xatia sevardnaze xix saukunis qartul mwerlobastan tician … · 2014. 9. 8. · rogorc miutiteben,...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

xatia SevardnaZe

XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobasTan tician tabiZis

SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebisaTvis

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili disertacia

axali qarTuli literaturis istoria

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: lado minaSvili

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi

2011

s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

T a v i I

tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi gza XIX s. qarTul poeziasTan

mimarTebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

T a v i II

XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa poeturi eqo

tician tabiZis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

T a v i III

XIX saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi tician tabiZis literaturul-

kritikuli werilebisa da eseebis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

T a v i IV

tician tabiZis mokle narkvevi `axali qarTuli literatura” 106

d a s k v n e b i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

gamoyenebeuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

3

S e s a v a l i

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTul mwerlobas amSvenebs tician

tabiZis saxeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sicocxle udrood Sewyda,

roca qveyanaze `kaenis sulis aRzevebam gadisriala~, man mainc

Seucvleli kvali datova qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. pirvel

yovlisa, igi iyo SesaniSnavi poeti, erTi gamorCeuli lideri

`cisferyanwelTa~ literaturuli dajgufebisa paolo iaSvilTan da

valerian gafrindaSvilTan erTad, misi TvalsaCino Teoretikosi.

tragikuli bedis mqone poetis memkvidreobis Seswavla mxolod

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gaxda SesaZlebeli, Tumca misi

moRvaweobis sakuTriv simbolistur xanaze Tavdapirvelad mobodiSobiT

saubrobdnen, ufro sworad dumiliT uvlidnen gverds. didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi sabWouri literaturismcodneoba aridebda mzeras

qarTuli simbolizmis siRrmiseul fesvebs. qarTuli simbolizmi ar

miiCneoda angariSgasawev skolad, radgan damkvidrebuli iyo mosazreba,

rom `cisferyanwelebma~ verc erTi tipuri, suliT xorcamde aSkara

warmomadgeneli simbolisturi mimarTulebisa ver mogvca da es

SeuZlebelic iyo ( g. gverdwiTeli).

mogviano periodSi literaturis istorikosebis mier adreuli

sabWoTa periodis daskvnebi gadafasebulia. bevri saintereso da

siRrmiseuli mosazrebiT aris gamdidrebuli qarTuli simbolizmis

Seswavla. seriozulma kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, rom rogorc ticianma, ise

sazogadod `cisferyanwelebma~ uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules

10-20-ian wlebSic qarTuli leqsis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT

reformistuli xasiaTis ZiebebiT rogorc Tematikuri, ise da

gansakuTrebiT leqsis formis daxvewis, axali sazomebis Semotanis

TvalsazrisiT. maTi moRvaweoba am mxriv usaTuod iyo progresis

Semcveli.

mkvlevarebis m. abulaZis, g. xerxeuliZis, v. ciskariZis, g. asaTianis,

T. maRlaferiZis, g. curikovas, l. avalianis, r.miSvelaZis, a.gomarTelis

da sxvaTa naSromebis mixedviT TandaTanobiT iqna cxadyofili, rom XIX

saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ilias, akakis

4

moZalebuli mimbaZvelebis xelSi qarTulma leqsma TandaTan iwyo

daknineba.

epigonebma leqss daukarges gamomsaxveloba. am droidan qarTuli

leqsi gaxda mauwyebeli gemovnebis daqveiTebisa, CamorCenilobisa,

provincializmisa. TiTo-orola kargi poetis xma ikargeboda ugemovnobis

zRvaSi.

`cisferyanwelTa~ jgufma upirveles miznad daisaxa qarTuli

leqsis reforma, leqsis aJRereba `swored ise, rogorc es gaakeTes

simbolistebma safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, belgiaSi, norvegiaSi... rogorc es

SeZles ruseTSi simbolizmis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebma~ (37; 20).

niWierma, maRali kulturis, daxvewili gemovnebis enTuziastTa

jgufma `cisferyanwelebma~ bevri ram gaakeTes da did galaktionTan

erTad XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis gezi gansazRvres. am

mxriv gansakuTrebulia ticin tabiZis roli.

rogorc miuTiTeben, `ticin tabiZis poezia XX saukunis poeziaa, man

sxva qarTvel poetebTan _ galaktion tabiZesTan, giorgi leoniZesTan,

paolo iaSvilTan erTad Seqmna XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ena da

poeturi azrovneba. igi XX saukunis Semoqmedia Tavisi poeturi

samyaroTi, formiT da SinaarsiT, poeturi saubris maneriT da sityvieri

qsoviliT.

Tu Tanamedrove qarTulma poeturma kulturam garkveul simaRles

miaRwia, zemoaRniSnul qarTvel poetebTan erTad amaSi damsaxureba

tician tabiZesac miuZRvis. misi poeziis arseboba aucilebeli iyo

qarTuli poeziis Rirsebis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis, qarTuli

poeziis mravalferovnebisTvis da eris sulieri saganZuris

gamdidrebisaTvis~ (13; 67).

qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi ukve ganmtkicebuli azris

mixedviT, `cisferyanwelTa~ brZolas qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis,

qarTuli leqsis evropeizaciisaTvis amaod ar Cauvlia. galaktion

tabiZesTan erTad XX s. dasawyisSi isini evropuli poeziis miRwevebsa da

gamocdilebebs eziarnen, ris safuZvelzec simbolisturi iluziebis

msxvrevisa da modernistur-epigonuri Ziebebis damarcxebis miuxedavad

qarTuli leqsis forma da Sinaarsi ganaxlda, gadaxalisda da

5

ganviTarebis axal etapze avida. (a. xinTibiZe, l. avaliani, s. sigua, T.

doiaSvili, T. barbaqaZe da sxva).

bolo dros SedarebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs t. tabiZis

poeturi memkvidreobis ganxilva; ikvleven mis Semoqmedebas rogorc

Tematikuri, aseve gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT.

msjeloben t. tabiZis Rvawlze qarTuli leqsis modernizaciis

TvalsazrisiT, ikvleven t. tabiZis literaturul-kritikul naazrevs; am

bolo dros interesis sagnad iqca t. tabiZis mxatvruli prozac. daculi

iqna sakandidato disertacia s. kapanaZis mier, romelic t. tabiZis

mxatvruli prozis da literaturul-kritikuli memkvidreobis Seswavlas

eZRvneba (21).

literaturis istorikosebi interesdebian t. tabiZis mimarTebiTac

klasikur mwerlobasTan, gakvriT exebian sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogoria zemoqmedeba poet t. tabiZeze XIX saukunis qarTveli poetebisa,

rogor afasebs t. tabiZe XIX s. qarTul mwerlobas saerTod da kerZod

ki mis calkeul warmomadgenels. specialurad ganixilaven vaJa-fSavelas

memkvidreobis tician tabiZiseul Sefasebis sakiTxs.1 miuxedavad

aRniSnulisa, calke, monografiuli saxiT t. tabiZis mimarTebis Seswavla

XIX s. qarTul mwerlobasTan rogorc poetisa da meore mxriv, rogorc

literaturis kritikosisa da itorikosisa, jer aravis uwarmoebia.

miTumetes, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sul axlaxan

2008 wels wignad daistamba qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis aqamde ucnobi

ticin tabiZis naSromi, `axali qarTuli literatura~, romelsac erTvis

l. minaSvilis vrceli narkvevi. es wigni ufro srul warmodgenas

gvaZlevs t. tabiZeze, ukve rogorc axali qarTuli literaturis

istorikosze.

sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zemoqmedeba moaxdina

poet ticin tabiZeze, am TvalsaCino Semoqmedze, XIX s. qarTulma poeziam

___________________________________

1 igulisxmeba i. evgeniZis wigni, `vaJa-fSavela (cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi), 1989w., gv. 137-

147, l. avalianis statia, `vaJa-fSavela 20-iani wlebis mweralTa TvalTaxedviT,~ ix. `vaJas krebuli, II, Tb.

1982, gv. 215-226

6

kerZod da saerTod ki qarTulma literaturam, Tu rogoria misi

mimarTeba rogorc poetisa da literaturis kritikosisa da

istorikosisa me-19 saukunis mwerlobisadmi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

tician tabiZis adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis qarTuli literaturis

istoriaSi.

sazogadod imis fiqri, rom esa Tu is xelovani gaTavisuflebulia

yovelgvari literaturuli gavlenisagan, Tu SeuZlebels ar gaxdida,

gaZnelebiT ki erTob gaaZnelebda am xelovanisaTvis kuTvnili adgilis

miCenas literaturis istoriaSi; aseTi msjeloba, gvsurda es Cven Tu ara,

usaTuod migviyvanda im daskvnamde, rom mocemuli mwerali gamoTiSulia

literaturis saerTo procesidan, misi ganviTarebis bunebrivi

istoriidan. mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aseTi azri Seuwynarebelia,

ramdenadac arc SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi xelovani, romelsac araferi

akavSirebdes Tavisi literaturis tradiciebTan, tendeciebTan.

tician tabiZis poeziis siaxlove qarTuli literaturis Tematikur

tradiciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mogviano safexuris t. tabiZis krZalviTi

damokidebuleba winapar poetebTan, pirdapir migviTiTebs im did

kavSirebze, romlebic tician tabiZes, rogorc poets aqvs me-19 saukunis

qarTul mwerlobasTan saerTod da kerZod ki qarTul poeziasTan.

sadisertacio naSromSi miznad aris dasaxuli, warmovadginoT cda

sakiTxis monografiulad Seswavlisa, imis gaTvaliswinebisa metnaklebi

sisruliT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis saxelovan qarTvel poet

tician tabiZeze XIX saukunis qarTulma poeziam, rogor aisaxa am

zemoqmedebis kvali mis poetur qmnilebebSi; es erTi mxriv, xolo meore

mxriv, rogorc iTqva, t. tabiZe iyo aramarto Cinebuli poeti, aramed igi

profesiiTac da mowodebiTac iyo SesaniSnavi literatori, daxvewili

gemovnebis esTeti. mis utyuar poetur intuicias amagrebda didi

erudicia; erTi sityviT tician tabiZe iyo SesaniSnavi eseist-kritikosi

da literaturis istorikosi. erTia sakiTxi, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina

tician tabiZeze axalma qarTulma poeziam, xolo meorea, Tu rogoria

XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis saerTod da kerZod am saukunis

mwerlobis calkeuli warmomadgenlis memkvidreobis t. tabiZiseuli

daxasiaTeba _ analizi.

7

sadisertacio naSromi aris cda orive am mxaris gaTvaliswinebisa

cal-calke da erTmaneTTan kavSirSi, ise rogorc aris es warmodgenili

t. tabiZis poetur Tu Teoriul naazrevSi.

8

T a v i I

tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi gza XIX s.

qarTul poeziasTan mimarTebiT

rTuli SemoqmedebiTi gza ganvlo tician tabiZem. misi

Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa didi nawili poetis formireba-ganviTarebis

gzas pirobiTad sam etapad yofs. misi Semoqmedebis yvela etapi

miuTiTebs poetis uaRresad individualur, magram winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse poetur gzaze. `isini rgolebia erTi mTliani poeturi jaWvisa

da, kidev, mkveTrad usvams xazs misi, rogorc Semoqmedis mxatvrul

mTlianobas~ (3; 4).

t. tabiZe literaturul asparezze adreuli asakidn gamoCnda _

1909-1910 wlidan. gimnaziis meeqvse klasis moswavle ukve aqveynebda

leqsebs gazeT `TemSi~ da JurnalSi `Teatri da cxovreba~. `quTaisis

klasikuri gimnaziis meeqvse klasis moswavle viyavi, pirveli leqsi rom

davbeWdeo,”- gadmogvcems TviTon poeti (44; 7). misi am periodis leqsebia

`serenada~, `mainc is miyvars~, `mkvdari legenda~.... am xanebSi dawera man

novelebic `SurisZieba~, `nawyveti dRiuridan~, `gazafxulis

dResaswauli~, `qali da mgosani~, `Seqmnili legenda~, `martooba~,

`pirveli sevda~, `ai sad budobs siyvaruli~. erTi sityviT, 1910-1915 wlebi

miCneulia, rogorc poetis formirebis wlebi.

