V SC KHE

A/ KHI NIM V HA CHT

Ha cht: l cc nguyn t ha hc, cc hp cht v hn hp c ngun gc t

t nhin hay c con ngi tng hp to thnh.

Ha cht c rt nhiu li ch song khng t cc nguy c, do vy s dng ha

cht cn phi ng cch, ng quy trnh nhm trnh cc ri ro.

B/ NHNG VN TRONG S DNG HA CHT

I. NHNG NGUY C T HA CHT

1) S c hi ca ha cht

Trong nhng nm gn y, vn c quan tm ngy cng nhiu l nh

hng ca ha cht n sc khe con ngi, c bit l ngi lao ng . Nhiu ha

cht tng c coi l an ton nhng nay c xc nh l c lin quan n

bnh tt, t mn nga nh n suy yu sc khe lu di v ung th.

Cc yu t quyt nh mc c hi ca ha cht, bao gm c tnh, c

tnh vt l ca ha cht, trng thi tip xc, ng xm nhp vo c th v tnh mn

cm ca c nhn v tc hi tng hp ca cc yu t ny.

2) Nguy c chy n

a s ha cht u tim n cc nguy c gy chy n. Vic sp xp, bo qun,

vn chuyn, s dng ha cht khng ng cch u c th dn n tai nn t mt

m chy nh ti tham ha thit hi ln v ngi v ti sn.

S chy cn 3 yu t: nhin liu (cht chy), xy v mt ngun nhit vi t l

thch hp. Nhng yu t ny phi trong mt t l, hon cnh thch hp trc khi bt

la v gy chy, nhin liu bt u chy mt nhit xc nh l im chp chy.

N: hn hp nhin liu vi xy ch n khi trong gii hn nht nh v nng. Gii hn m mt cht s n tnh theo nng so vi xy (hoc khng kh)

c gi l gii hn n trn v di v thng c trong cc ti liu an ton ha cht.

Mt vi loi kh c nh gi l nguy him n (vit tt CNN) tc l c kh

nng n hay kch thch n m khng cn c s tham gia ca xy. Gii hn n s thay

i ty theo: nhit ca hn hp, t l cc cht khng chy, p lc...v nhiu yu t

khc. Ha cht c khoang cch gia gii hn n di v trn cng ln th cng nguyhim.


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3) n mn ha hc

L cc cht c tc dng ph hy dn cc kt cu xy dng v cc dng vt

cht khc nh my mc, thit b, ng ng v.v... c th gy bng, n da ngi v

sc vt. S n mon gy thit hi rt nghim trng v kinh t.

II. CC CON NG XM NHP CA HA CHT

Ha cht c th i vo c th con ngi theo 3 ng:

1. ng h hp: khi ht th cc ha cht di dng kh, hi hay bi.

i vi ngi lao ng trong cng nghip, ht th l ng vo thng thng

v nguy him nht. Vi din tch b mt phi 90m2 mt ngi ln khe mnh;

trong c 70 m2 l din tch tip xc ca ph nang; ngoi ra cn c mt mng li

mao mch vi din tch 140 m2, dng mu qua phi nhanh v nhiu to iu kin d

dng cho s hp thu qua ph nang vo mao mch ca cc cht c trong khng kh; v

bnh thng mt ngi lao ng ht khong 8,5m3 khng kh trong mt ca lm vic 8

gi. V vy, h thng h hp thc s l ng vo thun tin cho ha cht.

Mt ha cht khi lt vo ng h hp s kch thch mng nhy ca ng h

hp trn v ph qun - y l du hiu cho bit s hin din ca ha cht. Sau ,

chng s xm nhp su vo phi gy tn thng phi hoc lu hnh trong mu.

Mc thm nhp ca cc ht bi vo c th ph thuc vo kch thc ht v

tnh tan ca chng.

2. Hp th qua da: khi ha cht dy dnh vo da.

Ha cht dy dnh trn da c th c cc phn ng sau:

- phn ng vi b mt ca da gy vim da x pht;

- Xm nhp qua da, kt hp vi t chc protein gy cm ng da.

- Xm nhp qua da vo mu.

Nhng ha cht c dung mi thm qua da hoc cht d tan trong m nh cc

dung mi hu c v ph nol d dng thm nhp vo c th qua da. Nhng ha cht

ny c th thm vo qun o lm vic m ngi lao ng khng bit. iu kin lm

vic nng lm cc l chn lng da m rng hn cng to iu kin cho cc ha cht

thm nhp qua da nhanh hn. Khi da b tn thng do cc vt xc hoc cc bnhv da th nguy c b ha cht thm nhp vo c th qua da s tng ln.


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3. ng tiu ha: do n, ung phi thc n hoc s dng nhng dng c n b

nhim ha cht.

Do bt cn cht c dnh trn mi, mm ri v tnh nut phi hoc n,

ung, ht thuc trong khi bn tay dnh ha cht hoc dng thc n v ung b

nhim ha cht l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu ha cht xm nhp vo c th qua

ng tiu ha.

Ngoi ra, c mt s ht bi t ng th lt vo hng v sau theo nc bt

vo ng tiu ha.

III. HA CHT TC NG LN CON NGI RA SAO

- Kch thch gy kh chu.

- Gy d ng.

- Gy ngt.

- Gy m v gy t.

- Tc ng n h thng cc c quan chc nng.

- Gy ung th.

- H bo thai.

- nh hng n cc th h tng lai (t bin gien).

- Bnh bi phi.

IV. CC KHI NIM HAY DNG TRONG NGHIN CU C TNH

1) c cht hc:l khoa hc nghin cu v nhng cht c v nh hng ca

chng n cc chc nng sinh l bnh thng ca c th. Cc kin thc lin quan cht

ch nht n c cht hc nm trong cc lnh vc nghin cu v: dc hc, ton hc,

ha hc, sinh thi hc, ng vt hc, thc vt hc.

2) LD50 (lethal dose 50): l liu cht c gy cht mt na s ng vt quan

stv thng c dng cn nhc v mc gy c tng i ca mt cht c.

Nhiu LD50 c ghi nhn khi quan st trn chut th nghim.

3) LC50 (lethal concentration 50): nng ca cht c gy cht mt na s

ng vt quan st. LC50 thng c s dng nh gi mc c ca cc cht

trong khng kh v nc.


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4) Tnh c: l khi nim phn nh c tnh gy c. Trong thc t ta thng

dng cc n v nh mg/kg (s mg cht c c th gy triu chng i vi 1kg khi

lng c th). Khng nn nhm ln gia tnh gy c vi c ch gy c (toxicosis).

5) C ch gy c hay c ch nh hng (toxicosis): cc triu chng lm

sng khi b nhim c, cc phn ng sinh l ca c th khi nhim cht

V. MT S NHM CHT C NGUY HIM

1) Tu theo mc tc ng ln cth:cc chtc hi c chia ra lm

bn nhm nguy him:

-Nhm thnht Cc cht cc k nguy him

-Nhm thhai Cc cht rt nguy him

-Nhm thba Cc cht nguy him

-Nhm tht Cc cht t nguy him

2) Xc nh ty thuc vo nh mc v ch s nu ra trong bng sau:


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3. DIOXIN:

Dioxin l tn gi chung ca mt nhm hng trm cc hp cht ha hc tn ti

Tn ch s nh mc cho cc nhm nguy him

I II III IV Nng o gii hn

cho php ca cc cht

c hi trong khng

kh khu vc lm vic

mg/m3

Liu gy cht trung

bnh khi a vo d

dy mg/m3

Liu gy cht trungbnh khi a ln da,

mg/kg

Nng gy cht

trung bnh trong

khng kh khu vc lm

vic :mg/m3.

