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World War 1 | The Great War Document GalleryHome FrontBattlesConscription CrisisEnd of the War and Peace

War Measures Act

An act to confer certain powers upon the Governor in Council and to amend the immigration actAn act to confer certain powers upon the Governor in Council and to amend the immigration act . Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada War measures act, 1914 http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_08039/2?r=0&s=1

http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.htmlThis photo is a picture of immigrants being forced to do work at the Petawawa Internment Camp during WWI. Many labor bosses in Canada laid off immigrant workers and hired Canadian born workers in an attempt to be patriotic. For this reason, unemployment was very high among the immigrant population of Canada during WWI. Internees were paid only 25 cents for a full day of work.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/personal-documents/censored/?back=959&anchor=1067CensoredThe contents of this envelope were reviewed by Canadian censorship authorities. Postal censorship from overseas was enforced to ensure the secrecy of sensitive information. It also curtailed some soldiers from communicating their war experiences, as many realized that their officers, as well as those further to the rear, would be reading their mail. Mail from the home front was not censored.

Internment Camps

The first photo is a picture of "alien enemies" arriving at the Petawawa Internment Camp during WWI. During the war more than 8,500 immigrants from "enemy" countries (e.g., Ukrainians, Poles, Hungarians, Germans, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, Turks, and Bulgarians) were placed in internment camps across Canada. Many immigrants were interned for attempting to leave Canada, posing a security threat to the war effort. Others were interned for acting suspiciously, showing resistance to authority, being deemed unreliable or undesirable, or for being found in a state of hiding.

http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html

The fourth photo is a picture of internees carrying their beds into the crowded barracks where they slept at the Petawawa Internment Camp during WWI. As the war dragged on into its third year, Canada's labor force became desperate for workers. In response to this, many of the internees or "enemy aliens" were released to work in factories and on farms. Many times they were forced to work in places that were far away from their families.http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/home-front-photographs/valcartier-internment-camp/?back=1594&anchor=2343Valcartier Internment CampA rare panoramic view of the internment camp at Valcartier as it existed in 1915. The Valcartier camp closed in October 1915. Its 146 internees were transferred to camps at Spirit Lake and Kingston. Twenty-six receiving stations and internment camps existed across Canada from 1914-1920, holding 8,579 "enemy aliens."

Economy

Make Perfect ShellsPoster issued by the Department of Labour and the Imperial Munitions Board of Canada to advise munitions workers of the potentially deadly effects of poor quality work.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/make-perfect-shells/?back=1582&anchor=2145

Are you breaking the law? Patriotic Canadians will not hoard food. LOC Summary: Poster shows a man and woman with bags of hoarded flour and sugar looking at the silhouette of a policeman walking by their blind-covered window. A Canada Food Board statement, detailing fines for hoarding, hangs on the wall.http://www.ww1propaganda.com/ww1-poster/are-you-breaking-law-patriotic-canadians-will-not-hoard-food

This letter is from a representative at, "The Canadian Bank of Commerce" and is addressed to Sir Joseph Flavelle (chairman of the Imperial Munitions Board). This letter describes the contributions that each province has made to the Canadian Patriotic Fund. In 1917, all of Canada was called upon to raise $13,500,000. Some provinces raised their share through subscription and taxation. Quebec was asked to give more than their share because they did not contribute as many troops to the war effort.http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html

Fight with FoodPoster urging all Canadians on the home front to eat less wheat, meat, dairy products, and beans so that these foods could be sent overseas. Canadians were also directed to eat more fish, vegetables, fruits, and other grains. Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden is quoted at the bottom, "The food crisis is grave and urgent beyond the possibility of exaggeration."http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/fight-with-food/?back=1582&anchor=2162

Boys to the farm -- bring your chums and do your bit -- S.O.S. LOC Summary: Poster shows man in Sons of the Soil uniform blowing a bugle to summon men to the Sons of the Soil corps

http://www.ww1propaganda.com/world-war-1-posters/canadian-ww1-propaganda-posters?page=11

Victory Bonds and Income Tax

https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/firstworldwar/025005-3300.006.06-e.htmlIncome Tax Form of William Wardlaw DuncanIn 1978, nonagenarian William Wardlaw Duncan donated a complete set of his income tax for the use of future generations of Canadian researchers. Income tax was officially implemented for the 1918 fiscal year. This document was Mr. Duncans submission for the second year that income tax existed in Canada. The exorbitant $100 per day penalty for not filing income tax is clearly denoted on the bottom of the form.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/four-reasons/?back=1582&anchor=2182Four ReasonsThis fund-raising poster bears the caricatured images of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Field Marshal von Hindenburg, Crown Prince Wilhelm, and Admiral Tirpitz to deride the German war effort. Anti-German sentiment proved effective in rallying support during fund-raising campaigns, like this one for Victory Bonds.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/if-ye-break-faith/?back=1582&anchor=2186If Ye Break Faith...This poster uses the familiar imagery of poppies, and the text of John McCrae's famed poem, In Flanders' Fields, to sell victory bonds. The same image was used in newspaper advertisements.