Semdegi safexuria simbolistobis, ufro sworad

`cisferyanwelobis~ xana. igi daaxloebiT grZeldeba 20-iani wlebis

pirveli naxevris CaTvliT 1926-28 wlamde. misi Semoqmedebis bolo

safexuria klasikuri poeziis, realisturi poeziis tradiciebTan

dabrunebis xana, rasac, bunebrivia vifiqroT, xels uwyobda da aCqarebda

gare zemoqmedebis, erTgvari iZulebis faqtorebic, magram isic

sagangebod saTqmelia, rom TviT poetis bunebac apirobebda amas, es misi

Sinagani xmac iyo.

t. tabiZis, rogorc poetis Camoyalibebis pirveli safexuri

aRiniSneba, erTi mxriv, rogorc qarTul klasikur poeziasTan ziarebisa

9

da misi didi da keTili zemoqmedebis gamoxtuleba, es gavlena Zalian

cxadad igrZnoba rogorc adreul leqsebSi, ise da gansakuTrebiT

novelebsa da miniaturebSi. t. tabiZis adreuli leqsebi, prozauli

Txzulebebi atareben n. baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelianis, ilia WavWavaZis,

akakis, vaJa-fSavelas gavlenis kvals.

ase magaliTad, 1910 wels t. tabiZe wers usaTauro leqss, romelsac

wamZRvarebuli aqvs taepebi n. baraTaSvilis `Conguridan~ _

`hoi, Conguro, netavi odes

xma mxiaruli Sengan msmenodes~.

am leqsSi gadmocemuli sevda-kaeSani erTgvarad exmianeba oboli

sulis, genialuri n. baraTaSvilis sevda-kaeSans. isic saTqmelia, rom Tu

n. baraTaSvilis SemTxvevaSi Conguris xma mogonebebs aSlis da suls

afiqrebs, im dros Senatris, roca Conguridan mxiaruli xmebi ismoda da

poetis naRvels ukuyrida, axla ki misgan esmis mxolod `mokluli gulis

oden Civili~. yrma ticianis sevda ufro konkretul obieqts miemarTeba,

uimedobac Zalze moWarbebulia, sentimentaluria.

`Camovhkar Cangurs... aTrTolda simi,

samgloviaro gaisma hangi.

oh, turfav! swored Senma cremlebma

moajadoves es Cemi Cangi.

axla sada xar, romelsa mxares,

nugeSs rad ar mcem tanjuls, mwuxares,

da, nuTu marTla sicocxliTve mkvdars,

martod mistumreb Savbnel samares?

vrceli udabno... cremlis xeoba...

vdgevar, mikvnesis oboli suli,

guls kaeSanma daisadgura,

Cangic qviTinebs acremlebuli.

10

hxarobs buneba, galaRebuli,

cis kabadonze mTvare kaSkaSebs,

varskvlavTa xomli nelad cimcimebs,

me ki wyvdiadi miburavs Tvalebs.

martodmarto var, Senze mlocveli,

Cem win ganrTxmula Savi samare,

da moklul gulis mware Civilsa

kvnesiT bans aZlevs samSoblo mxare!~

amave 1910 wliTaa daTariRebuli meore usaTauro leqsi `niavi

dahqris, nazi zefiri...~ es leqsic didad aris davalebuli, aqac yrma

poetis grZnobebi XIX saukunis qarTvel poetTa xmebzea awyobili, aqedan

iRebs saTaves. aq, am leqsSi aSkarad gaarCevT grigol orbelianis,

saerTod romantikosi poetebis zemoqmedebis kvals, vaJaseuli bunebis

suraTebis aRweris gavlenas, mTeli leqsi ilias poeziis zemoqmedebiTaa

dawerili da amas pirdapirac miuTiTebs ticiani ilias striqonebis

citirebiT:

`niavi dahqris, nazi zefiri

danamuls mdelos Tavzed evleba,

nazi sumbuli, eSxiT damTvrali,

mgosans yurs ugdebs da icremleba.

cisa tatnobzed mTvare kaSkaSebs,

gars axvevia varskvlavT laSqari,

Tavs dastrialebs mZinar samyaros

da ciur nanas umRers damtkbari.

mTani maRalni, cad atyorcnilni

janySi xveulni, fiqrs miscemian

da mSobel mxares mcvelad, darajad,

viT gveleSapni, zed Semortymian.

11

yvela netarebs, `dRiT feTqavs raca~,

molxeniT aris `miwac da caca~,

mxolod buCqis Zirs, gulCaTxrobili,

kvnesis mgosani, oblad STenili.~

rogorc vxedavT, aq am leqsSi n. baraTaSvilis sumbulis poeturi

saxec gaielvebs, grigol orbelianis `bumberaz mTanic mdumared

caTamdis ayudebulni~, vaJas xiluli mTebic gagvaxsendeba, romlebic

`fiqrs miscemin mwaresa~ (`mTani maRalni, cad atyorcnilni, janySi

xveulni fiqrs miscemian~), xolo leqsSi warmodgenili mTliani suraTi

`bunebis netarebisa~, molxeniT myofi `miwisa da cisac~ Sepirispirebuli

gulCaTxrobil buCqis Zirs mjdom mkvnesare, oblad STenil mgosanTan

iliaseburi kontrastis gziTaa ganxorcielebuli da amaze pirdapiracaa

miniSnebuli `kako yaCaRidan~ momdinare sriqonebis pirdapiri gadmotaniT

leqsSi:

`yvela netarebs,

MmolxeniT aris

`dRiT feTqavs raca~,

`miwac da caca~.

iliaseburia orive leqsSi gamJRavnebuli patriotuli grZnobac:

pirvel leqsSi poetis mokluli gulis `mware Civilsa kvnesiT bans

aZlevs samSoblo mxare~, xolo meore leqsSi, mTani maRalni cad

atyorcnilni... mSobel mxares

1910 wels dawerili erTi leqsi asea dasaTaurebuli _ `elegia~,

rac imTaviTve unda migvaniSnebdes ilias amave saxelwodebis leqsTan

kavSirze. ticianis leqsis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom es marTla asea,

ticianis leqsis Seqmnas biZgi swored ilias `elegiam~ misca da swored

masTan Sexminebas warmoadgens yrma poetis leqsi. leqsSi aRwerilia

samSoblos peizaJi RamiT. Ramea bneli, cis kabadonze ar moCans arc

mTvare, arc varskvlavebi krTian, `ca, moRrubluli, cremlad iRvreba~.

mcvelad, darajad, `viT gveleSapni, zed

Semortymian~.

`gadmoswolia samyaros nisli,

CasZinebia xevSi nakaduls~.

12

isev sumbuli, bulbulis satrfo, romelsac cremlebi sdis,

xmagakmendili bulbuli glovobs.

neli niavi Cumad sisinebs,

rionic gahyefs, godebs, dudunebs...

Cans, rom naRveli Semoswolia...

leqsis bolo strofSi iliaseburad aris dasmuli ritorikuli

kiTxva _ daedeba Tu ara sazRvari amas yovelives _

`samSoblo mxare, veranad qmnili,

mwared qviTinebs, kvlav icremleba...

ox! RmerTo, RmerTo

netav sazRvari ar daedeba?!~

! amden cremlT frqvevas,

marTalia, yrud, magram mainc tician tabiZis am leqsSi gamoxatuli

wuxilis motivi rom farTo socialuri xasiaTisaa da ara pirovnuli, es

sruliad aSkaraa.

aseTive xasiaTis leqsebia, aseve XIX saukunis klasikur poeziasTan

siaxlove, misi zemoqmedebis kvali atyvia tician tabiZis adreul leqsebs

`nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare~, usaTauro `wynari Ramea, dumili

sufevs~, `melodia~ da a.S.

rogorc iTqva, gavlenis kvali atyvia ara marto adreul leqsebs,

aramed es kavSiri, zemoqmedeba aSkarad Cans tician tabiZis miniaturebSi,

novelebsa da moTxrobebSi. sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT miniatura

`nakadis duduni~. poets uyvars nakadis Cqriali, `misi idumali, sevdiani

duduni, roca daRamdeba, `mwuxris zewarSi gaexveva sofeli da ares

mkvdari mdumareba daepatroneba~. Mxolo nakadulis Cumi qviTini, yru

godeba arRvevs myudroebas. `idayvdayrdnobili yurs vugdeb mas da suli

ocnebis mxarisken mifrinavs. mogonebaTa mkrTalni aCrdilni Tavs

damcimcimeben da TvalTagan lmobierebis mduRare cremli mdis xolme~.

am striqonebSi aSkarad gvecnoba leqsikuri Sexvedra n. baraTaSvilis

13

leqsTan `fiqrni mtkvris piras~. ticianic fiqrobs soflis

ukuRmarTobaze.

`miyvars... miyvars me duduni nakadisa,

aqac baraTaSviliseburi gamoxatva grZnobis, leqsikuri Sexvedra

baraTaSvilTan (`miyvars, miyvars me tiqtiki Cvilis ymis~) cxadad

mowmobs, rom yrma ticiani Tavs ver aRwevs n. baraTaSvilis gavlenas da

arc unda ganTavisufldes misgan, imdenad didia mis sulze baraTaSvilis

mRelvarebiT savse striqonebis zemoqmedebis Zala.

sityviT ar ZalmiZs,

gamovTqva, rasac grZnobs guli, aRgznebuli RvTiuris aliT!~

t. tabiZis moTxroba `sumbuli~ aSkarad iwvevs asociacias vaJas

moTxrobebTan da gansakuTrebiT mainc `mTis wyarosTan~. axalgazrda

ticiani aq gadmogvcems sumbulis gancdebs. movida zamTari da sumbulma,

romelic satrfomac miatova, igrZno sikvdilis moaxloeba. `nu geSinia,

nu, Cemo sicocxlev! _ uCurCulebs ankara wyaro. _ RmerTi mowyalea.

male isev gamobrundebi, male mogiva dro da Jami mSvenierebisa, erT

zafxulSi kinaRam davSri da sasowarkveTili davstirodi Cems

ubedurebas, magram Sevebrale Semoqmeds, wvima movida da mec gadavrCi~.

miniaturaSi `martooba~ lirikuli gmiris martoobis gancdis

saTave isev da isev nikoloz baraTaSvilia, baraTaSvilis uZiro sevda

aZlevs biZgs tician tabiZes mware fiqrebisaTvis. cdilobs, mis fiqrebs

wvdes da Tavisas dauaxloos. miniaturaSi lirikuli gmiri gvamcnobs:

`sadac unda viyo, yvelgan, yovelTvis martooba Cemi Tanamgzavria, mudam

Tan damdevs, rogorc aCrdili, viT SurismaZiebeli landi, garewar kaens

Tan rom dasdevda... aCrdili sastiki da ulmobelia, misi Rimili, Rimilia

mefistofelis da mis xarxarze ki, viT saTaelis qnarze, are-midamo

kvnesis da mosTqvams. albaT am yofas grZnobda mgosani, romelmac

gvamcno _ Zneli aris martooba sulisa, mas eltvian siameni soflisa~.

albaT, es mqirdavi aCrdili iyo, romelmac mas mouwamla da waruwymida

sarwmunoeba da dastova `WkuiT urwmuno, guliT undo, suliT maxvrali~.

gr. orbelianis, vaJa-Savelas zemoqmedebis kvali leqsikuradac ki

cxadad amCnevia t. tabiZis miniaturas `feria bednierebisa~.

deda Svils uyveba bednierebis momtan feriaze da xarb dianaze,

romelsac Surda feriasi, radgan igi xalxs Zalian uyvarda.

14

`_ deda ar mova kidev is feria?~ _ daJinebiT ekiTxeboda

gaWirveulebuli bavSvi dedas.

`_ ra vici, Svilo, xedav im mTebs, caTamde rom ayudebulan? ase

arian sul isini; nisli rom moexvevaT, es maTi locvaa, cas Sehvedrian,

feria dagvibruneo, da elian sul dausrulebliv, guli elevaT

lodinSi... usazRvroa maTi lodini~.

Wabuki ticiani daufiqrebia marad mtkivneul sikvdilis idumalebas,

mis amocnobas lamobs da aqac vaJa gamodis mSvelelad. vaJas

gamaognebeli mxatvruli migneba, mTebi imitom dganan, rom Turme elias,

did zemoqmedebas axdens ticianze, es araerTgan gamoCndeba ticianis

TxzulebebSi da, pirvelyovlisa, Cans miniaturaSi `sikvdili~.

`... is yvelgan aris da yovelTvis.

misi mefoba ganusazRvrelia da msxverpli auricxveli. misi Crdili

yvelas Tan axlavs da ganuwyvetliv misi frTebis frTxiali yvelas

moesmis. is bedia winamZRvarTa ubedurebisa. mTani maRalni, mwuxarebaSi

gaqvavebulni, sdganan da elian. maTi lodini `danaxvaa unaxavisa~ _

ambobs mgosani... usazRvroa maTi lodini, radgan maT ukve moesmiT

ConCxebis qnarze simebis JRera~...