H s kh nng gy

nhim c ng h

hp

H s vng tc ng

cp tnh

H thng vng tc

ng mn tnh

Nh hn

0,1

Nh hn

15

Nh hn

100

Nh hn

500

Ln hn

300

Nh hn

6,0

Ln hn

10,0

0,1 1,0

15 150

100 500

500 5000

300 30

6,0 18

10,0 5

Ln hn

1,0 10,0

Ln hn

150 5000

Ln hn

500 2500

Ln hn

5000

50000

Nh hn

30 30

18 54,0

Nh hn

5,0 2,5

Ln hn

10,0

Ln hn

500

Ln hn

2500

Ln hn

50.000

Nh hn

3

Ln hn

54,0

Nh hn

2,5
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc


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bn vng trong mi trng cng nh trong c thcon ngi v cc sinh vtkhc.

Ty theo s nguyn t Cl v v tr khng gian ca nhng nguyn t ny, dioxine c

75 ng phn PCDD (poly-chloro-dibenzo-dioxines) v 135 ng phn PCDF (poly-

chloro-dibenzo-furanes) vi c tnh khc nhau. Dioxine cn bao gm nhm cc PCB

(poly-chloro-biphnyles), l cc cht tng t dioxine, bao gm 419 cht ha hc

trong c 29 cht c bit nguy him. Trong s cc hp cht dioxine, TCDD l

nhm c nht.

Cu trc ca Dioxin

C/ NHN DIN PHN LOI GHI NHN

I. R PHRASE V S PHRASE

1) R-PHRASE

R (vit tt ca cm t ri ro) c quy nh ti Ph lc III ca Lin Minh

Chu u Ch th 67/548/EEC.

C tng cng 68 R2) S PHRASE

S-cm t c quy nh ti Ph lc IV ca Lin Minh Chu u Ch th

67/548/EEC:

C tng cng 64 S

II. MSDS: THNG TIN AN TON CA HA CHT

Mt Bng ch dn an ton ha cht (Material Safety Data Sheet) l mt dng

vn bn cha cc d liu lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca mtha chtc th no. N c a ra cho nhng ngi cn phi tip xc hay lm vic vi ha cht

, khng k l di hn hay ngn hn cc trnh t lm vic vi n mt cch an

ton hay cc x l cn thit khi b nh hng ca n.

Thnh phn

Mt bng ch dn an ton ha cht (MSDS) phi bao gm t nht l cc mc sau:

Tn gi thng phm, tn gi ha hc v cc tn gi khc cng nh cc sng k CAS,RTECSv.v.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C6%A1_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thu%E1%BB%99c_t%C3%ADnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%E1%BA%A9m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_CAShttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91_RTECS&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:TCDD_structure2.pnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C6%A1_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thu%E1%BB%99c_t%C3%ADnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%E1%BA%A9m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_CAShttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91_RTECS&action=edit&redlink=1


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Cc thuc tnh l hc ca ha cht nh biu hin b ngoi, mu sc, mi v, t

trng ring, nhit nng chy, nhit si, im bt la, im n, im t

chy, nht, t l bay hi, p sut hi, thnh phn phn trm cho php trong

khng kh, kh nng ha tan trong cc dung mi nh nc, dung mi hu c

v.v

Thnh phn ha hc, h ha cht, cng thc v ccphn ng ha hc vi cc

ha cht khc nhaxt, cht xi ha.

c tnh v cc hiu ngxu ln sc khe con ngi, chng hn tc ng xu

ti mt, da, h h hp, h tiu ha, kh nng sinh sn cng nh kh nng gy

ung thhay gy d bin, t bingen. Cc biu hin v triu chng ng c

cp tnh v kinh nin.

Cc nguy him chnh v chy n, tc ng xu ln sc khe ngi lao ngv

nguy him v phn ng, v d theo thang nh gi NFPA t 0 ti 4.

Thit b bo h lao ngcn s dng khi lm vic vi ha cht.

Quy trnh thao tc khi lm vic vi ha cht.

Tr gipy tkhn cp khi ng c hay b tai nn trong khi s dng ha cht.

Cc iu kin tiu chun lu gi, bo qun ha cht trong kho (nhit ,

m, thong kh, cc ha cht khng tng thch v.v) cng nh cc iu kin

cn tun th khi tip xc vi ha cht.

Phng php x l ph thi c cha ha cht cng nh x l kho tng theo

nh k hay khi b r r ha cht ra ngoi mi trng.

Cc thit b, phng tin v trnh t, quy chun trong phng chy-cha chy.

Cc tc ng xu ln thy sinh vtv mi trng.

Kh nng v h s tch ly sinh hc (BCF).

Cc quy nh v ng gi, tem mc v vn chuyn.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B7_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_ri%C3%AAnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B7_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_ri%C3%AAnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_s%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_b%E1%BA%AFt_l%E1%BB%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_t%E1%BB%B1_ch%C3%A1y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_t%E1%BB%B1_ch%C3%A1y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_nh%E1%BB%9Bthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%B4ng_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%8D_h%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_t%C3%ADnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_h%C3%B4_h%E1%BA%A5phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ti%C3%AAu_h%C3%B3ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BB%8B_bi%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%99t_bi%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_(kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BA%BFt_b%E1%BB%8B_b%E1%BA%A3o_h%E1%BB%99_lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y_t%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B7_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_ri%C3%AAnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B7_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_ri%C3%AAnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B3ng_ch%E1%BA%A3yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_s%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_b%E1%BA%AFt_l%E1%BB%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_t%E1%BB%B1_ch%C3%A1y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_t%E1%BB%B1_ch%C3%A1y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_nh%E1%BB%9Bthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%B4ng_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%8D_h%C3%B3a_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_t%C3%ADnh&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_h%C3%B4_h%E1%BA%A5phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ti%C3%AAu_h%C3%B3ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BB%8B_bi%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%99t_bi%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_(kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thi%E1%BA%BFt_b%E1%BB%8B_b%E1%BA%A3o_h%E1%BB%99_lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y_t%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng


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D/NG GI VN CHUYN TN TR

I. PHN LOI V CC BIU TNG THEO UN

Mc ch phn loi cht nguy hi l tng cng thng tin v chng trong

mi hot ng t sn xut, s dng n thi b. Hu ht nhng ngi c lin quan

n vic s dng cc cht ny khng phi l cc nh ha hc v s khng bit c

tn ha hc ca chng. H thng phn loi ny cho php nhng ngi khng chuyn

c th d dng xc nh nhng mi nguy c lin quan trn c s tm c nhngthng tin hng dn s dng.

