Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Day Month Year Number of seatScottish candidate number

SQA *X055/12/01* ©

1 (a) All questions should be attempted.

(b) It should be noted that in Section B questions 8 and 9 each contain a choice.

2 The questions may be answered in any order but all answers are to be written in the spaces provided in this answer book, and must be written clearly and legibly in ink.

3 Additional space for answers will be found at the end of the book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this book.

4 The numbers of questions must be clearly inserted with any answers written in the additional space.

5 Rough work, if any should be necessary, should be written in this book and then scored through when the fair copy has been written.

6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname

Date of birth

N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 4

F R I D A Y , 6 J U N E9 . 0 0 A M – 1 1 . 3 0 A M

FOR OFFICIAL USE

Total for Sections A and B

MANAGINGENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESHIGHER

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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section.

1. The diagram below shows some of the features typical of farm diversification.

Cereal crop -stubble left in fields

to reduce erosion

Mixed woodlandwith replanting

Ostrich rearing tosupply local restaurants

Steeper slopes notploughed and not heavilygrazed to prevent erosion

Farmhouse B & B

Potato crop

River edged bya buffer zone

Steading conversionto holiday cottages

Safe storagearea for fuel and agro-chemicals

(a) Study the diagram and answer the following questions.

(i) Give two examples of ways in which the farm has diversified.

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1. (a) (continued)

(ii) Suggest one reason why diversification has taken place.

(iii) Give one agricultural practice shown in the diagram which benefits wildlife and give a reason for your answer.

Reason

(iv) Name one other type of farming which uses sustainable agricultural practices.

(v) Give one example of a fuel which must be safely stored on the farm and name the natural resource from which it is produced.

Fuel

Natural resource

(vi) Name one agro-chemical and describe one advantage and one disadvantage of its use on the farm.

Agro-chemical

Advantage

Disadvantage

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1. (continued)

(b) Landowners have a duty of care to allow implementation of a Species Control Order (SCO). This recent piece of legislation is aimed at controlling pest species such as Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and American mink. If a landowner does not comply with the SCO, the polluter pays principle applies.

(i) Explain why landowners have a duty of care to implement a SCO.

(ii) Describe what is meant by the polluter pays principle.

(c) Some crops are grown for energy.

Example of energy source crop Biomass fuel produced

Wood – willow

Herbaceous – elephant grass

Solid biomass – wood or herbaceous

Biodiesel – rapeBioethanol – maizeSpoiled grain – cereal

Liquid – biodiesel and bioethanolmethane

Using one example from the table above give one advantage and one disadvantage to the environment as a result of farmers converting from growing traditional crops to growing biomass fuel crops.

Example

Advantage

Disadvantage

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1. (continued)

(d) The graph below shows the energy produced from biomass in kilotonnes (kt) in three countries; Denmark, the UK and Germany in 2006, and an estimate of production by 2020.

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0 2006 2020

Germany

2006 2020

UK

2006 2020

Denmark

Key

Forestry

Other sources

(i) Describe the trend for biomass as a fuel in these countries.

(ii) Compare biomass energy production in the UK with that of Germany (in the period 2006 to 2020) and suggest a reason for the differences.

Reason

(iii) Name one other renewable source of energy in Denmark.

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Biomassenergy

(kt)

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2. (a) The first mobile phone call was made in 1973 and the first network was launched in 1979. Today, it is estimated that over 5·6 billion mobile phones are in use around the world and that around 80% of the global population own at least one mobile phone. The diagrams below show the materials and basic components found in a typical mobile phone.

Complete the pie chart below using information from the materials diagram above.

(An additional pie chart, if required, can be found on Page thirty-one)

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Materials Components

Plastics

Metals

Glass/ceramics

Battery electrodes

1% Precious metals and rare elements

45%

35%

10%

9%

Mobilephone

Circuitboard

Accessories

Casing

Microphone

Antenna Keypad

LCD Screen

Speakers

Battery

Ap

pro

xim

ate

% c

omp

osit

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2. (continued)

(b) In 2011, there were 26·32 million households in the UK, of which 3·76 million were mobile-only households.