TiTqos vaJas poeturi gansjis _

`RmerTma giSvelos, sikvdilo,

sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa,

da Senc sikvdilo fasi gZe

sicocxlis nawyenobiTa~

erTgvari gamoZaxilia Wabuki ticianis daskvna: sikvdili `mizania

Cveni cxovrebisa~, isic garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom Wabuki ticiani am

SemTxvevaSi erTgvarad sikvdilis esTetizacias axdens.

mxatvrul CanaxatSi `epispsixidini~ vkiTxulobT: `kaco, giyvardes!~ _

ciT CamomZaxes... da mec miyvars, am bnelSiac gzas minaTebs naTeli sxivi

siyvarulisa...~ umal gvecnoba ilis cnobili striqonebi leqsidan

giyvardes.

15

_ kaco, giyvardes! _

ciT CamomZaxes,

ros maT dambades.

yvelgan es sityva

lamprad win mimyva

da qveynad Cems svlas

hscemda wmind naTels.

misTvisc getyvi Zmas:

Senca giyvardes!...

amave poetur CanaxatSi mdinare rioni daxasiaTebulia

baraTaSviliseburad: `talRas talRas scems rioni da mwuxared

dudunebs, albad sevda Semoswolia, vervisTvis undvia da imisTvis aris,

rom gulCaxveuli Cumad mosTqvams; vin icis, iqneb is sul sxvas igonebs,

iqneb esmodes kidec amiranis kvnesa, an medias mwuxare simRera, iqneb

dastirodes qarTlosis Cangs, uRvToT damsxvreuls, maxinj SvilTagan

daviwyebuls. bevri ram icis rionma, `mraval droebis mowmea, magram

utyvia~, utyvi~... amgvari masalis moxmoba kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes.

warmodgenili masala ki cxadyofs, rom yrma ticiani, gimnaziis mowafe

SesaniSnavad icnobs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas da formirebis

gzaze uxvadac eyrdnoba, sakuTari xmis Ziebisas sazrdoobs miT, sakuTar

nagrZnobs, nafiqrs ticiani did winaparTa sityvier samoss acmevs, ufro

sworad didi qarTvel mweralTa gancdilze ametyvelebs sakuTar

grZnobebs.

ticianis am drois nawerebidan isic igrZnoba, rom saqme gvaqvs

gemovnebian Zalze niWier axalgazrdasTan, romelic ukve cdilobs

individualuri daRi daasvas, gaxazos, rom es misia, sakuTriv mis

SemoqmedebiT quraSi gamotarebuli, oRond isic aSkaraa, rom igi

azrovnebs swored klasikurze dayrdnobiT, ase xdeba misi formireba.

misi gansakuTrebuli interesi ki mimarTulia qarTveli romanitikosebis

_ ufro grigol orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, did iliasa da

vaJas poeziaze.

16

marTalia, tician tabiZis pirvel leqsebsa da prozaul nawerebs

aklia mxatvruli srulyofa, maTSi bevri ramaa epigonuri, dasaxvewi,

magram amisda miuxedavad, am nawarmoebebs mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs

imis gasarkvevad, riT daiwyo ticianis poeturi gza, vin iyvnen misi

pirveli maswavleblebi, ra kavSiri hqonda literaturul tradiciebTan,

rogor yalibdeboda poetis SemoqmedebiTi individualoba da a.S.

mwerlis yrmobisdroindeli Semoqmedebis gacnoba naTlad

gvarwmunebs, rom simbolizmis literaturuli principebis aRiarebamde t.

tabiZem ganvlo mxatvruli daostatebis saintereso etapi, romelsac

literaturuli Segirdobis xana SeiZleba davarqvaT.

garda yovelive Tqmulisa, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, rom,

Cans, tabiZeebis did ojaxSi Rrmaa siyvaruli, krZalva, interesi

erovnuli kulturis, erovnuli mwerlobisadmi, am safuZvelze, am

garemoSi izrdebian rogorc vasil tabiZis ojaxSi, aseve iustine tabiZis

ojaxSi, aseT garemoSi Camoyalibdnen rogorc genialuri galaktioni,

aseve brwyinvale niWis ticiani.

TandaTanobiT da drois mcire monakveTSi gafarTovda ticianis

literaturuli areali, mwerluri horizonti, Tematuri interesebi.

am azriT, Zalzed sainteresoa mweral sergo kldiaSvilis

gadmocema. s. kldiaSvili ase igonebs gimnaziaSi ticianTan erTad

swavlis wlebs: `Zalian xSirad nasadilevs masTan miviCqarodi. sawolis

gverdiT dadgmul patara magidaze wignebis grova awyvia. es wignebi

saocaria. maTi avtorebi aqamde CemTvis ucnobi poetebi da prozaikosebi

arian. maT Sesaxeb jer araferi msmenoda.

TiTqos saswauls hgavda es ambavi, _ Tu rogor aRmoCnda es wignebi

imereTis am patara qalaqSi. aqamde CemTvis literaturuli samyaro

Semofargluli iyo yvelasaTvis cnobili qarTveli, rusi da ucxoeli

klasikosebis saxelebiT da uecrad axali saxelebi mesmis: verleni,

laforgi, klodeli, verharni, meterlinki, uaildi, hamsuni, briusovi,

sologubi, balmonti da sxva da sxva. ara mgonia, rom mTel qalaqSi Cvens

garda, ori pirtitvela gimnazielis garda, kidev vinmes raime warmodgena

hqonoda am mwerlebze~ (28; 182).

17

ticiani ar kmayofildeboda am avtorTa Semoqmedebis mxolod

gacnobiT, Targmnida maT da am droidan moyolebuli sistematurad

aqveynebda kidec qarTul periodikaSi.Aase TandaTan Rrmavdeboda

axalgazrda poetis miswrafebaTa Tvalsawieri, mis sulSi iWreboda is

literaturuli siaxleni, romlebmac didi zegavlena moaxdines mwerlis

literaturul Camoyalibebaze.

ticianis sakuTrivi leqsebis saTaurebSic, TematikaSic igrZnoba

ukve interesTa gafarToeba, rom araferi vTqvaT novelebsa, moTxrobebsa

da miniaturebze. ticianis leqsebis saTaurebi xdeba `madonas simRera~,

`siCumis angelozi~, `soneti~, `Nochturne~ da a.S. misi leqsebis personaJebi

xdebian pani, adonaisi...

SeuZlebelia 1905 wlis Semdgomi reaqciis periodis movlenebs Rrma

kvali ar daetovebina Wabuki t. tabiZis cnobierebaze. rogorc g. asaTiani

aRniSnavs, `reaqciis yru atmosferoSi, romelmac gansakuTrebiT niadagi

moamzada qarTul poeziaSi evropuli dekadansis `Sxamian yvavilTa~

gadmosargavad, yalibdeboda axalgazrda tician tabiZis poeturi

Sexedulebani~ (8; 152). Tu t. tabiZe moswavleobis droindel adreul

leqsebSi, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, didi doziT uxdis xarks erovnul-

demokratiul idealebs, Semdgom ukve misi interesebi TandaTan

neoromantikuli poeziisaken ixreba.

tician tabiZe quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis periodSive ecnoba

simbolisturi mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenil warmomadgenels. igi

Tavis Tanamoazre megobrebTan erTad ocnebobda gadatrialeba moexdina

qarTul poeziaSi. masSi am wyurvils epoqis mRelvare sulic badebda,

erTgvari kulturuli dezorientacia. XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba,

romelsac mkafiod hqonda gamokveTili Tavisi mizani, gamoxatvis

formebi, krizisis piras iyo misuli. amrigad axali Taoba TiTqmis

orientirebis gareSe darCa.

t. tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis am momentis Sesaxeb s. caiSvili

wers: `es iyo marTlac Znelad dasaZlevi gzajvaredini da gabedul

ZiebaTa gareSe warmoudgenelic Canda axali napirebis aRmoCena. arc is

aris dasamali, rom warumatebloba da marcxi Tan axlda ZiebaTa aseT

gzas. magram gulwrfeloba da Tavgameteba mas erTi wuTiTac ki ar

18

mohklebia. aq zogjer intuiciuri swrafva inteleqtze nakleb rols

rodi asrulebda. pirvelmebrZolni, romelTa Soris tician tabiZe

yovelTvis gamoirCeoda TiTqmis sacecebiT miiwevdnen win~ (49; 287).

srulyofisaken dauokebelma swrafvam ticiani da misi megobari

`cisferyanwelebi~ miiyvana klasikuri realisturi poeziisagan mkveTr

gamijvnamde. sagulisxmoa, rom evropuli literaturuli procesi XIX-XX

saukuneebis mijnaze gemovnebis, saazrovno formebis, poeturi

konstruqciebisa da poeturi msoflmxedvelobis klasikisagan gamijvnas

da ukompromiso dapirispirebas gulisxmobda. am periodSi ise mZafri iyo

gadafasebis survili da siaxlis matarebeli xelovnebis Seqmnis

mcdeloba, rom verc qarTvel mweralTa axali Taoba Sexvda gulgrili

am procesebs. `diadi klasikis~ zegavlenisagan Tavis daRwevis

vnebaTaRelva ajanyebas utoldeboda. es movlena didi siswrafid swored

mxatvruli azrovnebis sferoSi vrceldeboda. siaxle TiTqos TviT XX

saukunis moTxovna iyo, romelic Tavis mousvenari bunebis Sesatyvisi

xelovnebis Seqmnas eswrafvoda.

rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, 1915 wels tician tabiZe, jer-

xnobiT moskovis universitetis filologiis fakultetis studenti

Tavis megobrebTan erTad aarsebs literaturul dajgufebas `cisferi

yanwebi~. axali dajgufeba gamovida skolis Seqmnis pretenziiT.

1916 wels gamoica am dajgufebis Jurnalis `cisferi yanwebis~

pirveli nomeri. am JurnalSi daibeWda tician tabiZis Teoriuli xasiaTis

werili `cisferi yanwebiT~, romelic Jurnalis meore nomerSi gagrZelda

da romelic warmoadgenda am dajgufebis arsebobis Teoriul

dasabuTebas da gamarTlebas.

am literaturulma jgufma da, bunebrivia, maT Soris tician

tabiZem Tavisi dadgineba-damkvidreba klasikur poeziasTan erTgvari

dapirispirebis gziT cades, ufro konkretulad, qarTveli 60-ianeლეbis

poeziasTan dapirebis gziT.

tician tabiZis saprogramo statias `cisferi yanwebiT~ ufro

vrclad qvemoT SevexebiT, axla ki mokled Semdegs aRvniSnavT, t. tabiZis

azriT, `cisferi yanwebiT~, iwyeboda axali periodi qarTuli poeziis

ganviTarebis istoriaSi. misi sityvebiT, qarTuli mwerloba,

19

gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, jer saTanadod araa

Seswavlili, kerZod araa cxadi, ra damokidebuleba hqonda am drois

poezias Zvel mwerlobasTan, rusul literaturasTan.

t. tabiZes ki TviTon ase warmoudgenia es gza _ `Zveli qarTuli

poezia iwyeba rusTaveliT da mTavrdeba besikiT~... am or poetSi

`saqarTvelom Sekriba mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli energia~. t. tabiZes

besikisa ganskuTrebiT is xiblavs, rom moqalaqeobriv-politikuri

Tematika ar Seuria poeziaSi. saqarTvelosTvis Znelbedobis Jams icxovra

da iRvawa da erTmaneTSi ar aurevia politika da sakuTriv poezia. amaSi

xedavs t. tabiZe Zveli qarTuli poeziis Taviseburebasac da Rirsebasac.

`besikisagan politikisa da poeziis gayofa miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom

is iyo kancleri imereTis mefis solomonis da daiRupa diplomatiuri

misiis aRsrulebis dros~. XIX saukuneSi qarTvel romantikosebs, erTi

mxriv, etyobaT gavlena evropeli romantikosebisa, meore mxriv, isini

ganicdian gavlenas Zveli qarTuli poeziisas, gansakuTrebiT ki besikisas.