Phn loi theo UN th c 9 nhm

Nhm 1: Cht n

Nhm 2: Cc cht kh nn, ho lng hay ho tan c p

Nhm 3: Cc cht lng d chy

Nhm 4: Cc cht rn d chy, cht c kh nng t bc chy v nhng cht khiNhm 5: Nhng tc nhn oxy ho v cc peroxit hu c

Nhm 6: Cht c v cht gy nhim bnh

Nhm 7: Nhng cht phng x

Nhm 8: Nhng cht n mn

Nhm 9: Nhng cht nguy hi khc

II. GHI NHN HNG HA I VI HA CHT


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1) i tng thc hin ghi nhn hng ho i vi ho cht: t chc, c nhn sn

xut, nhp khu ha cht c ngha v phn loi, ghi nhn ha cht trc khi a

ha cht vo s dng, lu thng trn th trng. (Lut Ho cht, 2007)

2) C quan hng dn v qun l vic ghi nhn: B Cng thng hng dn,

qun l vic phn loi, ghi nhn ha cht theo H thng hi ho ton cu v phn

loi v ghi nhn ha cht v xc nh l trnh p dng cc quy nh v phn loi v

ghi nhn i vi cht, hn hp cht. (Lut Ho cht, 2007)

3) Quy nh ghi nhn i vi ha cht nguy him

a. Ni dung nhn hng ho nguy him

Ni dung nhn hng ho theo quy nh ti iu 12, ngh nh 89/2006/N-CP:

nh lng

Ngy sn xut

Hn s dng

Thnh phn hoc thnh phn nh lng

Thng tin, cnh bo an ton

Hng dn s dng, hng dn bo qun

b. V tr nhn hiuCc kin hng hnh tr hay thon nh phi c chu vi sao cho nhn dn khng ph ln

chnh n

Cc mi tn v l do khc m khng biu th nh hng ng gi ca kin

hng cha cht lng nguy hi th khng c hin th trn kin hng.

Mi nhn phi c in hay dn chc chn trn bao b d nhn bit, r rng v

khng b che khut bi bt k phn no trn bao b hay b che bi nhn khc.

Cc nhn khng b gp np hay khng c dn theo cch m cc phn ca

nhn nm trn cc mt khc nhau ca kin hng. Nu b mt kin hng khng

ch, th chp nhn dng mc gn km nhn ln kin hng.

Nhn bo nguy hi ph, nu c, phi dn ngay bn cnh nhn nguy hi chnh.

Khi dng nhn nh hng t nht phi s dng hai nhn dn hai mt i

din nhau ca kin hng v hng mi tn phi ch ng.

Cc nhn theo cc quy nh thch hp khc khng c lm ri hay mu thun

vi cc quy nh trn.


10/30

Mi kin hng phi c ghi tn thch hp khi vn chuyn theo ng hng

dn ca LHQ v ghi s ch nh quc t sau k hiu UN

4) Biu tng hng ho nguy him theo UN

Nhn hng ho nguy him cn b sung cc thng tin c quy nh ti mc , thng

t 12/2006/TT-BCN ca b cng nghip v hng dn thi hnh ngh nh

68/2005/N-CP ca chnh ph v an ton ho cht nh sau :

a.Tiu ng

Cnh bo c tnh nguy him th hin bng ting Vit, kch thc ngi

s dng c th c c bng mt thng

b.Biu tng

Phn loi nguy him quy nh ti Ph lc 1 Thng t 12/2006/TT-BCN. Kch

thc trnh by ca biu tng nguy him khng c nh hn 1,5 x 1,5cm. (Theo

khon 1, mc thng t 12/2006/TT-BCN).

c.Biu trng

Nguy him vi kch thc, biu tng, mu sc quy nh ti mc 1, ph lc 3

ngh nh 13/2003/N-CP (khon 2, iu 9 ngh nh 13/2003/N-CP).

III. PHN NHM NG GI V VN CHUYN

1) Phn nhm ng giVic ng gi hng nguy him trong lnh th Vit Nam phi tun th theo quy

chun k thut quc gia tng ng. Nhng loi hng, nhm hng cha c quy chun

k thut quc gia th thc hin theo quy nh ca cc B qun l ngnh.

1. Hng nguy him thuc loi bt buc ng gi phi c ng gi trc khi

vn chuyn trn ng st. Vic ng gi hng nguy him phi thc hin theo tiu

chun Vit Nam v quy nh ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn

2. Bao b, thng cha hng nguy him phi ng tiu chun v phi c dn

biu trng hng nguy him. Kch thc, k hiu, mu sc biu trng hng nguy him

thc hin theo quy nh ti im 1 Ph lc III km theo Ngh nh ny.

3. Vic ghi nhn hng nguy him thc hin theo quy nh v ghi nhn hng

ha lu thng trong nc v hng ha xut khu, nhp khu.

4. Trn hai bn thnh phng tin vn ti hng nguy him phi dn biu trng

hng nguy him. Nu trn mt phng tin c nhiu loi hng nguy him khc nhauth phi dn cc biu trng ca cc loi hng nguy him . Trng hp trn


11/30

phng tin c ch container hoc xi-tc c cha hng nguy him th biu trng hng

nguy him cn phi c dn trc tip ln container hoc xi-tc .

5. Bo hiu nguy him hnh ch nht mu vng cam, gia c ghi m s ca

Lin hp quc (m s UN). Kch thc bo hiu nguy him quy nh ti im 2 Ph

lc III km theo Ngh nh ny. V tr dn bo hiu nguy him bn di biu trng

hng nguy him.

6. Vic ng gi, bao b, thng cha, nhn hng, biu trng hng nguy him v

bo hiu nguy him i vi vic vn chuyn cht phng x cn phi thc hin theo

quy nh ca php lut v an ton v kim sot bc x.

2) Phn nhm vn chuyn

a. Phng tin vn chuyn

1. Phng tin vn chuyn phi iu kin tham gia giao thng.

2. Thit b chuyn dng ca phng tin vn chuyn hng nguy him phi bo

m tiu chun do cc B qun l ngnh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 10 Ngh nh ny

quy nh.

3. Cn c quy nh v tiu chun ca cc B qun l ngnh, c quan kim

nh phng tin c gii ng b thc hin kim nh v chng nhn phng tin

c gii ng b iu kin vn chuyn hng nguy him.4. Phng tin vn chuyn hng nguy him phi dn biu trng nguy him ca

loi, nhm loi hng ang vn chuyn. Nu trn mt phng tin c xp nhiu loi

hng khc nhau th pha ngoi phng tin cng dn y biu trng ca cc loi

hng . V tr dn biu trng hai bn v pha sau phng tin.

5. Phng tin vn chuyn hng nguy him sau khi d ht hng nu khng tip

tc vn chuyn loi hng th phi c lm sch v bc, xo ht biu trng nguy

him.

6. Nghim cm vic s dng phng tin khng p ng tiu chun k thut

hoc khng iu kin vn chuyn hng nguy him vn chuyn hng nguy him.

V bn cha nn lm bng kim loi c kh nng thch ng vi mi trng bn

ngoi (t nhin) tt trong khi chuyn ch hng.

Thng cha nn c cu trc tha mn tiu chun k thut c s chp

nhn chung trn th gii.


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Kt cu v thit k ca bn cha cn ch v kh nng chu nhit, p lc, ti

trng tc dng.

Cc thit b h tr nh van an ton, k thut sp xp hp l, phng n bo v

an ton chng li nhng ri ro gy nguy him trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

Mi thng cha c chia khu thun tin cho vic sp xp khi lng hng

ln v d cho cng tc kim tra.

Tt c cc thng cha c lin h nn c lm du ni bt, v dy buc chng

nn l vt liu ph hp.

Tt c cc container nn c cht y theo nhng phng php gim nh p

lc mt cch ph hp.

V thng cha c kim tra 2 ln v th bi ngi c chuyn mn.b. Ngi vn chuyn.