Role of Women

Women working on primers for shells during World War Ihttp://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?subclassName=Image&pageID=277&galIndex=1

This is a propaganda poster that was directed towards the women of Canada during World War I. This poster sends a very strong message to women, urging them to give their husbands and sons permission to join the war effort. For much of the war it was against the law in Canada for a married man to enlist without the written permission of their spouse. Many women did refuse to give their husbands permission to enlist. In response these types of posters tried to make Canadian women feel guilty for not offering their men to the war effort. This type of propaganda was common during World War I because of the almost instant respect and honor that a soldier and his family gained by going off to war. Women were often seen walking through the streets trying to encourage all able bodied men to enlist. Many Canadians still saw war as a glorious and heroic event.

http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/women.html

http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/women.html

The first photo is a picture of some Canadian nurses during World War I (Ward 33). This picture was taken at Christmas time. The hospital is well decorated for the occasion, in hopes of cheering up the wounded. One of the biggest tasks of a WWI nurse was to comfort the wounded and give them hope of a healthy return home.

Propaganda

If You Can't Join Him, You Should Help HerThis poster contrasts a soldier in the trenches with a woman and her children in a Canadian Patriotic Fund (CPF) office. The CPF, a national, voluntary association, raised $47 million for soldiers' dependants by a vast network across Canada. Despite the CPF's good work, many aid recipients complained that monitoring by the CPF officials intruded on their personal lives. Volunteer visits to ensure that money was not spent frivolously or that it did not lead to licentious behavior was a clear reflection of prevailing social values.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/if-you-cant-join-him-you-should-help-her/?back=1582&anchor=2160

"Kultur vs. Humanity"This Canadian Victory Bond poster evokes the image of the Llandovery Castle, a Canadian hospital ship torpedoed by German U-boat U-86, off the coast of Ireland on 27 June 1918. The attack killed 234 people, including 94 Canadian medical officers and nurses. At the bottom of the poster is the message: "Kultur vs. Humanity." Wartime propaganda soon referred to German Kultur (culture) as a damning insult, a supposed predisposition for war, cruelty, and destructiveness that placed Germany outside the community of civilized nations. A total effort against such an enemy was more than justified, it was expected.http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/kultur-vs-humanity/?back=1582&anchor=2135

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/materials-for-the-war-effort/if-you-cannot-put-the-i-into-fight/?back=1582&anchor=2166

If You Cannot Put the "I" into FightCanadian Patriotic Fund (CPF) fund-raising poster appealing for donations from men who were not serving on the front lines. The CPF was a private organization created to provide for the families of soldiers serving overseas.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/propaganda/recruitment-posters/help-the-boys/?back=1580&anchor=2121Help the BoysShells explode and German soldiers flee in panic in this colourful recruitment poster for the 245th Battalion, Canadian Grenadier Guards. Raised in Montreal, the 245th sailed to England in 1917 where the battalion was broken up and absorbed by the 23rd Reserve Battalion. The soldiers were subsequently sent to the front as reinforcements for numerous other front line battalions.

Ypres

Mustard Gas VictimsThe extensive bandages on these wounded Canadian soldiers may indicate that they have suffered the effects of flame or mustard gas. Mustard gas burned the lungs, but also caused serious external blisters and disfigurement.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/mustard-gas-victims/?back=199

Gas moving towards allied Trenches.http://www.canadaatwar.ca/forums/showthread.php?t=2686

Battle MapsThese maps show the positions of the battalions and brigades of the Canadian Division and other units at four points during the Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915. The red lines representing the Canadian position show how they withstood the German attack and kept the city of Ypres in Allied hands.http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/maps/battle-maps/?back=132

Somme

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/artillery-barrage/?back=1590&anchor=2377Artillery BarrageThis photograph shows explosions from a British artillery barrage on the Somme battlefield. There are numerous explosions across a relatively small area of ground. The bombardment is relatively uniform and likely directed against the barbed wire that can be seen running across the front.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/old-trench-on-the-somme/?back=1590&anchor=2375Old Trench on the SommeThe zig-zag lines on the left are communication trenches leading back towards the rear areas in this October 1916 photograph of the Somme. The front line is better laid out, according to regulations, and the periodic bays allow for parts of the front line to be lost, without comprising the whole trench. The white chalk beside the trenches indicates that these trenches have been dug very recently.