àse uaxlovdebiT mesamoce wlebs~, sadac kavSiri poeziasTan `samudamod

wydeba da iq iqmneba axali ideologia~. `besikma windawin

iwinaswarmetyvela, rom `krazanebi~ gaagdebdnen qarTuli baRidan da es

male moxda~. 60-iani wlebis polemika, t. tabiZis azriT, ara marto

`TaobaTa brZolaa~, aramed kulturaTa brZola _ Zveli qarTuli da

axali ruseTis ideologiebis, qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvla

ruseTis xorbliT~. gr. orbelianis aRelveba aq yvelaze ufro gasagebia,

ìmaSi aimRvra konservatori qarTveli, qarTveli poeti~. marTla am

brZolaSi gaimarjva iliam, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdgomi

xelovnebisa. am dRidan moiSala qarTul poeziaSi Zveli suli, am `cru

rusTvelebma~ da `liberalebma, mwerloba gaxades `samitingo zalad~ da

poezia gazeTad. ilia WavWavaZem samudamod dawyevla `frinveli garegani~

da `tkbili xmebi~... àkaki wereTelma `garemoebis sayviri~ Zalian bevri

ayvira, yvela es leqsebi bankis opoziciaze da advokatebze darCeba

rogorc politikuri satiris ara niWieri nimuSebi... akaki sul

gaqrobidan iman ixsna, rom dauaxlovda xalxis suls da nacionalur

eposSi amonaxa lirikuli temebi. xalxi ki erTaderTi inaxavda da inaxavs

20

gauryvneli poeziis tradiciebs. iq, sadac akaki Ralatobs Tavis

ideologias da mReris Seugneblad, mxolod naxulobs Tavis Tavs~.

erTi sityviT, ticianis azriT, 60-iani wlebidan TandaTan mtkicdeba

gavlena rusuli xelovnebisa, romelsac Soreuli kavSiri Tu aqvs

WeSmarit xelovnebasTan da araferi saerTo ar hqonia kerZod qarTulTan.

TviT gr. orbelianic ki CarTes am turnirSi Tavisi `muSa boqulaZiT~.

mxolod vaJa-fSavelaSi feTqavs eris suli Tavisi kulturuli

atavizmiT. `marTalia misTvis leqsis teqnika ar arsebobda xandaxan

najaxiT daTlil warmodgenas qmnida, magram imaSi iyo Zveli suli. vaJa

didi protestia Zveli saqarTvelosi~.

`mesamocianeleTa~ mwerlebis ioli xeliT Semotanili rusuli

xorbali amodis qerad. ilias da akakis is upiratesoba hqondT, rom

moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandaxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias; Semdeg

ki maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturili saxe da dRes uimedod gahkivis

moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias . yvela uniWo, usaxo, enablu, visac

xeli ar eRleba, stanjavs dRes qarTul poezias~ (42; #2).

rogorc vxedavT, tician tabiZe Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi gzis meore

safexurze sxva `cisferyanwelebTan~ erTad erTgvarad zurgs aqcevs,

upirispirdeba qarTuli realisturi klasikuri poeziis ganviTarebis

gzas da praqtikulad mwvavedac upirispirdeba qarTul, gansakuTrebiT,

misi azriT, 60-ianelTa araerovnul literaturul tradiciebs.

praqtikulad, igi vaJa-fSavelamde arc aravis cnobs.

erTi mainc amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos _ Tu SevadarebT evropul,

kerZod frangul literaturas, frang poetebs, rusi simbolistebis

mosazrebebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom dapirispireba Cvens sinamdvileSi ufro

TavSekavebulia; rogorc ar unda vifiqroT, aq mainc patara qveynis

faqtori TamaSobs did rols. sxva `cisferyanwelebic~ da miT umetes

tician tabiZe, yovelTvis saTanados miageben, saTanadod gaxazaven

qarTvel 60-ianelTa, kerZod iliasa da akakis, Rvawlis ganuzomel

mniSvnelobas. maTTvis miuRebelia mxolod poeturi pozicia 60-

ianelebisa, romelic mkveTrad moqalaqeobrivi, socialuri Sinaarsis

matarebelia; `Cven uars ar vyofT `mesamocianeleTa~ mwerlebis

21

sazogadoebriv damsaxurebas, _ wers ticiani Jurnalis saprogramo

werilSi; _ magram imaT samagieroT ar aqvT esTetikuri damsaxureba~.

isic unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom dapirispireba ,iqneboda igi

mkveTri, Tu SedarebiT TavSekavebuli, mainc azris doneze, Teoriuli

saxiT gamoixata, iTqva da daiwera. ramdenadme gansxvavebulad

warmogvidgeba saqme TviT mxatvruli praqtikis, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

SemTxvevaSi, ticians _ poets mkveTrad, xistad arasodes gamouxatavs es

dapirispireba.

iseT faqizi gemovnebis esTets, rogoric Salva afxaiZea, aseTi

azri aqvs gamoxatuli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `tician tabiZis poezia

aRmocenebuli iyo erovnul fesvebze. misTvis ucxo iyo nacionaluri

nihilizmi~ (10; 74).

tician tabiZe simbolisturi periodis leqsbSic inarCunebda

TavisTavadobas da gamorCeuli iyo imiT, rom sinamdviles arasodes

uaryofda. misi leqsebis lirikuli gmiri miTosuri da literaturuli

gmirebis aCrdili ki ar aris, aramed namdvili cxovrebiseuli adamiani

da Tavsmoxveul ganwyobilebebsa da sizmareul yofaSi, saxelTa

fantasmagoriaSi yovelTvis mZafria irealur samyarodan Tavis daRwevis

survili. TviTironiac poetis Tanamdevia.

tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis simbolisturi xanis XIX saukunios

qarTul poeziasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT metic unda iTqvas. unda

vifiqroT, rom TviT `cisferyanwelobis~ xanaSi Cven usaTuod unda

davadasturoT XIX s. klasikuri realisturi poeziis gavlena poet

tician tabiZeze, Tu SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis WeSmariti Sinaarsidan

amovalT. am gagebis Tanaxmad, gavlenis `aucilebeli piroba aris

mimarTebis damyareba mxatvrul nawarmoebTan da mis avtorTan. WeSmariti

xelovanebis urTierTzemoqmedeba erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebis damyarebaSi

mdgomareobs. am mimarTebis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa is mniSvneloba,

romelsac erTi mwerlis Semoqmedeba meorisaTvis iZens... xelovani

SeiZleba arc misdevdes romelime avtoris azrsa da tendencias...

SeiZleba kidec upirispirdebodes meore xelovans (xazi Cemia – x. S.)

Tavisi mxatvruli saSualebebiT, STabeWdilebaTa da sakuTar

SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT, magram literaturismcodneobis TvalsazrisiT

22

SeiZleba dadgindes literaturuli zemoqmedebis faqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi

erTi mwerali meorisaTvis SeiZleba iyos erTgvari amosavali, romelic

ubiZgebs mas garkveuli mimarTulebisaken, gansxavavebuli maneris, tipis,

kompoziciis... Ziebisaken~ (27; 44-45).

rogorc ukve davinaxeT, da rogorc Semdgom kidev ufro

konkretulad da cxadad warmoCndeba, imdenad didia zemoqmedeba t.

tabiZeze me-19 saukunis qarTuli poeziisa, kerZod 60-ianelTa, ilia

WavWavaZis pirovnebisa da poeziisa (aki cota mogvianebiT ticiani ityvis:

`Tavs dagviara vaJa-fSavelam, Tavze gvawveba zvavad ilia~, leqsi

`kaxeTs~), rom Wabuk ticians uCndeba swored ilias kerZod da saerTod

XIX s. qarTuli poeziis gavlenisagan Tavis daRwevis moTxovnileba,

erTis mxriv, XIX saukinis qarTuli poeziac aris amosavali, romelic

ubiZgebs t. tabiZes `garkveuli mimarTulebisaken, gansxvavebuli maneris,

tipis kompoziciis Ziebisaken~. esecaa erTi piroba, rom t. tabiZe

aRmoCnda `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis aqtiuri TavkacTagani.

qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi `cisferyanwelTa ordenis~

damsaxureba gansazRvrulia, rogorc swrafva siaxlisaken, rogorc 60-

ianelTa epigonebTan, moZvelebul, yavlgasul meleqseebTan, inerciasTan

`brZolis gamocxadeba~, swrafva `qarTuli poeziis, evropuli radiusiT~

gamarTvisaken. rogorc amboben, tician tabiZe gansakuTrebuli simZafriT

ganicdida, rom saqarTvelo CamorCa msoflio poeturi azrovnebis

sivrces da es CamorCeniloba tragediad miaCnda: `roca iwereboda Sarl

bodleris `borotebis yvavilebi~, maSin saqarTveloSi arc iyo

dawyebuli dava ilia WavWavaZesa da kneina barbare jorjaZes Soris~, _

werda igi. simbolistebis gamoCeniT xalxur da relistur poezias

daupirispirda rTuli da artistuli xelovneba, wminda xelovneba,

romelic ar iqmneboda masisaTvis, aramed rCeulTaTvis:

`da Cemi Cangi sircxvilisgan daimsxvreoda,

Tu misi leqsi gitaraze mogesmeboda~.

aRniSnulis miuxedavad t. tabiZe simbolisturi periodis

leqsebSic inarCunebs TavisTavobas da gamorCeulia imiT, rom

23

sinamdviles arasodes uaryofs, Tavsmoxveul ganwyobilebasa da

sizmareul yofaSi, saxelTa fantasmagoriaSi yovelTvis mZafria idealur

samyarodan Tavis daRwevis survili. TviTironiac poetis Tanmdevia.

warsulis Sefasebas, `siymawvilis sens~ _ arabunebriv poetur

ganwyobilebebs Tavad afasebs poeti 1922 wels daweril leqsSi `sezonis

falavani~:

`da vmadlob ufals, Cemi suli mas abaria,

man erTma icis, rom ar iyo igi samiwe,

ase atirebda poets malaria,

ase gaugebrad werda tician tabiZe~

ltolva naTel azrovnebisaken, qarTuli klasikuri poeziisaken

TandaTan ufro gamZafrda. sinamdvile, romelSic TiTqos moulodnelad

aRmoCnda simbolistTa poeturi ordeni 1921 wels Semdgom, erTob

mtkivneuli iyo da tragikul gancdad iqca. TandaTan realoba axali

gamosaxvis saSualebebs eZebs tician tabiZis poeziaSi da es cvlileba

ioli da umtkivneulo rodia.

tician tabiZis poeziis ideologiur burjad, erTgvar xidad,

romelic aris gadebuli or gansxvavebul da urTierTdapirispirebul

realobas Soris, SesaZloa miviCnioT mamis xateba mwuxris locvaSi,

mamis Savi anaforis friali, brma Tvalebi, fsalmuni da mewamulisferi

Savi anaforis daferva, Zveli orpiris RamurebSemovlebuli saydari _

Zveli tradiciuli dro da memkvidreoba, romelsac axal epoqaSi aRar

aqvs arsebobis ufleba da Tvalsa da xels Sua qreba. es Tema tician

tabiZis poeziaSi, albaT, SesaZloa mivakuTvnoT XX saukunis mwerlobaSi

`mamismkvlelobis~ `mamis Zlevis~ tragikul asaxvas.

tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiTi pozicia ufro mkveTrad gamomJRavnda

leqsSi `nu gaikvirveb~ (1926), sadac poeti acxadebs, rom sxva ocnebebis

tyvea da Slis Zvel leqsebs dafaze, romelTac sisxliT werda da ara

carciT.

daaxloebiT am droidan, 20-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba

`miwasTan dabruneba~ (valerian gafrindaSvili). rogorc iTqva, es

24

maincdamainc ar gasWirvebia tician tabiZes da imitomac, rom misi

poeturi bunebac iTxovda amas. bohemur cxovrebaSi, simbolistobaSi,

faqtia, rom didi iyo pozis xvedriTi wilic da, bunebrivia, arc amaSi

iyo rame cudi da miuRebeli.

20-iani wlebis bolodan sacnauri xdeba t. tabiZis rogorc poetis,

qarTuli tradiciuli azrovnebisaken mibruneba, erovnuli msoflxati.