1. Ngi iu khin phng tin vn chuyn hng nguy him phi c hun

luyn v c cp Giy chng nhn hun luyn v loi hng nguy him m mnh vn

chuyn theo quy nh ca cc B qun l ngnh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 10 Ngh

nh ny. Ch phng tin, ngi iu khin phng tin khi vn chuyn hng nguy

him ngoi vic tun th quy nh ca Lut Giao thng ng b v cc vn bn

hng dn thi hnh, cc quy nh ca php lut lin quan cn phi tun th cc quy

nh sau y:

-Tun th cc quy nh v tuyn ng vn chuyn, cc im dng, trn

ng, thi gian thc hin vn chuyn, mc xp ti trn phng tin c ghi trong

Giy php.

-Chp hnh yu cu ca ngi gi hng trong thng bo gi cho ngi vn ti.

-Phi theo s hng dn ca n v trc tip qun l hoc n v thi cng khivn chuyn hng nguy him l cht d chy, cht d t bc chy,cht n lng hoc

c kh nhy i qua cc cng trnh cu, hm c bit quan trng hoc cc cng trnh

khc ang c thi cng trn ng giao thng c nhit cao, la hn, tia la

in.

2. Ngi th kho, ngi p ti hng nguy him bt buc phi c hun luyn

v loi hng nguy him do mnh p ti hoc lu kho bi.

3. Xp, d hng nguy him trn phng tin vn chuyn v lu kho bi


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1. T chc, c nhn lin quan n vic xp, d hng nguy him trn phng

tin vn chuyn v lu kho, bi phi tun th ng ch dn v bo qun, xp, d, vn

chuyn ca tng loi hng nguy him hoc trong thng bo ca ngi gi hng.

2. Vic xp, d hng nguy him phi do ngi th kho, ngi p ti trc tip

hng dn v gim st.

3. Trong trng hp khng quy nh phi c ngi p ti theo iu 11 Ngh

nh ny th ngi vn ti phi thc hin xp, d hng ha theo ch dn ca ngi

gi .

4. Trch nhim i vi ngi gi hng

1. ng gi ng kch c, khi lng hng v cht liu bao b, thng cha

theo quy phm an ton k thut ca tng loi hng.

2. Bao b ngoi phi c nhn hng ha, c dn biu trng nguy him theo quy

nh ti khon 1 v khon 2 iu 9 Ngh nh ny.

3. C h s v hng nguy him bao gm:

a) Giy gi hng ghi r: tn hng, m s, loi nhm hng, khi lng tng cng,

loi bao b, s lng bao gi, ngy sn xut, ni sn xut, tn a ch ngi gi hng,

ngi nhn hng;

b) Giy php vn chuyn hng nguy him cm lu thng ca c quan c thmquyn (nu l hng nguy him cm lu thng).

4. Thng bo bng vn bn cho ngi vn ti v nhng yu cu phi thc hin

trong qu trnh vn chuyn, hng dn x l trong trng hp c tai nn, s c k c

trong trng hp c ngi p ti.

5. C ngi p ti nu hng nguy him c quy nh bt buc c ngi p ti.

E/ NGUYN TC HN CH TC HI CA CHT C V TNH TRNG

KHN CP

I. CC PHNG PHP HN CH TC HI

Mc ch chung ca vic kim sot ha cht l loi tr hoc lm gim ti mc

thp nht mi ri ro bi cc ha cht nguy him, cc sn phm t ha cht gy ra

cho con ngi v mi trng.

Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot

1) Thay th: Loi b cc cht hoc cc qu trnh c hi, nguy him hoc thay thchng bng th khc t nguy him hn hoc khng cn nguy him na.


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Bc 1: nh gi ha cht s dng

Tin hnh thu thp thng tin, nh gi v cc ha cht ang s dng hoc d nh s

dng, c th l:

- Cch thc s dng hoc d nh s dng ha cht nh th no?

- Ha cht hoc sn phm c cha ha cht c th gy nhng ri ro g cho con

ngi v mi trng?

- N c th nh hng ti con ngi v mi trng u, bng cch no: ni lm

vic; thng qua s pht thi vo khng kh hoc nc; thng qua sn phm cha ha

cht; hay thng qua cht thi t qu trnh vn chuyn, chn hoc tiu hy, ti ch sn

phm?

- Nn lm g gim thiu cc ri ro?

Bc 2: Xc nh cc gii php thay th

- C th thay i quy trnh hoc phng php sn xut nhm thay th ha cht

bng mt loi khc t c hi nguy him hn, hay gim ha cht v cc sn phm

cha n khng? Nu c, gm nhng gii php no?

- Cc gii php thay th c thc t khng? Vic p dng cc gii php thay th s lm

tng hay gim chi ph? S tng, gim c ko di khng, hay ch trong mt thi

gian ngn?Bc 3: nh gi nhng ri ro mi khi p dng cc gii php thay th

- Xc nh nhng ri ro i vi sc khe con ngi v mi trng khi p dng cc

gii php thay th ?

- So snh ri ro gia cc gii php thay th. iu ny thng khng d dng. C th

s c rt t thng tin v sn phm hoc phng php thay th. C th phi so snh gia

hai cht: mt cht gy ra nhng ri ro cho mi trng v mt cht gy nhng ri ro

cho con ngi ...

Bc 4: La chn gii php thay th - Tin hnh thay th

- Sau khi nh gi u, nhc im ca tng gii php thay th, tin hnh la chn

gii php ph hp nht. Thng thng, s la chn cc ha cht thay th c th b

hn ch, c bit nhng ni c s dng cc ha cht c th: khi thng khng

trnh khi phi cn nhc gia gii php k thut vi cc li ch kinh t. Nn hc hi

kinh nghim t nhng ngi tng s dng ha cht .


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- Lp k hoch thay th: khi no tin hnh, ai tin hnh v tin hnh nh th no,

chng hn nh sn phm mi c cn c th nghim trn quy m nh trc khng?

c cc trang thit b phng h cn thit cha?

Bc 5: D kin nhng thay i trong tng lai

- Ha cht mi c th s cn c thay th bng mt loi khc an ton hn trong

tng lai. Do , cn tip tc xem xt: liu c bin php no gim c hn na

nhng ri ro cho sc khe v mi trng hay khng?

2) Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi lao ng v ha cht nhm

ngn cch mi nguy c lin quan ti ha cht i vi ngi lao ng.

Mt qu trnh sn xut l tng l ngi lao ng c hn ch ti mc

thp nht mi c hi tip xc vi ha cht; c th bng cch bao che ton b mymc, nhng im pht sinh bi ca bng chuyn hoc bao che qu trnh sn xut cc

cht n mn... hn ch s lan ta hi, kh c hi, nguy him ti mi trng lm

vic. Cng c th gim s tip xc vi cc ha cht c hi bng vic di chuyn cc

qui trnh v cng on sn xut cc ha cht ny ti v tr an ton, cch xa ngi lao

ng trong nh my hoc xy tng cch ly chng ra khi qu trnh sn xut c

iu kin lm vic bnh thng khc.

Bn cnh , cn phi cch ly ha cht d chy n vi cc ngun nhit, chng

hn nh t thuc n xa cc my mi, my ca... hiu qa tng t c th nhn

c khi s dng nhng kho ha cht an ton v hn ch s lng nhng ha cht

nguy him cn s dng ti ni lm vic trong tng ngy, tng ca. iu ny thc s rt

c ch nu qu trnh sn xut thc hin bi mt s lng rt t ngi lao ng v trang

b y phng tin bo v c nhn.

3. Thng gi: s dng h thng thng gi thch hp di chuyn hoc lm gim

nng c hi trong khng kh chng hn nh khi, kh, bi, m.