Disabled TankThis tank only managed to advance about 100 metres into No Man's Land before it became mired in the mud and had to be abandoned by its crew. These first tanks were very slow - about the speed of a walking person - and highly susceptible to mechanical break down, muddy ground, and enemy artillery fire.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/disabled-tank/?back=140

Remains of the Sugar FactoryA lone soldier stands atop the remains of the sugar factory south of Courcelette on the Somme. Several platoons of Canadian infantry and a supporting tank overran the factory on 15 September 1916, after a fierce German defence.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/remains-of-the-sugar-factory/?back=142

Vimy Ridge

Canadians advancing over the crest of Vimy Ridge

http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/overseas/first-world-war/france/vimy/story-galleries/03_april_1917/02_no_man_land

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/vimy-ridge-from-the-air/?back=1590&anchor=2390

Vimy Ridge from the AirThis aerial photograph illustrates the major trench lines around an unknown sector on Vimy Ridge. The large craters, some ten to 15 metres deep, were made from mine explosions set off by Canadian engineers prior to and during the assault of 9 April 1917. Mines could create great confusion and blow huge gaps in an enemy's defences, but they were also significant obstacles for advancing troops.

Artillery SupportIn this striking nighttime photograph taken behind Canadian lines at Vimy Ridge, a British naval gun fires in support of the Canadian attack. Approximately 1,000 Allied guns and mortars pounded the ridge prior to the assault, a period called by the German defenders the "week of suffering."

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/artillery-support/?back=144

http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/overseas/first-world-war/france/vimy/story-galleries/03_april_1917/01_tacticsPractice trenches and battleground miniatures were built and used to rehearse. Before Vimy, maps were for officers only but not any more! Maps were handed out to every soldier (40,000 in all) and each man knew his precise objective and approximate time of arrival before going into battle.(Model reproduction of German lines. Library and Archives Canada.)

Map of Canadian Advance at VimyThe Canadian offensive at Vimy Ridge is shown here, as well as the advance across the Douai Plain and the battles of Arleux and Fresnoy in late April and early May. The blue lines mark the progress of the advance and the dates Allied forces reached them. Pink lines mark divisional boundaries. Green lines illustrate old advances.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/maps/map-of-canadian-advance-at-vimy/?back=144

Passchendaele

Canadian Pioneers carrying trench mats with wounded and prisoners in background during the Battle of Passchendaele

http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/passchendaele/gallery

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/passchendaele-mud/?back=1590&anchor=2450Passchendaele MudMud, water, and barbed wire illustrate the horrible terrain through which the Canadians advanced at Passchendaele in late 1917.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/a-field-of-mud/?back=1590&anchor=2469A Field of MudThe mud at Passchendaele slowed all movement to a crawl, and left advancing troops exposed to enemy fire for longer periods of time during attacks.

http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/passchendaele/galleryCanadian Pioneers laying trench mats over mud.

Hundred Days

The Canadians in MonsCanadian Corps commander Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie and other Canadian officers taking the salute in the Grand Place, Mons, Belgium on 11 November 1918.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/the-canadians-in-mons/?back=1592&anchor=2666

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/canadians-entering-cambrai/?back=1590&anchor=2533

Canadians Entering CambraiA small patrol of Canadian troops crosses the main square in Cambrai on 9 October 1918. The retreating Germans set fire to the town, but the rapid Canadian occupation allowed much of the city to be saved from the flames.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/battles-and-fighting-photographs/the-arras-cambrai-road/?back=1590&anchor=2524

The Arras-Cambrai RoadCanadian ammunition limbers on the devastated Arras-Cambrai road during the Battle of Arras in late August 1918. At the front, almost all ammunition and supply transport was horse-drawn. There were few vehicles or undamaged roads.