(i) Calculate the ratio of mobile-only households in the UK to all households in the UK.

Space for calculation

mobile-only households : total households

(ii) Predict how this ratio will change in the future and explain one impact on the natural resources used in making mobile phones.

Prediction

Impact

(c) The manufacture of each component of a mobile phone must be assessed from “cradle to grave”. One factor which is assessed is the energy input.

(i) Name this type of assessment.

(ii) Give two other factors which should be considered when making this type of assessment.

and

(d) Rare elements are used in many modern technologies and household implements. There are only a few places in the world where deposits are large enough to be commercially exploited. Deposits are present in Scotland but not in sufficient quantities to exploit.

Give one way in which individuals could help collectively to reduce demand for production of rare elements.

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2. (continued)

(e) A typical mobile phone contains around 16 g of copper. Copper ores are widely distributed across the globe but the largest deposits are found in Chile, which accounts for around 35% of world production.

The flow chart below shows the production process for copper.

Using information from the diagram:

(i) Give two examples of good industrial practices which support sustainable development.

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2

MINING OF COPPER-BEARING ORE

CRUSHING OF COPPER-BEARING ORE

CONCENTRATINGProduces liquid concentrate (28% copper)

SMELTINGRoasted at 650˚C. Produces copper matte

(70% copper)

PURIFIED COPPER (99.9% pure)

CUSTOMER

REFININGCopper matte refined in furnace at over

1100˚C, then undergoes electrolysis

Fossil fuelsBlastingmaterials

INPUTS

Waste rock

OUTPUTS

Impurities (tailings) sent for processing

Iron & silica slag

Sulphurdioxide gas

Tailings sent forprocessingeg: gold, silvernickel, platinum

General:Waste waterCarbon dioideNitrogen oxideParticulates

Sulphuric acidproduction

transport

transport

transport

transport

transport

transport

AirWaterChemicals

LimestoneSandOxygen

Air

RE

CY

CL

ED

CO

PP

ER

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2. (e) (continued)

(ii) Select two of the following terms which relate to purified copper.

For each choice give a reason for your answer.

renewable non-renewable natural resource manufactured resource

Choice 1

Reason

Choice 2

Reason

(iii) Name two energy intensive stages in the production of purified copper and give one reason why these stages pose a problem to the environment.

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2

Reason

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3. (a) Scots pine woodland once covered large areas of Scotland. Today only 17 000 hectares of the estimated 1 500 000 hectares of Scotland’s original pine woodland remains. Cover is highly fragmented and mainly confined to the Highlands.

Calculate the percentage decrease in native pine woodland in Scotland.

Space for calculation

%

(b) The diagram below shows part of a food web from a Scots pine woodland.

Using information from the food web above, answer the following questions.

(i) Name one omnivore and one tertiary consumer.

Omnivore

Tertiary consumer

(ii) Give one example of inter-specific competition between two carnivores for a named food source.

Food source

Carnivores and

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Golden eagle

Wildcat Pine marten

Scottishcrossbill

Redsquirrel

Capercaillie Vole Mouse Crested tit

Scots pine

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3. (b) (continued)

(iii) Circle one letter to identify the correct pyramid of numbers for the food chain shown below.

Scots pine ➞ mouse ➞ pine marten ➞ golden eagle

(c) Give two ways in which energy is lost from a food chain.

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(d) The Scots pine can be considered a “keystone species”. The table below lists some of the organisms which make use of Scots pine and the part of the tree they use.

Organism Tree part used

Deer Buds, shoots, needles

Moss Bark

Capercaillie Buds, shoots, seeds

Voles Seeds

Lichen Bark

Mice Seeds

Black grouse Buds, shoots, pollen

Scottish crossbill Seeds

Caterpillars Wood, needles

Crested tit Seeds

Aphids Sap

Beetles Wood

Red squirrel Seeds

Mycorrhizal fungi Roots

Ants Needles

(i) Suggest what is meant by the term “keystone species”.