H thng thng gi chung cn c hiu l h thng lm long nng ha

cht. N hot ng da trn nguyn tc lm long khng kh c bi hoc hi ha cht

thng qua vic mang khng kh sch t ngoi vo v ly khng kh bn t ni sn

xut ra. C th thc hin iu ny bng cc thit b vn chuyn kh (my bm,

qut ...) hoc n gin ch l nh vic m ca s, ca ra vo to s lun chuyn t

nhin ca khng kh. Vic b tr nhng lung kh ny phi c thc hin ngay t


16/30

khu thit k to nh. Phng php thng gi cng bc bng my c u im hn

thng gi t nhin l c th kim sot c nng cc ha cht nguy him c trong

khng kh bm vo v thi ra. Bi ch lm long c cht thay cho vic loi b chng

trong mi trng lm vic, nn h thng ny ch khuyn ngh dng cho nhng cht t

c, khng n mn v vi s lng nh.

Trong trng hp ha cht d bay hi, vic thng gi c xem nh l mt

hnh thc kim sot tt nht sau vic thay th hoc bao che. Nh cc thit b thng gi

thch hp, ngi ta c th ngn khng cho bi, hi, kh c thot ra t qu trnh sn

xut tin vo khu vc ht th ca ngi lao ng v chuyn chng bng cc ng dn

ti b phn x l (xyclo, thit b lng, thit b lc tnh in...) kh c trc khi thi

ra ngoi mi trng. Ty thuc vo hon cnh c th m ngi ta c th b tr h

thng thng gi cc b ngay ti ni pht sinh hi, kh c, hay h thng thng gi

chung cho ton nh my hoc p dng kt hp ca h thng.

H thng thi cc b, cn c gi l hoa sen khng kh, thng c b tr

thi khng kh sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn m ti

thng ta nhiu kh hi c hi v nhiu nhit.i vi h thng ht cc b, ming

ht ca h thng phi t st, gn n mc c th vi ngun pht sinh bi, hi, kh c ngn nga tc hi ca n i vi nhng ngi lao ng lm vic gn . c

nhng h thng thng gi cc b hot ng rt hiu qa trong vic kim sot cc cht

c nh: ch, aming, dung mi hu c.

4. Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga vic

tip xc trc tip vi ha cht.

Phn ln cc nguy c t s dng ha cht c th kim sot c bng cc bin

php k thut k trn. Nhng khi cc bin php cha loi tr ht c cc mi

nguy, hay ni cch khc khi nng ha cht trong mi trng cha t tiu chun

cho php th ngi lao ng phi c trang b phng tin bo v c nhn.

a. Mt n phng c

Mt n phng c che mi v mm ngi lao ng, ngn chn s thm

nhp ca ha cht vo c th qua ng h hp. Dng mt n phng c khi phi tip

xc vi ha cht trong cc tnh hung sau:


17/30

- ni phi tin hnh kim sot tm thi trc khi tin hnh cc bin php kim sot k

thut.

-ni khng thc hin c nhng kim tra v k thut.

- b sung vo nhng bin php kim sot k thut.

-Trong trng hp khn cp.

* Vic la chn loi mt n phng c s ty thuc theo cc yu t:

- c tnh ca mt hoc ca nhiu cht c hi phi tip xc;

- Nng ti a ca cc ha cht ti ni lm vic;

- Thun tin v hp vi khun mt ca ngi s dng ngn chn cht c lt qua

k h;- Ph hp vi iu kin ca cng vic v loi tr c cc ri ro cho sc khe.

* C th phn mt n phng c thnh 2 nhm:

- Mt n lc c: Lm sch khng kh trc khi vo c th ngi bng vic lc hoc

hp thu cht c.

Trong mt n, b phn lm sch l nhng lp m bng vi rt mng lc bi

t khng kh (hnh 23a), hoc l hp nh ng ha cht hp th hi, kh c (hnh

23b). Thng thng, mt n lc kh ch dng khi nng cht c c trong khng kh

khng qu 2% v hm lng xy khng di 15%. Nhng mt n lc c ny c

thit k theo hnh thc mt na mt (che mm, mi v c cm) hoc l che kn c mt.

C rt nhiu kiu mt n lc c khc nhau ty theo loi ha cht phi x l song

khng c thit b lc, hoc mt n lc c no c th loi b hon ton ha cht nguy

him. V vy, chn c loi mt n thch hp nht thit phi tun theo ch dn ca

ngi sn xut hoc ngi cung cp mt n phng c.

Mt n cung cp khng kh: l loi cung cp lin tc khng kh khng c v

l mt n bo v ngi s dng mc cao nht. Khng kh c th bm vo t mt

ngun xa (c ni vi mt vi p sut cao), hoc t mt dng c cp kh xch tay

(nh my nn hoc bnh cha khng kh hay xy lng di p sut cao). Loi xch

tay ny c minh ha hnh 26 v c gi l bnh dng kh. Mt n c bnh

dng kh c thit k bao ph ton b khun mt.


18/30

am bo s dng c hiu qa, ngi lao ng phi c hun luyn, o

to cch s dng, sa cha v bo dng mt n phng c (hnh 26). eo mt n

phng c km phm cht c th cn nguy him hn khng eo g, v khi ngi

lao ng ngh rng h c bo v nhng thc t th khng.

b. Bo v mt

Tn thng v mt c th do b bi, cc ht kim loi, mu, thy tinh,

than ..., cc cht lng c bn vo mt; b hi, kh c xng ln mt; v cng c th

do b cc tia bc x nhit, tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi... chiu vo mt.

ngn nga cc tai nn v bnh v mt c ths dng cc loi knh an ton,

cc loi mt n cm tay v mt n hoc m mt n lin vi u ... ty tng trng hp

c th, chng hn dng tm chn bo v bao ph c trn v mt ti im di quai hm

nhm chng li vic bn to bt ng cc cht lng nguy him; knh trng khng c

ha cht khi x l cc ha cht dng ht nh, bi....

c. Qun o, gng tay, giy ng

Qun o bo v, gng tay, tp d, ng c dng bo v c th ngn khng

cho ha cht thm nhp qua da. Cc loi ny phi c lm bng nhng cht liukhng thm nc hoc khng b tc ng ph hoi bi ha cht tip xc khi lm cc

cng vic tng ng. S dng gng tay l mt yu cu bt buc khi lm vic vi ha

cht m c, c tnh n mn cao. Gng tay phi dy t nht 0,4mm v mm lm

nhng cng vic n gin bng tay.

Kem bo v v thuc ra cng c tc dng tt trong vic bo v da. Kem c

nhiu tc dng, nu c la chn v s dng chnh xc th chng rt hu ch. Tuy

nhin, khng c mt loi kem no dng cho tt c cc mc ch, mt vi loi dng

chng li cc dung mi hu c, trong khi cc loi kem khc c sn xut dng

khi tip xc vi nhng cht ha tan trong nc.

Qun o bo v phi c git ngay sau khi dng khng mc qun o b

nhim ha cht.

Nhn chung, qun o nn:

- Va vn, thoi mi c th c th c ng mt cch d dng;


19/30

- Trang b ring cho tng c nhn s dng hng ngy;

- bo qun chu o, c khu v, sa cha khi cn thit;

- c lm sch, khng dnh ha cht.