`ticianis winaSe TandaTan realisturi leqsis gza daisaxa da

dacemulobis poeziasTan kavSiri gawyvita. Tu winaT misi SemoqmedebiTi

mizani iyo `besikis baRSi bodleris borotebis yvavilebi daergo,

amieridan misi poezia daiwminda, burusi warsulma brZolebma gafantes

da mis leqss mze daadga gvirgvinad~ (10; 102).

is, rac ticianisaTvis siWabukis adreuli xanidan erTgvarad

uariyo poetis mier, garkveuli droisa da erovnul-politikur viTarebis

cvlilebaTa gamo kvlav tradiciul wiaRs daubrunda. msoflgancda da

gamokiTxvis formebi mTlianad gamsWvalulia am uaryofa-ukanmibrunebis

niSniT. t. tabiZis poeturi formireba-ganviTarebis gza `zRapris

esTetikis~ enaze SeiZleba gamovsaxoT, rogorc zRapris gmiris `Sinidan~

ucilobeli gasvliT da kvlav ukan `dabrunebis~ poeturi formuliT.

daaxloebiT 1925 wlidan sikvdilamde t. tabiZe wers leqsebs, romlebSic

Tavbrudamxvevi realoba isaxeba. uSualobasa da gulwrfelobasTan

erTad t. tabiZe poetis aucilebel Tvisebad vaJkacobas, pirovnul

gamZleobas miiCnevs: vaJkacis sityvas foladis simtkice unda hqondes,

raTa gulze moxvdes mkiTxvels. vaJkacuri xma leqss eniWeba klasikuri

da xalxuri leqsis inerciiT. heroikul suraTs qmnis amgvari striqonebi:

`xevsuris jaWvis nagleji rgoli _

erTi vacxadeb marto hazavats~.

anda

`vaJa-fSavelas vsunTqav filtvebiT....~

vaJkacuri xmis gasZliereblad tician tabiZe qarTuli xalxuri

leqsis reminiscenciebs mimarTavs:

25

èrTxel esrola berma papama

da jixvi kldeze Camoekeca~

(`kaxeTi~)

àse megona kameCis uRliT mec poeziis mival aRzevans~

(àRzevans wasvla~)

`Seibnen erTad SaSvi, kakabi...~

ticiani mimarTavs rusTavelis striqonebis reminiscenciebs

`ra saWiroa melnad giSris tba da kalmad kidev

me na rxeuli~.

am striqonebiT tician tabiZe siRrmiseul kavSirs avlens klasikur

poeziasTan da ase amdidrebs Tavis poetur palitras, amasTan cnobil

striqonebs me-20 saukunis suls STaberavs da ase iTavisebs maT.

`me davibade aprilis TveSi~... ase iwyeba `leqsi mewyeri~, romelSic

poetma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi koncefcia gamoxata. leqsi movardnili

mewyeria, anu stiqiasaviT moulodnelad Tavs atydeba Semoqmeds.

SemoqmedebiTi procesi gulisxmobs cocxlad damarxvas, anu

msxverplSewirvas da aRdgomas ganaxlebuli ZaliT. poeti emorCileba

SemoqmedebiT Zalas. leqss ar wers poeti, Tavad imorCilebs leqsi mas.

swored t. tabiZis weris aseTi Tavisebureba aqvT mxedvelobaSi, roca

mkvlevrebi erTxmad miuTiTeben t. tabiZis rogorc poetis did

uSualobaze, misi leqsis stiqionur xasiaTze. magram isic unda iTqvas,

rom uSualoba, stiqionuroba mxolod erTi mxarea, erTi niSania t.

tabiZis poeziisa, t. tabiZis poeziis erTi Tvisebureba mis

inteleqtualurobaSic iCens Tavs. mis leqsebSi saqme gvaqvs ara marto

grZnobaTa mozRvavebasTan, aramed did literaturul

ganswavlulobasTanac da kerZod qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis

saerTod da kerZod XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis Rrma codnasTan.

26

t. tabiZis leqsebi gansakuTrebiT bolo droisa yuradRebas iqcevs XIX s.

qarTul poetTa reminiscenciebiT, sazogadod didi zemoqmedebiT. am

mxriv tician tabiZe gamorCeuli poetia mTels meoce saukuneSi.

27

T a v i II

XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa poeturi eqo tician tabiZis

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi

tician tabiZe did siaxlesTan erTad qarTuli poeziis saukeTeso

tradiciebis memkvidre da gamgrZelebeli iyo, ramac Tavi iCina rogorc

misi Semoqmedebis TematikaSi, aseve gansaxierebis saSualebebSi.

yoveli WeSmariti niWis msgavsad tician tabiZe didi interesiT

epyroboda winapar poetTa da kerZod XIX saukunis qarTvel SemoqmedTa

memkvidreobas. igi kargad iTvaliswinebda im ideis sasicocxlo

mniSvnelobas, cxovelmyofelobas, romelic qarTuli literaturis did

warmomadgnelTa moRvaweobas ganagebda. mas sisxlxorceulad hqonda

SeTvisebuli, rom WeSmarit poezias eris interesebi asuldgmulebda.

tician tabiZes poetis mTavar movaleobad saqveyno interesebiT

gamsWvalva miaCnda.

tician tabiZis poeziis erTi mTavari Temaa patriotuli grZnobis

gamoxatva da igi am mxrivac memkvidrea winapar qarTvel poetTa

tradiciebisa. magram memkvidreoba, SemoqmedebiTi gavlena ar

Semofarglula mxolod ideur-Tematikuri sferoTi. tician tabiZe

araerTgzis migviTiTebs, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania misTvis XIX saukunis

qarTvel poetTa mier gamoyenebuli gamoxatvis saSualebebi, calkeuli

xatebi, sityvieri samosi. magram rogorc es WeSmariti xelovanis

SemTxvevaSi xdeba, wina poetTa gamocdileba, weris Taviseburebebi

amovardnili ki ar aris saerTo stilidan, aramed Zaldautaneblad aris

Sesuli, daqvemdebarebulia tician tabiZis weris maneras.

rogorc mdidari sulis xelovanisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,

tician tabiZe ar cdilobs damalos kvali im gamocdilebisa, rac mas

winapar poetTagan miuRia, es ar sWirdeba mas, radgan poeturi

individualurobaa da sxvaTa CrdilSi darCena ar emuqreba.

Cveni amocanaa gavarkvioT, rogor iCens Tavs tician tabiZis

28

poeziaSi XIX saukunis qarTvel SemoqmedTa saxe da gamocdileba, Tu ra

sixSiriT, ra intensivobiT vlindeba igi.

amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis

SemTxvevaSi kvleva-Zieba, warmoCena zemoqmedebis kvalisa erTob Zneli

saqmea, ramdenadac amgvari kvleva gulisxmobs xelovanis Semoqmedebis

erTob Rrma fenebSi Sesvlis, xSir SemTxvevaSi uxilav sferoebSi

SeRwevis pretenzias, rac windawinve uimedo da ganwiruli Tu araa

marcxisaTvis, Znelze-Zneli saqme kia. aRniSnuli ki gulisxmobs, rom

Zalian xSirad aseTi amocanis dasaxvis dros mkvlevari mxolod

nagrZnobis sferoSi unda darCes da mxolod varaudebiT unda

Semoifarglos, romelTa dasabuTeba ver moxerxdeba azris enaze.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Znelia WeSmariti xelovanis

SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sinagani meqanizmis gaTvaliswineba. mxatvrul

saSualebaTa gamoyenebis gza xSirad TviT xelovanTaTvisac

gaucnobierebelia1. yovelive aRniSnuli winaswar unda miviRoT

mxedvelobaSi, magram bunebrivia Tqmuli arc imas gulisxmobs, rom am

rigis sakiTxebis kvlevaze xeli aviRoT da winaswar uari ganvacxadoT,

radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda TviT literaturuli kvleva-Ziebis

saqmec dagveyenebina eWvs qveS. `literaturaTmcodneoba jer kidev Sorsaa

upasuxos kiTxvas _ ra aris, anu rogori aris SemoqmedebiTi procesi,

magram mas ar SeuZlia xeli aiRos am sakiTxis kvlevaze, radgan es

iqneboda uaris Tqma literaturaTmcodneobis rogorc mecnierebis

arsebobaze~ (16; 30).

yovelive aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven SevecdebiT vaCvenoT rogoria

poet tician tabiZis mimarTeba cal-calke XIX saukunis qarTvel

poetebTan.

aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom ama Tu im poetTan tician tabiZis

mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebisas SedarebiT sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad

_____________________________________ 1. SemoqmedebiTi procesebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, am procesTa kvlevis sirTulis

Sesaxeb qarTul enaze ix. i. evgeniZe, vaJa-fSavela (cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi), Tb; 1989,

gv. 30-47

29

zogjer ver avicdenT wina TavSi warmodgenili faqtobrivi masalis

ramdenadme sxva formiT da sxva aspeqtiT gameorebas.

tician tabiZem evropuli orientaciis qarTvel simbolist

poetebTan

erTad Seqmna XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis ena da poeturi azrovneba.

simbolistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli misticizmis, sikvdilisa da

simaxinjis, avadmyofuri ganwyobilebebis apologiisagan gansxvavebiT

rogorc iTqva, tician tabiZis leqsebSi didia swrafva naTeli

azrovnebisa da sinamdvilis gamosaxvisadmi. qarTuli klasikuri poeziis

tradiciebTan dabruneba TandaTan mZafrdeba da mis poeziaSi XIX

saukunis poetTa striqonebi iWrebian reminiscenciebad, gadaZaxilad Tu

monatrebad. sakuTari poeturi warsulisadmi poetis damokidebuleba

ironiuli xdeba da Zveli, epigonuri gza-uaryofili. qarTul niadagTan

poetis mibruneba sakuTari fesvebis, pirvelwiaRis povnas edareba:L

`CvenTvis dResaswaulebi marto rafiel erisTavis leqsebSia~.

`akakis da ilias leqsebs patarZlebi mRerian TavianTTvis saSinel

Rames~ _ aRniSnavs tician tabiZe leqsSi `orpiris oqropiri~.

marto pirquSi atmosferos zemoqmedebiT ki ara, aramed Sinagani

mzaobiTac siWabukis cdunebad, saxadad aris aRqmuli poetis mier

dadaizmiT, ucxouri gavleniT aRbeWdili Tavisi poezia, xolo

tradiciul klasikur poeziasTan mibruneba ki CaTvlilia bunebriv

movlenad:

leqsSi `nu gaikvirveb~, poeti acxadebs:

`ra saWiroa aq pirferoba,

marTla mxiblavda me erTdros `dada~,

mtanjavi iyo es gaoreba,

monanieba ki aris sada~.

gacnobierebuli arCevani poetisaTvis _ mSobliuri, klasikuri

poeziis wiaRSi mobruneba _ samSoblos gancdiT, tragikuli grZnobiT

aris STagonebuli. patriotizmi, `qarTlis bedis~ sakiTxi tician tabiZis

poeziis umTavres RerZad iqca da gamosaxvis forma, poeturi azrovneba

30

uneburad mSobliur niadags mieswrafa. XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis

mTavari saTqmelic xom samSoblos bedis gansazRvraa. amdenad grigol

orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis da vaJas poeturi

azrovneba tician tabiZis samyarod, Zveli da axali azrovnebis

gamTlianebis cdad iqca.

aleqsandre WavWavaZe

pirveli qarTveli romantikosis aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeziis Rrma

codna, misdami Zalian seriozuli, faqizi damokidebuleba yvelgan Cans

tician tabiZis nawerebSi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo ki aris narkvevi

`qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi~. aleqsandre WavWavaZis aCrdili Tan

axlavs poets somxeTSi, igi miuZRvis TiTqos tician tabiZes gogCis tbis

sanapiroebisaken. igive amaRlebuli ganwyobilebebi eufleba mas am

pirquSi sanaxaobis cqerisas, Tavad poeti uZluria sxvagvarad gadmosces

Tavisi ganwyobilebebi, Tu ar didi winapris sityvebiT. `aqamde sevans

darCenili aqvs Zveli kolizeis elferi, TiTqos misi midamo ar

gamocvlila mas Semdeg, rac oTxmocda rva wlis winaT didebulad

aRwera poetma aleqsandre WavWavaZem _ marTlac `gogCis tba~ mis

leqsebSi saukeTesoa. rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandre WavWavaZe 30-ian

wlebSi mTeli sasomxeTis ufrosi iyo da es leqsic aq dauweria. Cvens

Tvalwin idga es Zveli gogCa _ `tba vrceli, xmovanebiT zRvisa mbaZavi~,

`viT broli gulubryvilo, wmida, uZravi~, romelic `Tvis Soris hxatavs

cisa laJvars da mTaTa mwvaneT~.