A B C D

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3. (d) (continued)

(ii) The crested tit nests in holes in dead Scots pines. The trees must have been dead for at least 10 years. At this stage the wood is sufficiently decayed for the crested tit to excavate its nest hole to house the next generation.

Describe one conservation measure to ensure the continuation of this species.

(iii) Describe the adaptation which enables the Scottish crossbill shown below to feed on pine seeds.

(iv) Aphids are “milked” by wood ants for honeydew, which is excreted by the aphids. This sugar-rich liquid waste product is a valuable food source for the ants. In return, the ants deter other sap-sucking insects which might out-compete the aphids. Ants also protect the aphids from predators.

Name the type of symbiotic feeding relationship that exists between the aphids and the wood ants.

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3. (continued)

(e) The image below shows a single mature Scots pine. Known as “granny pines”, these mature trees often produce huge amounts of cones and seeds. Lots of Scots pine seedlings should be found growing around the granny pine but there are none.

(i) Select one feature from the diagram above and explain how it could contribute to the lack of seedlings around the granny pine.

(ii) Name two density dependent factors for which seedlings around the tree compete.

and

(f) Complete the table below describing aspects of population dynamics.

Biological term Definition

Carrying capacity

The maintenance of a dynamic, steady state in a living system through opposing, compensating adjustments

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Road with drainage ditch

Forestry mainlynon-native species

MountainsPrevailing winddirection

Evidence of muir burn

Open heather moorlandsupporting sheep

N

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4. (a) The diagram below shows some of the energy exchange processes involved in the annual cycle of a deciduous tree.

(i) Complete the diagram by adding the correct label from the following list to the boxes .

Decomposition Respiration Photosynthesis

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Process by which energy is produced in plants and which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Light energy from the sun is captured by chlorophyll in the leaves.

Winter Spring

SummerAutumn

Long term carbon storagein the wood of the treethroughout its life

All parts of the tree usedas habitats and foodsources for organismsthroughout the year

Energy loss from the tree in autumn leaf fall. Soil around tree is enriched by leaf litter which undergoes chemical breakdown.

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4. (a) (continued)

(ii) Complete the equation for photosynthesis.

+ ➞ +

(iii) During which season of the year is most biomass accumulated by the tree?

Season

Explanation

(iv) Name the type of organisms feeding on leaf litter that break up leaves and old wood to produce humus.

(b) Name the two types of decomposers found in soil and describe their role in the carbon cycle.

Decomposers and

Role

Light energy

Chlorophyll

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4. (continued)

(c) Rouken Glen is a historic, urban park of 58 hectares found on the southern outskirts of Glasgow. The park has been managed for over 100 years for the benefit of the general public and hosts a variety of features and facilities. Some of the park’s features are shown in the diagram below.

Rouken Glen in 1923

Rouken Glen in 2013

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W/G BP

I F

SB

WGVC

P

PWC

WC

BC

P

P

WCBC

Key and Park facilities

Woodland

Parkland

Pathways

Main road

River

P Parking (provision for disabled)

VC Visitors centre

SB Skate boarding

BP Boating pond

W/G Waterfall and gorge

GW Glen walk

WG Walled garden and onsite composting/wormery

WC Toilets (provision for disabled)

BC Baby change

I Information point

F Food and drink

GW

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4. (c) (continued)

(i) Give three human influences that have had impacts on wildlife in the park ecosystem.

1

2

3

(ii) What biological term is used to describe the stable and mature woodland found in the park particularly along the river?

(iii) Monitoring of species such as bats, otters and plants takes place at the park.

Give one reason why this is necessary.

(iv) The park has been awarded Green Flag status. This scheme encourages high environmental standards in parks and green spaces.

Suggest two environmentally friendly practices which may have contributed to this award.