* V sinh c nhnV sinh c nhn nhm mc ch gi cho c th sch s, v nu bt k cht

c hi no lu li trn c th u c th dn n vic nhim c qua da, qua ng

h hp hoc qua ng tiu ha. Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca v sinh c nhn trong

s dng ha cht l:

- Tm v ra sch cc b phn ca c th tip xc vi ha cht sau khi lm vic,

trc khi n, ung, ht thuc (hnh 30);

- Kim tra sc khe v c th thng xuyn m bo rng da lun sch s v khe

mnh;

- Bng bo v bt c b phn no ca c th b try xc hoc b l lot;

- Lun trnh t gy nhim cho bn thn, c bit l khi kh trng v ci b qun o

bo v;

- ng bao gi mang cc vt b nhim bn nh gi lau bn, hoc nhng dng c trong

ti qun o bo v c nhn;

- Hng ngy, loi b v git sch ring r bt c ch nhim bn no ca qun o bo

v c nhn.

- Gi mng tay sch v ngn;

- Trnh tip xc trc tip vi cc sn phm gy d ng nh mn mn, ni m ay

da;

II. TNH TRNG KHN CP

Phn trn nhn mnh cc bin php phng nga bnh tt, thng vong v

s c chy n. Song do nhiu nguyn nhn m trong thc t tai nn vn xy ra.

V vy, khi tip xc vi ha cht nguy him, mi c nhn khng nhng phi nhn

thc c v nhng bin php ngn chn m cn phi hiu bit cc bin php khn


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cp. Vn ny bao gm bin php s cu, k thut chng chy v quy trnh chng

r r. Vic thc hin hnh ng thch hp trong vi pht u tin c th ngn chn

thm ha t nhng tai nn nh.

im mu cht xy dng bin php khn cp l phi nhn din y ha

cht ang c s dng v nh gi c ngun thng tin (thng tin gc). Cc d liu

an ton ha cht cung cp rt nhiu thng tin v s cu, phng cha chy, v chng

r r. Nhn gn vi ha cht cng l ngun thng tin v gi trong vic xy dng bin

php, hnh ng khn cp.

1. K hoch khn cp

Mi ni sn xut cn thit lp mt k hoch khn cp vi cc ni dung sau:

- K hoch s tn vi s lng ln nht ngi lao ng;

- Nhng bin php ku gi s tr gip t bn ngoi nh: c quan y t, nhng chuyn

gia bo v mi trng hoc n v phng chy khi cn thit;

- Vai tr ca cc vin chc khi cp cu;

- Vai tr ca cc ngi lao ng trong cc i cp cu;

- Ni ct gi, s dng v bo qun tt c cc thit b cp cu trong nh my .

2. Nhng i cp cu

Trong mt k hoch khn cp v ha cht, c rt nhiu vn lin quan ti

vic thit lp v duy tr nhng i cp cu d phng gii quyt ba loi vn

thng gp l s cu, cha chy, x l r r hoc thot hi kh c.

Ch i cp cu hoc nhn lc cp cu phi hp i ph c th bin tai nn

nghim trng tr thnh nh hn. V vy mi ngi lao ng cn c hun luyn y

v quy trnh cp cu c bn c th thc hnh khi cn thit.

3. S tn

Ti ni lm vic phi c bin bo hoc du hiu qay nh r li vo, li ra

khi c s c. Nhng li thot nn phi m bo c t nht hai iu kin: lun thng

thong, nh sng ngay c khi mt in. Nu ng rt chy i hi phi c

phng tin bo v c nhn v ha cht nguy him hin c th phng tin bo v c

nhn phi c duy tr trong mt tnh trng tt n nh, sn sng thun tin cho vic


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s dng; tt c mi ngi lao ng phi c o to, hun luyn v hun luyn li

trong vic s dng chng.

4. S cu

4.1- B phn s cuThit lp vi b phn s cu l iu cn thit mi ni sn xut. y cng l

mt trong nhng yu cu bt buc khi s dng ha cht nguy him. thit lp mt

b phn s cu, mt vi kha cnh cn c nh gi:

- Bn cht, mc v s c hi ca ha cht hin c;

- kh nng p ng ca cc hot ng s cu v nhn vin y t;

- Nhng thit b y t gn nht;

- Cc phng tin vn t c sn ti trm y t gn nht;

- phng tin lin lc cng cng sn c yu cu s gip bn ngoi nh in

thoi, my Fax, my pht thanh...;

- Thit b cp cu trong nh my nh l vi ti nc cp cu, trm ra sch mt;

- Hun luyn ngi lao ng qui trnh cp cu c bn. .

4.2- s cu cho nhng ngi b nhim c

Hot ng s cu nhm 3 mc ch:

- Duy tr s sng.

- Ngn chn din bin xu hn.

- Thc y s hi phc.

- Nu phi a mt ngi vt kh, hi hoc m c, ngi tr cu cn s dng thit

b bo v c quan h hp hp l trc khi bc vo vng nguy him;

- phi di chuyn nn nhn mt cch cn thn t ni nguy him ti ni an ton v t t th d hi phc nht


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-Nu th yu hoc ngng th th hng mt nn nhn ln trn v bo m kh qun

thng sut, loi b nhng vt che lp, tc nghn mt, mm, hng ca nn nhn v

ni rng c o, m kh qun v h hi thi ngt. Nu tim ngng p th phi cp cu

xoa bp tim pha ngoi lng ngc hoc c h hp nhn to bi mt ngi c

hun luyn. Sau khi h hp nhn to nn nhn phi c chm sc chu o. Nu nn

nhn b co git, ni lng tt c qun o v lm nh nhng phng chn thng. Khi

ngng co git, t nn nhn v tr d th.

- Phn ln nhng tn thng do ha cht thng l bng ha cht da hoc mt.

Nu da b thng phi ra bng nc sch t nht 10 pht (tr khi c ch dn c th

khc), ng thi ci b qun o b dnh ha cht, trnh t gy nhim. Nu mt b

tn thng th hoc di nc sch vo mt to ra dng nc chy (hnh 45), hoc

bo nn nhn nhng mt vo mt bt nc lnh, sau chp mt (tr khi c ch dn

c th khc). C hai m mt u c xi ra. Nu mt nhm li v au th c gng m

m mt mt cch nh nhng bo m n c ra hon ton. Sau khi ra, bng mt

nh nhng bng vt liu sch, mn hoc bng bng v trng.

-Trong tt c cc trng hp da b bng nng: khng c p bt c th g ln b

mt vt thng, khng ra bng cn, khng bi thuc m hoc bi cht bo. Khnglm v cc nt phng rp. Khng ct b da b rp, khng ng chm vo vng b

thng. Nu c sn bng v trng th bng vng b tn thng mt cch nh nhng.

- Phi ci ngay qun o b nhim c v gt ra vng b nhim c nhiu bng

nc (tr khi c ch dn c th khc trong ti liu an ton ha cht).

4.3- Vai tr ca cc trung tm thng tin v c cht

Hin nay, nhiu quc gia c cc trung tm thng tin v c cht. Cc trung

tm ny c thnh lp p ng nhu cu t vn y t ang ngy cng tng v ha

dc v ha cht.

Vai tr ch yu ca cc trung tm l dch v t vn cho cc bc s, cc nhn

vin y t, nhng ngi lao ng v cho cc dch v cp cu v v cch iu tr trng

hp nhim c cp tnh

- Cung cp thuc gii c, c bit i vi nhng cht c khng s dng rng ri;

- Phi hp hot ng vi cc chuyn gia y t iu tr nhng trng hp c bit;


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- Xt nghim phn tch mu v cc mu c hc;

- Xc nh hng cho cc cuc iu tra xc nh nguyn nhn ca cc v ng c, v

cc gii php c th nh ci tin nhn hiu, ng gi;

- Phn tch nhng cuc iu tra theo ngh ca chnh ph hoc nh sn xut i vi

cc sn phm c bit;

- Hun luyn v thng tin cho mi ngi bit v cng vic ca trung tm v tm cch

hon thin phng php chn on v iu tr.