`sad hyvavebulan didebulad qalaqni vrcelni

da sad dRes vxedavT oden buTa da natamalTa.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

aha, palatTa didebulTa ngreuli naSTi,

aha, qalaqTa CinebulTa xvedri ucilo!~

31

Semdeg iwyeba mogoneba, Tu rogori iyo CoganTa taceba Wabuk

mxedarTa gamosacdelad, SubTa triali, jiriTiT tyorcna da isarT

srola; Tu rogor mjdara aq gancxromiT ganmSvenebuli Zali maRals

taxtsa amayad, wyalobiTa da risxvis frqveviT mmarTveli erTa. aq

mocemulia Seudarebeli romantiuli sevda gadasuli siyvarulisa:

`trfialni aqac SemsWvalvian kvlav erTmaneTTa,

ravdenT banovanT Svenebani, axlad mSlilobni,

Wavlis siwmindes miuzidavs napirs am tbisas,

vardni, zambaxni da mixakni da giSris mwyobrni,

ramdengzis turfad garduRia sarkesa wylisas ... ~

da yvelafers amas mainc bolo erTi aqvs, yvelafers warwymeds dro

,,Tvisi msvreli celiTo~ (43; 202-203). msjeloba aleqsandre WavWavaZis

leqsis momarjvebiT kidev grZeldeba... aq ki SedarebiT vrclad imitom

warmovadgineT amonaweri, rom vnaxoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebas axdens

tician tabiZeze aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeturi azri da saleqso fraza,

rom mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebis, Tavisi fiqrebis gadmocemas igi

aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqsiT axdens da ar uCndeba araviTari

ukmarisobis grZnoba, an sxvagvarad Tqmis moTxovnileba.

sxva SemTxvevaSi ki sazogadod unda iTqvas, rom naklebia poet

tician tabiZeze aleqsandre WavWavaZis frazis zemoqmedebis Zala.

32

grogol orbeliani

grigol orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri, amaRlebuli poezia did

zemoqmedebas axdens poet tician tabiZeze.

samSoblos gancdiT XIX s-is poetur azrovnebas mibrunebuli

tician tabiZisaTvis leqsebi iwereba erTgvar anderZad, epitafiad.

grigol orbelianis striqonebi axleburad cocxldeba leqsSi `maS,

gamarjveba~: saqarTveloSi sikvdili SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivad,

ubralod da TiTqos winaswar gansazRvrulia uCveulo, araCveulebrivi

myofoba:

`sxva rom mokvdeba, misTvis ra ari,

wava, gaqreba, rogorc sizmari,

me ki ra vuyo am goliaT mTebs,

rom qondris kacsac devad aganTebs~.

metaforuli azrovneba TandaTan aforistulad gardaisaxa da am

leqsSi bediswerad gacxadda:

`sjobs aRar gqondes sulac samSoblo,

anda ar iyos ase lamazi!~

anda

`davbadebulvar rom viyo mona,

da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~.

es striqonebi sruliqmna grigol orbelianis poeturi azrovnebis

ZaliT:

`sxva saqarTvelo mainc sad ari?

romeli kuTxe romel qveynisa?

vis TuTqavs ase cecxlis Radari

qveynad samoTxe sxvas vis eRirsa?~

33

grigol orbelianis poema `sadRegrZelo~ poeturad axleburad

gacocxlda tician tabiZis poemaSi `somxeTSi~. t. tabiZe XIX s-is

poetebTan erTgvar gadaZaxils mimarTavs da ilias, grigol orbelianis,

xalxuri poeziis poetur azrovnebas uRrmavdeba. `qvaTa RaRadi~ hqvia

poemis pirvel Tavs, sadac `socialistur qvaTa RaRads~ wers drois

moTxovnaTa mopasuxed mzadmyofi poeti, xolo mexuTe Tavi poemisa,

faqtobrivad, `sadRegrZelos~ poeturi gardaTqmaa:

`grigol orbeliani ase iwyebs

Tavis `sadRegrZelos~

anu

_ omis Semdgom Rame lxins

erevnis siaxloves~...

_ `Sewyda bindisas omi sazari

dadumda are, sad hquxda brZola.

gamarjvebuli moilxens jari,

urdo cecxlebiT ganaTebula...~

poets warmoudgeba dangreuli erevnis cixe da àfTarTa jari~,

faSa da qurTi, TaTari, somexi da qarTveli erTurTs ebrZodnen mudam.

dRes èrovnuli SuRli~ aRar arsebobs, `klasTa brZolam~ istoria

sizmrad aqcia...

tician tabiZe or droSi xatavs am adgils:

ès is adgilia, sadac grigol orbeliani

werda Tavis `sadRegrZelos~

anu

_ omis Semdgom Rame lxins.

erevnis siaxloves.

Cvenc erevanis varT siaxloves,

vzivarT aq erTad sardaris baRSi.

axali ismis aq sadRegrZelo,

34

ufro axali vaSa da taSi~.

rogorc iliaseul `qvaTa RaRads~ `socialisturi qvaTa RaRadi~

upirispirdeba, ise grigol orbelianiseul `sadRegrZelos~ axali drois

lxini da sadRegrZelo. romantiulia tician tabiZiseuli `axali Taobis~

sadidebeli, SesaZloa survilad ufro iTqvas, magram poeti Seecada,

warsulis idealizacia daeZlia, momavali da awmyo erwmuna.

siWabukeSi bohemur cxovrebas dawafebuli tician tabiZe sxva

SemTxvevaSiac xSirad grZnobs erTgvar siaxloves lxinis mefe,

orTaWalis baRebis xSir stumar grigol orbelianTan da es tician

tabiZis leqsebis mkiTxvelisTvisac xdeba cxadi.

nikoloz baraTaSvili

nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi tician tabiZis mimarTebas SeuZlebelia

ewodos poeturi mimarTeba, sulieri zegavlena da a.S. poeti adreuli

bavSvobidan ganmsWvalulia baraTaSvilis suliskveTebiT da misi poezia

hkvebavs yovelJam. nikoloz baraTaSvilisadmi ticianis damokidebulebas

arasodes Sexebia eWvi, fiqri uamuri, radgan Tavisi tkiviliT, gancdiT,

aRmafreniTa Tu sevdiT romantikosi poeti mudam axlobeli da

Tanamlmobelia misi. tician tabiZes baraTaSviliseuli evropeizmi

ganacvifrebs, xolo poeturi saxeebiT mudam sazrdoobs da axleburad

acocxlebs Tavis leqsSi `demons~, `yorans~, `wylis dudunsa~ Tu

`rwmenis taZars~. amasTan, ticiani am poetur saxeebs goeTes, baironis da

simbolistTa kohortis gansxvavebul xelweras matebs:

`oh, Semibrale cxovrebis geri, nu Seexebi Cems sulis simebs, Torem

sabralod aqviTindeba. samaris xmazed mudam mosTqvams is da Tavis

oblobas zecas SesCivis, magram he, vin Seibralebs? oboli mudam oblad

valalebs.....

35

... Znelia, Znelia obloba, siglaxake sulisa, Tumca saxareba ki

mogviTxrobs _ `netar iyvnen glaxakni suliTa~. am martoobas da siobles

sulisas dastiris menave. roca Tavis navs lurj-kamkama tbaze miacurebs.

mas ar anugeSebs varskvlavebiT moqarguli ca, arc mTvare, romelic viT

qandakeba simwuxarisa da siyvarulis ciuri simbolo _ mgosanma locviT

moqanculs ucodvels suls rom Seadara _ Tavs dahqaTqaTebs, magram ar

aris mTqmeli, ise viT wminda kandeli~. (,,boroti genia’’)

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, tician tabiZis poeturi proza, romelsac

ymawvili mowafeobidan wers, nikoloz baraTaSviliseuli ganwyobile-

bebisa da poeturi suliskveTebis gacocxlebaa: ymawvils, poetis azriT,

aucileblad esxmis Tavs boroti demoni, romelic cdilobs daakargvinos

`rwmenis taZari~, sulSi eWvi da gaoreba CauTesos. igi mefistofelis

aCrdilad esaxeba da mwuxare Rameebis gamamwareblad:

`bavSvobisas vamCnevdi, rom raRac idumali xma Tan damsdevda,

yurSi miCurCulebda, magram xma mkafio misgan arasdros msmenia.

is dRea da is dRe, aRar mSordeba. yovel Cems zraxvas, idumal

ltolvas igi winamZRvrobs da masTan ise vgrZnob Tavs, viT mezRvauri

uialqno naviT aboboqrebul zRvaze, suli mWmunvarebs mis klanWebSi man

momiwamla sarwmunoeba, pirvelad man CaTesa uwvrTnel gulSi iWvi da

axla ki mis umweo qviTinze dacinvis Rimi ukrTis pirs~ (`boroti genia~).

warmodgenil striqonebSi axleburad cocxldeba baraTaSvilis

`sulo boroto~ da `xma idumali~, amasTan poeti aRwevs romantiul

suliskveTebas is liriuli tonaloba SesZinos, rac ganmsWvalavs poetis

baraTebs.

tician tabiZis poeturi proza saxismetyvelurad nikoloz

baraTaSviliseuli `xedvis~ gacocxlebaa. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom es ar

aris ymawviluri zegavlena, poetis Tvali, pirvelive ganwyobilebebi

TanadamTxvevaa saukunis win ganmcdeli ymawvili poetisa.

baraTaSviliseuli poeturi samyaro, romantikuli suliskveTeba, sevda-

kaeSani Tu `qarTlis bediT~ mWmunvareba aRviZebs Wabuki ticianis poetur

bunebas. amrigad, misi adreuli asakis prozauli nawarmoebebi da leqsebi

baraTaSvilis striqonebiTaa STagonebuli:

36

`sofliT devnili, bediT mwared anatirebi, misken miveCqarebi, iq

wamiT mainc Tu ipovis suli simSvides. ros daRamdeba, mwuxris zewarSi

gaexveva sofeli da ares mkvdari mdumareba daepatroneba, maSin mxolod

imav nakadis Cumi qviTini, yru godeba Tu arRvevs am myudroebas,

romelic, viT glovis ride, kidiT kidemde awevs qveyanas.

idayvdayrdnobili yurs vugdeb mas da suli ocnebis mxarisken mifrinavs,

mignebaTa mkrTalni aCrdilni Tavs damcimcimeben da TvalTagan

lmobierebis mduRare cremli mdis xolme. es sevdiani duduni ar aris

gulCaTxrobili, sasowarkveTili moTqma, _ masSi gamosWvivis imedi~

(`nakadis duduni~).

ritmiTac cocxldeba baraTaSviliseuli gancda:

`miyvars... miyvars me gamourkvevi nakadis Cqriali, misi idumali,

sevdiani RuRuni...~

`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ t. tabiZis poeturi STagonebaa mTeli misi

cxovrebis manZilze. yovelgvari nakadi Tu mdinare, masSi acocxlebs

baraTaSviliseul `fiqrebs~ da poeturi pozac meordeba kvlav _

`idayvdayrdnobili~...

romantizmis TeoretikosTa azriT, kacobriobis metyveleba

iwyeboda poeziiT da es iyo xalxuri poezia, miTologia, zRaprebi da

legendebi. romantizmis pirveli warmomadgenlebi evropasa Tu ruseTSi

uaryofen literaturaSi damkvidrebul da dakanonebul normebs da

sulier tkivilTa Svebas hpoveben egzotikur, xelSeuvleb bunebrivobaSi.

qarTvel simbolistTa pirveli poeturi striqonebi, quTaisis gimnaziis

garemo franguli simbolizmis gavlenamde mTlianad baraTaSvilis

zemoqmedebiTaa aRbeWdili. baraTaSvili batonobs Wabukur

suliskveTebaze. mxolod mogvianebiT cvlis am suliskveTebas

simaxinjisa da sikvdilis, avadmyofobisa da SiSis apologia. es

ganwyobilebebi ki bunebrivad mohyva romantikosTa Taobis Semdgom

poezias.