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2

(v) Describe one way in which Park Rangers can contribute to the education of visitors to the park.

(vi) The park has SSSI status because of the unusual geology which is exposed at the waterfall and gorge W/G .

Suggest one other reason why SSSI status may be given.

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5. (a) The tidal zone of the seashore is a challenging environment in which species survive as a result of physical and behavioural adaptation. The zone at the upper limit, closest to the land is distinguished by the high tide mark and the area to which the tide recedes is the low tide mark.

Students set up a belt transect from A, the high tide mark, to B, the low tide mark, on the seashore shown in the diagram below.

They estimated the percentage (%) cover of five species of seaweed found at 10 sample points.

Their results are shown in the table.

SpeciesPercentage (%) cover at each sample point

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Channelled wrack 23 19

Spiral wrack 8 23 34

Bladder wrack 7 31 42 43 40

Saw wrack 5 19 33 34 45 39

Oar weed 45 100

(i) Which species has the widest distribution on the seashore?

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A

Sample point

B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A

B

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5. (a) (continued)

(ii) Which seaweed is best adapted to prolonged periods out of water?

Explain how the results support this.

Seaweed

Explanation

(iii) Name a piece of equipment which could be used to sample seaweeds in this investigation.

(iv) Name two abiotic factors affecting the distribution of seaweeds.

and

(v) Using an example, describe how the validity of this investigation could be maintained when measuring an abiotic factor.

(b) One of the problems on the shoreline is beach litter from visitors and debris washed on land from shipping.

Suggest two measures that could be taken to reduce this problem.

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2

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6. (a) The map below shows the extent of the Cairngorms National Park, Britain’s largest National Park. The Park contains a unique range of landscapes, wildlife, habitats and communities. It is home to over 17 000 people and attracts around 1·5 million visitors each year.

(i) Name one voluntary organisation and one designated conservation area shown on the map.

Voluntary organisation

Conservation area

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Key

Forest

Mountains

Ski area

0 15 kilometres

A9 Perth A93 Perth

BlairAtholl

Braemar

Ballater

A93 Aberdeen

A944/A97 Huntly

A95 ElginA939 Nairn

Newtonmore

Kingussie

Aviemore

Granton-on-Spey

RSPBReserve

East CairngormsSSSI

TheCairngormMountains

CairngormsNNR

CairnGorm

A9 Inverness

N

THE CAIRNGORMSNATIONAL PARK

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6. (a) (continued)

(ii) Name three types of land use shown on the map other than conservation.

1

2

3

(iii) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage to residents living in a national park.

Advantage

Disadvantage

(iv) State two historical influences that have affected the area.

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2

(b) A funicular railway carries passengers up and down CairnGorm Mountain. This enables visitors of all abilities to access the mountain and to visit one of the rarest sub-arctic environments in the UK. Funicular passengers can gain restricted access to the summit of the mountain via designated pathways.

Give two ways by which management could minimise damage to this fragile environment with an ever increasing number of visitors.

1

2

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6. (continued)

(c) The table below shows the four aims of national parks which must be addressed as part of the statutory obligations of each National Park Authority (NPA).

Aims of National Parks

1To conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the area

2 To promote sustainable use of the natural resources of the area

3To promote public understanding and enjoyment (including enjoyment in the form of recreation) of the special qualities of the area by the public

4To promote sustainable economic and social development of the area’s communities

(i) Name the statutory organisation which works closely with NPAs in relation to aim 1.

(ii) Suggest one way in which NPAs could promote sustainable use of a local natural resource that would meet aims 2 and 4.

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7. (a) Aquaculture is a key food production industry for Scotland. Scotland is currently the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. Aquaculture accounts for over one-third by value of Scotland’s food exports. It also produces other farmed fish and shellfish as shown in the table below.