5. Phng chy, cha chy

5.1- Chun b k hoch cha chy

* Mt k hoch phng, chng chy t nht phi nu c cc vn sau:

- Cc thng tin v ri ro chy ha cht trong nh my, c th s lit k c vic p dng

cc tc nhn dp tt m chy tng ng vi mt vi ha cht c th v cc ch dn v

phng tin bo v c nhn.

- Thng tin v cc n v phng chy, cha chy ca th x, thnh ph c th h tr

nh my gii quyt nhng v chy ha cht;

- Thng tin v i cu ha ca nh my: c cu, chng trnh hun luyn, thit b vkh nng gii quyt nhng m chy ha cht;

- Quan h phi hp hot ng gia i cu ha ca nh my vi n v phng chy,

cha chy ca th x hoc thnh ph;

- Thit b phng chy, cha chy sn c trong nh my bao gm h thng ti t

ng, dng c dp la, st ct...(hnh 47)

- H thng bo ng chy;

- K hoch s tn;

- Phng n v khong thi gian nh k cho vic tp luyn phng chy, cha chy

nh my.

5.2- T chc cc i cha chy trong nh my


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Trong nh my, khi thnh lp mt i cu ha nn ch xem xt cc vn sau:

- c y thng tin v tnh cht ca ha cht c s dng v sn xut trong nh

my ln k hoch hnh ng khi chng chy cha?

- S lm g khi cc ha cht c hi hoc cc kh d chy b t nng ln?

- hun luyn y cho i cu ha phng chy, cha chy mt cch an ton

cha?

- Nhng thnh vin trong i cu ha c phng tin bo v c nhn thch hp

bo v h trong cc hot ng chng chy cha?

-K hoch rt lui nu khng th kim sot c chy.

5.3- Phng chng chy t ng

Khi ngn la tc ng n h thng phng chy chng chy t ng, ngi

lao ng hoc i cu ha nh my khng nn can thip vo s hot ng ca h

thng ny. Nhiu v chy nh tr thnh chy ln v mt ngi no can thip

vo h thng phng chy t ng khi xy ra chy lm h thng ny khng hot ng

c.

5.4- La chn thit b cha chyNhng thit b dp la cm tay rt thun li khi phi cha chy nhng v tr

bt tin cho vic s dng cc thit b dp la khc v c kh nng dp tt cc m

chy nh trc khi chng tr thnh ln. phi ch chn phng tin cu ha c tc

nhn dp la ph hp vi loi ha cht chy. Vic la chn cc phng tin dp la

cho nhng cht hn hp ch c tin hnh sau khi hi kin ngi c thm quyn

chuyn mn v phng chy, cha chy ha cht. phi cn nhc cc mi nguy hi s

c to ra khi s dng phng tin cha chy.

5.5- Cha chy bc u tin l phi nhanh chng s tn nhn s ca nh my.

Ngi s dng lao ng hoc ngi qun l ch c quyt nh phng n cha chy

khi xem xt thy khng c kh nng e do n s sng, phi xem xt n tt c

cc vn nh nng qu mc, nguy c n, thiu khng kh th hoc nguy c b kt

li trong m chy.

- Ngi cha chy khng bao gi c lm mt mnh;


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- Lun c mt li thot rng ri, an ton sau khi hon thnh nhim v;

- phi la chn nhng tc nhn dp la thch hp khng ch c m chy ng

thi m bo c an ton;

- Sau khi dp tt m chy, phi t cc vi v cc phng tin dp la li v tr c.

phi kim tra v thay th ngay cc dng c nu thy cn thit m bo hiu qa

cho ln hot ng tip theo.

6. Quy trnh x l r r hoc trn ha cht ti ni lm vic

S trn, r r ha cht va lng ph, va c hi. C gng trnh xy ra

vic bt c ni no. Tuy nhin, nu c th phi x l ngay lp tc. Mt vi

nguyn nhn ph bin gy ra s , trn l:

-Vt cha b r r do bao gi c khim khuyt, khng chu c nng hoc m;

Vt cha b v, b m thng trong qu trnh vn chuyn do cc vt sc nhn hai

bn thnh hoc inh tri ln trn mt sn ca xe;

-Khng cn thn trong vic chuyn rt ha cht t vt cha sang thit b;

Thit b hng trc hoc trong qu trnh s dng, ng hoc ch ni ng mn, rch

hay c rnh h, cc van b hng....

-Quy trnh x l r r c lp v ghi trong k hoch khn cp cng vi cc

bin php khn cp khc.

-Vn then cht thnh cng trong vic kim sot r r, trn l phi hiu

bit v cc c tnh ca cc ha cht c lin quan v cch x l chng. Cn nhc li

rng ngun thng tin tt nht l bn d liu an ton ha cht, hay t k s ha v cn

b v sinh ca nh my.

-Nhn s chu trch nhim x l r r hoc trn trong nh my phi phn

on ngay lp tc xem vi tnh hnh ni b nh my c th gii quyt c hay

cn s tr gip t bn ngoi.

-Ty thuc vo mc v hnh thc r r, trn cng nh tc hi ca ha

cht lin quan thc hin cc bc sau:


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1- S tn ton b nhng ngi khng c trch nhim n ni an ton v thc hin s

cu nu cn thit.

2- Nu ha cht c kh nng bc chy th phi gim nguy c chy n bng cch dp

tt mi ngn la trn, ngun nhit hoc cc kch ng khc;

3- nh gi tnh trng v kh nng gii quyt n. Nu thy cn thit th ku gi s

gip t bn ngoi;

4- Quyt nh dng phng tin bo v c nhn thch hp vi ha cht trn hoc

r r. C th l cc phng tin c bit ch c s dng trong cc trng hp khn

cp.

5- Hn ch ha cht lan trn rng bng cch kim sot n ngay ti ngun pht sinh.

iu ny c th lm bng cch ng cc van, ng kn xi-tc, o li quy trnh. Nhng

hot ng phi do ngi c thm quyn v hiu bit v qu trnh sn xut quyt

nh trnh lm tnh trng xu thm v dn n nhiu nguy c khc;

6- C gng khu tr vt r r hoc trn bng vic quy li v thm ht sch. Nu

thy thch hp, nn ng ha cht vo trong vt cha hoc trung ha lm mt tnh c

ca n;

7- Khi ha cht c bo qun an ton hoc trung ha, vng b ha cht r r raphi c kh c v phi c ngi c chuyn mn kim tra;

8- Ch cho php tr li lm vic nu vng r r hoc trn c xc nhn l an

ton.

F/ KIM TRA V CP GIY CHNG NHN

I. KIM TRA

T chc, c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh ha cht phi thng xuyn kim tra,bo dng, vn hnh h thng an ton v x l cht thi.

C quan qun l nh nc trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c

trch nhim thng xuyn t chc hng dn, kim tra, thanh tra vic bo m an

ton trong sn xut, kinh doanh ha cht.

iu 12 ca Lut yu cu v c s vt cht - k thut trong sn xut, kinh

doanh ha cht phi bo m cc iu kin c s vt cht - k thut ph hp vi quy

m hot ng v c tnh ca ha cht, bao gm: Nh xng, kho tng v thit bcng ngh; Trang thit b an ton, phng, chng chy n, phng, chng st, phng,


27/30

chng r r, pht tn ha cht v cc s c ha cht khc; trang thit b bo h lao

ng; trang thit b bo v mi trng, h thng x l cht thi; phng tin vn

chuyn; bng ni quy v an ton ha cht; h thng bo hiu ph hp vi mc

nguy him ca ha cht ti khu vc sn xut, kinh doanh ha cht nguy him. Trng

hp ha cht c nhiu c tnh nguy him khc nhau th biu trng cnh bo phi th

hin y cc c tnh nguy him .