`sulo borotos~ erTgvari variaciaa leqsi `is ki mzakvrulad

iRimeboda~. tician tabiZisaTvis demoni, boroti suli Sesacnobi da

aRqmadia:

`martod viyavi, mwared movsTqvamdi

37

Cems martoobas, sulis oblobas,

vswyevlidi soflis ukuRma trials,

mis siduxWires, daundoblobas.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Savs sarecelzed, sikvdilismlode,

vegde beSdavi, suli mxdeboda,

da maSvral TvalTgan cremlebi rbodnen,

`is ki mzakvrulad iRimeboda~.

baraTaSvilis fenomenze saubrisas, misi poeturi STagonebis

gansazRvrisas arCil jorjaZe warsulisa da awmyos dapirispirebis,

romantiuli sulis xasiaTis raobaze msjelobisas aRniSnavda: `warsulSi

iyo Tavisufleba da dideba, awmyoSi monoba da gaxrwnileba. warsuli

baraTaSvilisTvis aRvivebs romantiul grZnobas maradisobisas, awmyoSi

saSinels fiqrs cxovrebis amaoebisas. baraTaSvilis droindeli

saqarTvelo poets swored am grZnobebs uRvivebda gulSi~.

sainteresoa, rom 1909 wels gazeT `droebaSi~ gaimarTa saintereso

paeqroba arCil jorjaZes, grigol robaqiZesa da dimitri uznaZes Sors.

paeqrobis sagani gaxda grigol robaqiZis sajaro leqcia nikoloz

baraTaSvilze _ `sulieri drama nikoloz baraTaSvilis~. Tavdapirvelad

mas leqcia TbilisSi waukiTxavs 1909 wels qarTul TeatrSi, imave wlis

noemberSi ki _ quTaisSi (4; 29).

arCil jorjaZis `poeziis samflobeloSi g. robaqiZis leqciis

gamo~ gamoqveynda gazeT `droebaSi~, g. robaqiZe gamoexmaura werils. amas

mohyva dimitri uznaZisa `mcire ganmarteba~, kvlav g. robaqiZis pasuxi...

sazogadoeba didi interesiT Sexeda leqcias da am paeqrobasac. SeiZleba

vigulisxmoT, rom interesiT adevnebda am literaturul paeqrobas Tval-

yurs yrma tician tabiZe. misi leqsebi baraTaSviliseuli striqonebiT da

misi poeturi xedviT gacocxlebulia swored 1909 wlidan.

zemomoxmobili striqonebi 1909-1910 wlebiT TariRdeba. grigol robaqiZe,

tician tabiZisTvis esoden axlobeli pirovneba uTuod baraTaSviliseul

fenomens Rrmad Seacnobinebda poets. amrigad, sruliad bunebrivia

tician tabiZis poeziaSi `baraTaSviliseuli cikli~ vigulisxmoT.

38

1919 wels daiwera t. tabiZis leqsi `yvavili~ baraTaSvilis

motivebze: boroti qari usisinebs naz yvavils da gaqrobiT emuqreba.

`esmis yvela es obol yvavilsa

da cremlebi sdis umwed STenilsa~.

martoobis, bedisgan ganwirulebis gancda iSleba leqsSi `meliton

CogovaZis xsovnas~ (1910w). ritmi da leqsika kvlav baraTaSviliseulia:

`gadmoswolia samyaros nisli,

xevSi nakadi mwared qviTinebs:

`sofliT ganiltvo, gamoitireT!~

avi demoni uRvTod xiTxiTebs~.

suliT oblobis gancda, amsofliuri amaoebiT tanjvaa

gadmocemuli amave ciklis leqsSi (`...wynari Ramea~), romelic dawerilia

1910 wels:

`ox! rom SemeZlos, bedkruls amJamad,

SemouerTde Tqvens RvTiur krebas,

movwyde qveyanas, codvis savanes

sasizmro mxares gavye ocnebas~.

martooba da obloba sulisa, `mudam tirili~ da `Savi naRveli~,

`mgloviare bulbuli~ da `sevda kruli~ kvlav baraTaSviliseuli hangiT

aris gacocxlebuli leqsSi `melodia~:

`miyvars me Rame gulCaxveuli,

ros RrubelT gundi daCrdilavs mTvares,

odes niavi Cumad qviTinebs,

idumaloba moicavs ares...

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

`naZvi maRali, CayviTlebuli,

39

cad atyorcnili, ros Cumad stiris

da martoobas, mudam oblobas

gulCaTxrobili zecas SesCivis~

1910 wels `baraTaSviliseul ciklSi~ moulodneli saxea mxolod

`CayviTlebuli~ naZvi. es saxe-xati ucxoa baraTaSviliseuli

saxismetvelebisaTvis da vfiqrobT, ukve momavali simbolisturi

xatmetyvelebis gaCenis mauwyebelia ticianis poeziaSi.

baraTaSviliseuli `Conguri da simTa kvnesa, `turfas~

momajadovebeli Cangi da suliT oblobis mZafri gancdaa gadmocemuli

leqsSi... `Camovhkar Congurs~, romelsac baraTaSvilis striqonebi

waumZRvara poetma:

`hoi, Conguro, netavi odes

xma mxiaruli SengniT msmenodes~.

am leqsSi pirvelad Cndeba samSoblos saxe da poetis sevdas

pirovnul kaeSanTan erTad `samSoblo mxarec~ `bans aZlevs~. bunebis

gancda baraTaSviliseulia, leqsi 1910 wels aris Seqmnili:

`vrceli udabno... cremlis xeoba...

vdgevar, mikvnesis oboli suli

guls kaeSanma daisadgura

Cangic qviTinebs acremlebuli.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

martodmarto var, Senze mlocveli,

Cem win ganrTxmula Savi samare,

da moklul gulis mware Civilsa

kvnesiT bans aZlevs samSoblo mxare!~

`samSoblos xatis~ poeziaSi SemoWra tician tabiZis gancdaSi

imavdroulad iliaseul poetur tradicias Tanxvdeba. am bolo

40

striqonebSi `samSoblos gancda gasakvirveli~ ukve ilias sulier

siaxlovesac gvagrZnobinebs. niSandoblivia, rom 1911 wlidan leqsebSi

baraTaSviliseul hangs erTvis iliaseuli saxe-simboloebis gacocxleba

_ `myinvari~, `Tergi~... nel-nela sevdis hangs iliaseuli `ZarRvi~ mosdevs,

magram didxans gasdevs poets suliT oblobis gancdis

baraTaSviliseulad gadmocemis survili. leqsSi `sevdis simRera~

`satanas qnars~ upirispirdeba `mwuxare~ simRera:

`maSin simRera me momesmis sadRac mwuxare!

simRera Cumi, sevdiani da mgloviare,

gulis wiaRSi swvdeba es xma sulT qviTinebas,

mudam oboli oblobasve moTqvams, valalebs,

ox! rarig miyvars es simRera naRvlian xmaze~.

merani da misi daucxromeli ltolva t. tabiZis poeziaSi

baraTaSviliseuli sazrisiT Cndeba 1910-iani wlebidan. leqsSi òcnebis

frTebze~ poeti eswrafvis ùxilavs~ miswvdes. Tu baraTaSvilis swrafva

miwier `sazRvarTa~ gadalaxvaa, t. tabiZe acxadebs, rom `ltolvas ara

aqvs sazRvari, ride~, swrafvas frTebi aqvs _ òcnebis frTebs~

mindobilia.

`salams miZRvnian Soreul qveynis

maRali mTebi, miwa da cani,

ram SeaCeros ocnebis raSi,

ram SeaCeros ltolvis merani?~

sinamdvilisgan gaqceuli `ltolvis merani~ saswauls eZebs da Jams

erkineba. bunebrivi asociacia leqsis kiTxvisas acocxlebs baraTaSvilis

merans. poeti grZnobs baraTaSviliseuli poeturi swrafvis

Zalmosilebas da axleburad acocxlebs meranis swrafvas poetur

warmosaxvaSi.

merani tician tabiZis poetur samyaroSi baraTaSviliseuli

swrafvis simbolod iqca. `muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsis~ poetur

41

galereaSi guramiSvilis, rusTavelisa da ilias gverdiT, n. baraTaSvili

Tavis meranTan erTad cxaddeba:

`uyeles, yeli gamoRadres

da aubnies leqsis gza-kvali,

magram gaTelavs am kldesa da Rres

baraTaSvilis meranis nali~.

poemaSi `guldagul~ tician tabiZe `bedi qarTlisas~ motivebze

Tavisi drois samSoblos beds iZiebs:

`es iyo maSin,

es iyo winaT,

im iverias

mwuxri efina~.

rusis mefeebi poets svavebad hyavs warmosaxuli, dapyrobil mxares

rom SiSs hgvrian:

`daawva SiSi

qveyanas verans,

baraTaSvilic eZaxda merans~.

1929 wels daweril poemaSi poeti baraTaSvilis `merans~ uwodebs

morevs, romelic gulze awevT poetebs, xolo `bedi qarTlisa~ mis droSi

Sromisa da oflis lelod gadaSlila:

`bedi qarTlisa

mis erTgul rainds

aseT leqsiT gadaeSala:

`s a d a c a q a m d e

x m l i T d a Z a l i T

f l o b d a q a r T v e l i,

42

m u n s a m S v i d o b o

m o q a l a q i s

m a r T a v s a w x e l i...~

Cvenc xelmeored

davibadeniT, _

vsTqviT poetebma

gulis dadebiT:

_ idos qarqaSSi

xmali mRelvare,

ayvavdes SromiT

samSoblo mxare.

mizani aqvs es dRes saqarTvelos,

SromiT da ofliT

gavitanT lelos~.

`bedisweris~ frena `aryofnisaken~ kvlav meranis swrafvad

cxaddeba leqsSi `mkvdari legenda~:

`guSin~ ar maxsovs... `xvale~ hgavs ufskruls...

raa cxovreba?.. mkvdari legenda!

stirodeT Cems suls, cocxlad damarxuls

gauxarebels... dedilo, deda!~

ocnebis, bedisweris, swrafvisa da ltolvis gancdas poeti

baraTaSvilis meranis gacocxlebiT aRwevs. meraniseburi swrafva misTvis

bunebrivia da mSobliuri. sainteresoa Tavad romantikosTa poetur

azrovnebasTan t. tabiZis mimarTeba Semoqmedebis adreul etapze (1910-iani

wlebidan 1922-23 wlebamde), vidre simbolizmi mTlianad moicavs mis

mxatvrul aRqmas. raRa Tqma unda, didia baraTaSvilis gavlena,

romantiuli sulis zemoqmedeba, Wabukuri zeSTagonebis pirvel etapze,

magram aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi

samarTlianad aris Sefasebuli baraTaSvilis erT-erTi umTavresi wyaro

_ xalxuri poeturi azrovneba.

43

e. virsalaZe baraTaSvilis merans Zvel qarTul xalxur leqsTan

mimarTebaSi ganixilavda:

`sikvdilo sicocxlisada, Tavs ara mogcem mudarad,

waval, mindorSi movkvdebi, Saman meyofis sudarad,

damitireben kaWkaWni, yornebi movlen mudama~ (20; 34).

Suasaukuneebis saraindo poemebSi, evropul romanebsa da

`vefxistyaosanSi~ meranis, taiWis Rrma saxismetyveluri sazrisi kargad

aris Seswavlili (12).

qarTul cnobierebaSi raindis mxedruli suliskveTeba wmida

giorgis kults ukavSirdeba da miwier-sulier sazRvris daRlevas

gulisxmobs. am klasikur gardasaxvas aRwevs srbolis, zeswrafvis

sazrisi t. tabiZis poeziaSi Semdgom etapze. baraTaSviliseuli meranis

STagonebas poeti aRrmavebs Rrmadsimboluri, apokalipturi sazrisiT.

leqsi `cxeni angelosiT~ msoflmxedvelobrivad srulqmnilia da

baraTaSviliseuli meranisgan ukve daSorebuli.

meraniT STagonebis poetur asakSi t. tabiZe satrfos

baraTaSviliseulad moiazrebs. siyvarulis grZnobis sityvieri xatwera

RvTaebrivs, mSveniers gulisxmobs da sevdis, miuwvdomlobis aCrdili

axlavs. moucilebelia sikvdilze fiqri da satrfosgan ver-datirebis

gancda:

`udabnod cremli tyvilad iRvreba,

sTvlems ca mdumare... qveyanas sZinavs,

satrfo Sors aris, satrfo naRveli,

ufro is mtanjavs, rom misi cremli

ar daefrqveva mis mgosnis saflavs~.

oblobis gancdas, satrfos dakargvas, samSoblos pyrobilobasa da

sulier tkivils, baraTaSvilis hangiT gadmocems t. tabiZe 1910 wels

daweril leqsSi `nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare~, romlis striqonebi

da ritmic ki gulisxmobs `satrfos cremlis wil...~

44

`mec myavda satrfo! vuJRerdi simebs,

exla sadRaa... faravs samare,

magram am soflad ara var oblad,

nugeSad damrCa cremli mduRare...~

sruliad gansxvavebulia Semoqmedebis momdevno etapze tician

tabiZiseuli siyvarulis poeturi gancda. 20-ian wlebSi satrfialo

motivze dawerili leqsebSi `karmensita~, `santimentaluri mogzauroba~,

`Tamunia wereTels~, `ananurTan~... gancda dramatul xasiaTs iRebs da

poeturi aRqma kdemamosili an Warbad vnebiania. es leqsebi ukve tician

tabiZiseuli mxatvruli azrovnebis nimuSebia, xolo adreul etapze

baraTaSviliT iyo STagonebuli.

satrfosadmi swrafva sruliad gansxvavdeba adreuli

ganwyobilebisgan, romelsac pirobiTad `satrfos cremlis wil~

vuwodeT:

`da vxvdebi axla, rom silamazes

aRar hqonia qveynad sazRvari.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

zRva ise iyo mSvidi da wynari,

rom aRarc maxsovs, iyo Tu ara!~

aseTi gradaciulia poeturi STagonebis gza t. tabiZis

SemoqmedebaSi, vidre Tavis poetur saxes hpovebs, Semoqmedebis

saTaveebTan nikoloz

baraTaSvilis gavlena masze ganuzomelia.

samarTlianad aRniSnavs l. avaliani `cisferyanwelTa~

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb winaprebisadmi:

`Tvali rom mivadevnoT cisferyanwelTa adrindel Sexedulebebs,

isic aRmoCndeba, rom zogi maTi Sexeduleba imTaviTve gasaziarebeli iyo.

vaJas fenomenis jerovani dafaseba, rusTavelis, guramiSvilisa da

baraTaSvilis WeSmariti rolis moniSvna, ilias, rogorc Zalumi nebis

pirovnebis aRiareba, zogierTma Tvalsazrisma warmoSva winaaRmdegoba

cisferyanwelTa banakis SigniT, zogi ki uTuod artistuli pozis Sedegi

45

iyo. aqac Tavi iCina cisferyanwelTa adreuli periodisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelma Segnebulma wregadasulma siTamamem, efeqturi frazebiT

Jongliorobam, midrekilebam paradoqsebisadmi.