Crossing the Canal du NordThese Canadian supply units are crossing the dry bed of the Canal du Nord. The wrecked bridge in the background was deliberately destroyed by the Germans, while the dead Canadian in the foreground is grim testimony to the recent fighting.http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/crossing-the-canal-du-nord/?back=1592&anchor=2664

Military Service Act

Enforcement of the Military Service ActThis pamphlet informed voters that under the Military Service Act families who had already contributed someone to military service would be considered for exemption. This certainly would have appealed to families with loved ones overseas who wanted to see the war's burden shared more evenly. In April 1918, after German offensives on the Western Front had worried the government about the prosecution of the war, it cancelled almost all exemptions. This affected farmers' sons in the greatest numbers. The only remaining exemption was a result of the "death, disablement or service of other members of the same family while on active service."

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/government-documents/enforcement-of-the-military-service-act/?back=1562&anchor=1733

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/government-documents/exemption-certificate/?back=1562&anchor=1739Exemption CertificateHubert Leonard Clarke's certificate of exemption from military service on medical grounds. Clarke was not called up as a soldier as he was categorized as unfit for service. Approximately 93 percent of men eligible for conscription applied for an exemption.

Anti-conscription protest in Montreal, May 24, 1917

http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do;jsessionid=2C9FF36915164CF27177448DF74802E2.tomcat1?subclassName=Image&pageID=278&galIndex=5

Military Voters Act

Voting up the LineCanadian soldiers at the front voting in the 1917 election. Two soldiers with a sack wait to collect the completed ballots. Canadians engaged in military service, regardless of race, age or gender, were eligible to vote. Ninety percent of them voted for Sir Robert Borden's Union government that ran a campaign based on invoking conscription.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/voting-up-the-line/?back=1592&anchor=2537

Women's SuffrageCanadian Nursing Sisters in France vote in the 1917 election. The Wartime Election Act (1917) enfranchised women serving in the military, as well as those with a father, brother, or son overseas. The war hastened female suffrage at the federal level.

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/womens-suffrage/?back=1592&anchor=2499

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/government-documents/soldiers-ballot/?back=1562&anchor=1737

Soldiers' BallotBroadsheet produced by the Union government showing soldiers how to cast their votes in the 1917 election. This leaflet notes that a vote for the Union government is a vote against slackers.

War time elections act

This document is addressed to all women that can vote. The War Time Elections Act allowed women serving overseas, or women that were next of kin to a man serving over seas to votehttp://wwipicturegallery.wikispaces.com/Conscription+Crisis

http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3667273&rec_nbr_list=3667273,3667271,3667255,3667254,3667253,3667252,3667250,3667249,3635573,3635572

The Canadian Mother, Vote Union Government.

Union Government

http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3635573&rec_nbr_list=3667273,3667271,3667255,3667254,3667253,3667252,3667250,3667249,3635573,3635572The Fiddler, Nero "Fiddling" With Politics While the Flames Spread : Union government electoral campaign.

http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3667250&rec_nbr_list=3667273,3667271,3667255,3667254,3667253,3667252,3667250,3667249,3635573,3635572If Bourassa and Laurier Win, Vote Union Government.

http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3667271&rec_nbr_list=3667273,3667271,3667255,3667254,3667253,3667252,3667250,3667249,3635573,3635572In This Crisis Vote Union Government.

1917 General Election

http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/archival-documents/government-documents/how-to-vote-yes/?back=1562&anchor=1720How to Vote YESLeaflet urging a yes vote for conscription. The reverse of the card warns the reader, "Before you cast your vote think what the Kaiser would like it to be." The Allied press and propaganda demonized the Kaiser, Germany's king, as a warlord. The pro-conscription forces ultimately proved successful in Canada's 1917 election

http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3394808&rec_nbr_list=3394808,3394807,3394806,3394805,3394804,3394803,3213655,3213654,97987,103049,99088,103304,186685,155622,156208,104705,97657,103873,106901,4741134

Canadians voting in London at General Election 1917.

Every Vote CountsA wounded Canadian soldier casts his vote in the December 1917 election at a Canadian hospital in France. The patient and his bed were moved outdoors to pose for this photo with high ranking officers.http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/photographs/life-at-the-front-photographs/every-vote-counts/?back=361

Paris Peace Conference

As the leaders negotiated, Canadian soldiers were finally off the front lines and waiting to return home.http://socialsdi11.wikispaces.com/Paris+Peace+Conference

League of Nations

League of Nations meeting at Geneva, August-September 1928, when Canada was a member of the Council http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/league-of-nations/