Yu cu v chuyn mn trong sn xut, kinh doanh ha cht phi c ngi

chuyn trch v an ton ha cht c trnh chuyn mn ph hp vi quy m v loi

hnh sn xut, kinh doanh ha cht, nm vng cng ngh, phng n v cc bin

php bo m an ton ha cht. Ngi lao ng trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh ha

cht phi c trnh chuyn mn ph hp vi nhim v c phn cng. Ngi trc

tip iu hnh sn xut ca c s sn xut ha cht nguy him phi c trnh i

hc tr ln v chuyn ngnh ha cht.

II. CP GIY CHNG NHN

Th tc cp giy chng nhn iu kin kinh doanh, sn xut ha cht:

1) Trnh t thc hin:

-Bc 1: T chc, c nhn lp H s theo quy nh

-Bc 2: T chc np H s ti Trung tm Giao dch Hnh chnh Mt Ca - S Tinguyn v Mi trng. Mt ca nhn v kim tra H s (nu H s hp l th tip

nhn, cha hp l hng dn b sung H s).

-Buc 3: B phn mt ca chuyn H s v Chi cc Bo v mi trng

-Bc 4: Chi cc Bo v mi trng xem xt v t chc thm nh

-Bc 5: Chi cc Bo v mi trng hon thin Giy xc nhn iu kin kinh

doanh ho cht v trnh k

-Bc 6: Chi cc Bo v mi trng tr kt qu v mt ca.

-Bc 7: T chc nhn Giy xc nhn iu kin kinh doanh ho cht.

2)Cch thc thc hin:

Np H s ti Trung tm Giao dch Hnh chnh mt ca.

3) Thnh phn H s:

n ngh cp giy chng nhn iu kin kinh doanh. Bn sao hp l

Quyt nh hoc Giy php thnh lp doanh nghip do C quan c thm quyn cp.


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Bn k khai v thit b k thut v trang b phng h lao ng v an ton, nhn

vin kinh doanh. Vn bng v trnh chuyn mn nghip v ca cc cn b k

thut, nhn vin lm vic ti ca hng kinh doanh.

4) S lng h s: 01 (b)

5) Thi hn gii quyt: 13 ngy

6) i tng thc hin th tc hnh chnh:

-T chc;

-C nhn.

7) C quan thc hin th tc hnh chnh: Chi cc bo v mi trng - S Ti

nguyn v Mi trng

8) Kt qu thc hin th tc hnh chnh: Giy xc nhn iu kin kinh doanh,

sn xut ho cht.

L ph: khng

9) Tn mu n, mu t khai:

-n ngh cp giy php kinh doanh, chng nhn iu kin kinh doanh

-Bn k khai cc thit b k thut, trang b phng h lao ng v an ton ca ca hng

kinh doanh

-Bn k khai cn b, nhn vin ca ca hng kinh doanh.Trnh t, th tc cp Giy chng nhn, Giy php cho t chc, c nhn

ngh cp Giy chng nhn, Giy php lp h s gi c quan nh nc c thm quyn

cp Giy chng nhn.

Giy php gm: n ngh cp giy chng nhn, giy php theo mu quy

nh; bn sao Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh; giy t chng minh p ng yu

cu quy nh ti im a v im b khon 2 iu 14 hoc im a khon 2 iu 15 ca

Lut ho cht. Trong thi hn hai mi ngy, k t ngy nhn h s hp l quy

nh ti khon 2 iu ny, c quan nh nc c thm quyn c trch nhim cp Giy

chng nhn, Giy php cho t chc, c nhn; trng hp khng cp th phi tr li

bng vn bn v nu r l do. T chc, c nhn ngh cp Giy chng nhn, Giy

php phi np l ph theo quy nh ca php lut.

G/ THC V TRCH NHIM CA NHNG BN LIN QUAN

I. NH SN XUT


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- m bo rng ha cht c bo qun mt cch an ton v mi xut nhp khng

hp l c ngn chn;

- m bo rng ngi lao ng c bo v phng chng tai nn, tn thng v

nhim c ni lm vic, bng cch:

a) C gng ti a dng nhng ha cht khng nguy him hoc t nguy him nht

trong cng ngh sn xut.

b) La chn thit b v my mc thch hp lm vic vi ha cht;

c) m bo rng dn nhn chnh xc tt c cc ha cht v cung cp bn d

liu an ton ha cht di dng c th s dng ngay cho ngi lao ng cng nh

i din ca h.d) Hng dn cho ngi lao ng, c bit l nhng ngi mi vo lm vic v

nhng nguy c v cch phng nga chng.

e) Gim st c hiu qa tt c cc cng vic c lin quan n ha cht, thc hin y

cc bin php phng nga ri ro gy ra bi vic thiu kinh nghim hoc thiu

s hiu bit ca ngi lao ng.

f) Thc hin vic bi dng, sa cha, kim tra nh k cc thit b, my mc v mi

trng lm vic.

g) Thit lp nhng phng n gii quyt trong tnh trng khn cp.

h) T chc khm sc khe nh k, khm pht hin bnh ngh nghip v tc hi ngh

nghip, t chc cu cha cho ngi b tai nn lao ng, b mc bnh ngh nghip.

i) Chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh v khai bo iu tra, thng k tai nn lao

ng, bnh ngh nghip; ng k vi thanh tra k thut an ton v vic sn xut

s dng cc ha cht c, cc ha cht d chy n

m bo hiu qa, ngi s dng lao ng trong khi thc hin nhim v ca

mnh nn phi hp vi ngi lao ng, cng on v chnh quyn

II. NGI S DNG

Ngi lao ng phi hp tc vi ngi s dng lao ng khi thc hin nhim

v ca mnh v phi chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh, ni quy v an ton v sc

khe trong s dng ha cht v nhng ch dn do ngi qun l, ngi s dng lao

ng hoc ngi gim st a ra. Ngi lao ng phi thc hin tt c cc bc hp


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l gim thp nht ri ro cho h, cho nhng ngi khc v mi trng. Thm vo

h phi:

- S dng v bo qun cc thit b c trang cp mt cch ng n bo

v chnh mnh v nhng ngi khc;

- Kim tra thit b trc khi bt u lm vic v bo co ngay lp tc ti ngi c

trch nhim khi pht hin thy cc tnh hung c th gy nguy him m mnh khng

c kh nng giai quyt mt cch chnh xc.

Ngi lao ng c quyn

- Yu cu ngi s dng lao ng hoc i din ca h quan tm ti nhng nguy c

tim n ang tng ln t vic s dng ha cht ti ni lm vic.

- T chi lm cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn

lao ng.

- Yu cu chuyn i cng vic trong trng hp sc khe ca h b gim st bi cc

nguy c t ha cht nguy him, c bit l lao ng n c thai hoc cho con b.

- Yu cu c cha chy v bi thng thch ng theo quy nh ca php lut khi

b tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip.

i vi nhng ngi nng dn khi s dng thuc tr su, thuc dit c cn s dng

ng liu lng, khng c lm dng s gy nh hng ti sc khe ngi s dng.

word bao cao

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