Finned fish (tonnes in 2010) Shellfish (tonnes in 2010)

Atlantic salmon 154 164 Blue mussels 6996

Rainbow trout 5319 Pacific oysters 251

Brown trout 53 Native oysters 28

Halibut 139 Queen scallop 1

Arctic charr 1·5 King scallop 9

Complete the bar graph using information from the table by:

• adding the label and scale to the vertical (y) axis;

• adding the data indicated on the horizontal (x) axis.

(Additional graph paper, if required, can be found on Page thirty-one)

brown trout halibut native oysters scallops

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7. (continued)

(b) Production of Atlantic salmon in 2009 was 91 221 tonnes.

Predict the future production in farmed salmon and give a reason for your answer.

increase

Farmed salmon production will decrease

stay the same.

Reason

(c) Aquaculture can cause environmental problems as a result of feeding pelleted food to growing fish in cages.

Aquaculture cages

Describe and explain the effect that excess pelleted food from aquaculture could have on an aquatic ecosystem.

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7. (continued)

(d) The Scottish Government has set up a Tripartite Working Group to address problems common to salmon farming and wild salmon fisheries. It includes representatives of the groups shown below.

Select two of the above groups and suggest a reason for conflict and a possible resolution.

Groups and

Reason for conflict

Possible resolution

(e) Name the organisation with responsibility for monitoring water pollution.

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Fish farmers

NettersAnglers

(Producing farmed salmon for marketing)

(Netting wild salmon)(Fishing for wild salmon)

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7. (continued)

(f) The map and pie charts below provide information on the location of shellfish farms and the production of some farmed shellfish.

Pacific oyster

Native oyster

King scallop

Queen scallop

Mussel

Northern Isles

Western Isles

Highland

Strathclyde

Northern Isles(127)

Active shellfishfarm sites

Key Production of shellfish by speciesin four of the areas

Number of sites

Highland(75)

Western Isles(43)

Strathclyde(90)

( )

East of Scotland

(1)

(i) Describe and give a reason for the distribution of shellfish farms in Scotland.

(ii) Which area produces the greatest proportion of:

1 mussels;

2 scallops.

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7. (f) (continued)

(iii) Give one problem companies in Highland and the Isles have to overcome in relation to the distribution of their products and suggest how it is overcome.

(g) Complete the table below to indicate one social, one economic and one aesthetic impact that aquaculture may have on remote, rural communities in Scotland.

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Impacts of aquaculture

Social Economic

Aesthetic

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Section B

BOTH questions in this section should be attempted.

Note that each question contains a choice.

Questions 8 and 9 should be attempted on the blank pages which follow.

Supplementary sheets, if required, may be obtained from the Invigilator.

Labelled diagrams may be used where appropriate.

8. Answer EITHER A OR B.

A. Describe how environmental protection is provided for Scotland by:

(a) initiatives at local level;

(b) national legislation;

(c) policies of the European Parliament.

OR

B. Describe the effect of the following in helping to reduce the environmental impact of continuing to use fossil fuels:

(a) international conferences on the environment;

(b) legislation such as the Scottish Renewables Obligation (SRO);

(c) Local Authority initiatives.

9. Answer EITHER A OR B.

A. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of land use change resulting from urbanisation and transport developments, and how the impacts of these changes are controlled and/or managed.

OR

B. Discuss the impacts of leisure and recreational activities on a named area of land or water and ways in which the impact of these activities are controlled and/or managed.

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[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

Local Authorities, the Scottish Parliament and the European Parliament contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development through initiatives, legislation and national/international policies.

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SPACE FOR ANSWERS

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SPACE FOR ANSWERS

ADDITIONAL PIE CHART FOR QUESTION 2(a)

ADDITIONAL GRAPH PAPER FOR QUESTION 7(a)

brown trout halibut native oysters scallops

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Question 3(d)(iii) – 145606750 Shutterstock.com

Question 4(a) – 23568664 Shutterstock.com

Question 4(c) – Map is taken from www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TBGiffMap1923.jpg. Public Domain.

Question 7(c) – 35635411 Shutterstock.com