XIX s-is qarTuli mwerlobis uaryofiT cisferyanwelebi

xelovnurad gaemijnen mis uwyvet dinebas. es ki waagavda im totis

moWras, romelzec isini isxdnen. amitom iyo, rom èrovnuli poziciis~

gamagrebis mosurne cisferyanwelebi qarTvel winamorbedebs eZiebdnen. es

arc ise ioli saqme iyo da arcTu erTsulovneba sufevda maT Soris am

sakiTxSi.

sxvadasxva dros maT winaprad daisaxes besiki, guramiSvili,

baraTaSvili~ (6; 105). tician tabiZis damokidebuleba n. baraTaSvilis

poeziisadmi gamokveTilad mravalsaxovania, gradaciuli da idealuri.

l. minaSvili Tavis narkvevSi tician tabiZeze wers:

`t. tabiZes uyuradRebod ar rCeba n. baraTaSvilis erT-erTi

adreuli leqsi `napoleon~. misi azriT, es leqsi niSandoblivia misi

individualisturi ganwyobilebebisaTvis~ (34; 186). Semdgom mecnieri

ganixilavs literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebul da Semdgom

uaryofil am azrs da `Zlieri pirovnebisadmi~ baraTaSvilis

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb i. evgeniZis naazrevs iSveliebs:

`sakuTari Zalebis TviTgancda Zlieri pirovnebis niSania da

Zlierebis gamomxatveli es Tviseba n. baraTaSvilis poeziis dedaZarRvia~

(19; 71).

t. tabiZem n. baraTaSvilis leqsis `napoleon~ gancda erTgvarad

gardasaxa leqsSi `Cemi simRera~, romelic 1911 wels dauweria.

`bedis karebis~ gadalaxva da sikvdilis damarcxeba, bednierebis

savanis damkvidreba mxolod Zlier, mefur bunebas ZaluZs. igi mihqris

ukvdavebisken, sZlevs wyvdiads, Tavad aris Tavisi `bedis mWedeli~ da

àrwivis frTebiT~ gadalaxavs `miwier samZRvars~, meraniseburad misi

qrolva gamarjvebulia:

àRar maSinebs CurCuli Ramis,

aw TviT meve var, meufe Jamis

aw TviT mefe var, bedis mWedeli:

46

wyvdiadSi gahqra sevda-naRveli.

moswyinda sulsa moTqma, godeba

ukvdavebisken mihqris, miiltvis,

zecas uambobs, gadafrindeba,

Tu soflad xalxi rogor itanjvis~.

baraTaSviliseuli `Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi~ saxierad aris

gacocxlebuli. Zlieri pirovnebis xvedria mxolod, rom `daSTos aq

amaoeba~ da `zecas uambos~ xalxis tanjva amsoflad. amgvari zeswrafviT,

droc Zleulia da miwieri dro-Jami farTovdeba maradiulobis gancdiT,

gamarjvebiT.

baraTaSviliseul hangzea agebuli t. tabiZis 1910 wels dawerili

leqsi `medeas simRera~. boboqari zRva, klde, mTa _ bunebis suraTebSi

adamianis guliswuxilis xilva _ sikvdilis gancda, amaoeba, saflavi,

obloba da gangebis samduravi baraTaSviliseul ganwyobas srulqmnis.

ritmic baraTaSviliseulia:

`Sua Ramea, Zrwis qariSxali~ (t. tabiZe – 10 marc.)

`visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ (n. baraTaSvili – 10 marc.)

sikvdilis siaxlovis gancdasa da aCrdilis devnas aRwers poeti:

`vici, axloa CemTan sikvdili,

Tavs damcimcimebs misi aCrdili.

mec imas veZeb... ox! modi talRav!

gulSi Camikar, oblad STenili~.

ar menaneba, minda davtovo

mcdari, amao sawuTroeba.

sikvdili iyo CemTvis cxovreba

sxeulSesxmuli amaoeba~.

konkretulad erTi leqsis ganwyobilebas rodi iTavisebs poeti. am

47

striqonebSi `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ gancdas umal erTvis `meranis~

ganwyobileba:

`zRvisa wiaRSi moveli saflavs,

mxolod iq vpoveb Tavdaviwyebas.

ase sabralo Tu viqnebodi,

gavuCenivar risTvis gangebas!~

`cru sofelis~ gancda TiToeul striqons gasdevs, bolo akordi

leqsisa `napoleonis~ striqonebis gardasaxvaa:

`Tavad saflavic meviwrovos Tu toli myvandes~ (`napoleon~)

`Cemi ltolvani ver daitia

meviwroeba cru es sofeli

sikvdils veZaxi, nu igvianeb,

Cemi Txovnaa ukanaskneli~.

`cru soflis~ amaoebis gancda iSleba 1910 wels daweril leqsSi

`mwuxareba~. baraTaSviliseuli xatsaxovnebaa _ mTvare, varskvlavni,

Cangi, ride, mtkvris duduni, `xma idumalis~ _ metri yvelaze axlobelia

tician tabiZisTvis da imave ritmiT agebs striqonebs:

`visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ (`xma idumali~)

`Cavida mTvare, Cahyvnen varskvlavni~ (t. tabiZe)

`Cavida mTvare... Cahyvnen varskvlavni,

ZaZa moesxaT mTisa mwvervalebs,

bnela garSemo... suli mWmunvarebs

daswyda simebi, Cangic mdumarebs~.

bunebis suraTis sevdian ganwyobilebas mtkvris duduni asdevs,

Semdgom mgosnis moTqma:

`mtkvari duduniT talRebs agorebs

48

gulCaTxrobili hgodebs, valalebs~...

soflis samduravis gamotirebas Tavad baraTaSvilis xateba

axlavs:

ès Jami aris _ Jami glovisa,

mdelos cremliT rwyavs, mosTqvams mgosani,

hsurs, mduRar cremliT gamoitiros

soflis vaeba da kaeSani~.

`18 wlis axalgazrda pirvelad miuaxlovda gamoucnobi cxovrebis

zRurbls, xolo wlebis Semdeg baraTaSvili, poetur simwifeSi Sesuli,

gamoixibla cxovrebis efemeruli amaoebisgan da am dros amoicno man es

Tavisi ganuyreli demoni, idumali xmiT mosaubre `suli boroti~ _ wers

pavle ingoroyva (22).

`sulo boroto, vin mogixmo Cemad winamZRvrad?..~

`ganvedi Cemgan, hoi macTuro, sulo boroto~.

amisda kvalad, 1910 wels daweril leqsSi tician tabiZe mimarTavs

demons:

`nu daisveneb, gaswi demono!

elvis siswrafiT daSordi sofels,

iq jojoxeTSi moelis suli

TavSesafarsa da navTsayudels!~

leqsSi iWreba `meranis~, `fiqrni mtkvris piras~, `xma idumalis~,

àr ukiJino satrfos~ _ reminiscenciebi:

`dee movtyuvde, viT vtyuvdebodi~ _

`satrfo mRalatobs, satrfo macduri...~

àvi demoni pirze RimiliT...~

`gaswi, demono~ baraTaSvilis `gaswi meranos~ gardasaxvaa:

49

`gaswi, demono, gaSale frTebi,

sadac Sen waxval, mec iq mogyvebi,

neta sad aris aryofnis kuTxe,

Cemi edemi, Cemi samoTxe~.

vfiqrobT, baraTaSvilis werili maiko orbelianisadmi aris tician

tabiZis 1911 wels dawerili leqsis `godeba~ STagoneba:

`didi xania oboli var, _ ar daijereb, maiko! sicocxle

mamZulebia amdenis martoobiT... vinc maRalis grZnobis meqone megona, igi

vnaxe ugulo, visic suli ganviTarebuli megona, mas suli ara hqonia.

visic goneba mwamda zegardmo niWad, mas arc Tu gansja hqonia, visica

cremlnic megonebodnen cremlad sibralulisa, gamometyvelad mSvenieris

sulisa, Turme yofilan niSanni cbierebisa, wveTni saSinelis

sawamlavisa? sad ganisvenos sulma, sad miidrikos Tavi!~

`sulo, stirode satrfos gvelobas,

pirvel siwmindes, ucodvilobas...

sulo, stirode Tass, jer dauclels,

nektarisa wil rom xedav Sig gvels...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

kuboTa Soris satana cekvavs

SurisZiebiT saxe uelavs...

dReTa darajad dadga demoni...

tanjva-wuxilSi mihqrian droni~.

demonis baraTaSviliseulad warmosaxvas tician tabiZe adreuli

asakis poetur prozaSic cdilobs. 1910 wels dawerilia `martooba~,

sadac demoni, sastiki aCrdili, mefistofelad gardasaxula:

`saRamos, ros dabinddeba da aremares mkvdari mdumareba

daepatroneba, maSin is mesaubreba, sxvebs ki hgoniaT, rom dumili

CurCulebs! rogorc mfarveli angelozi, aRar mSordeba da namdvilad ki

demonia, iWvneuli suli, radgan ar maqvs misgan mosveneba... magram

50

aCrdili sastiki da ulmobelia. misi Rimili Rimilia mefistofelis da

mis xarxarze ki, viT saTaelis qnarze, are-midamo kvnesis da mosTqvams.

albaT, am yofas grZnobda mgosani, romelmac gvamcno _ `Zneli aris

martooba sulisa, mas eltvian siameni soflisa~. albaT es mqirdavi

aCrdili iyo, romelmac mas mouwamla da waruwymida sarwmunoeba da

dastova `WkuiT urwmuno, guliT undo, suliT maxvrali~. miTxar,

aCrdilo, gaficeb, Tanac gemudarebi, didxans darCebi kvlav CemTan?

marqvi; ox! miTxar, ar momSordebi?~ (44; 291).

ase bunebrivad acocxlebs demonis xilva baraTaSvilis saxebas.

poeti Semoqmedebis am etapze Tavis Wabukur gancdebs mTlianad

baraTaSvilis poetur samyaroSi aqcevs. sulis sxvadasxva ganwyobilebas

aigivebs baraTaSvilis poetur warmosaxvasTan. es sruliad naTeli xdeba

`siluetebi~-s striqonebidan:

`angelosis saxiT me demoni meCurCuleboda. mec yurs vugdebdi,

radgan ar SemeZlo ar mesmina: raRac idumali, raRac momxiblavi ismoda

im xmaSi... sevdis avgarozSi gaexvia suli, mwuxared godebs, mowyeniT

aris midamo, sad ganvicade pirveli grZnoba. da sulis demoni, avi satana,

romelic erTxel aRTqmis qveyanas mpirdeboda, yornis frTebiT aryofnis

mxarisaken miaqrolebs suls...~ (44; 330).

baraTaSviliseuli mxatvruli saxeebis, metaforebis, simbolizacias

axdens t. tabiZe. amgvari saxe-simboloebis nimuSebia demoni, yorani,

mwiri, udabno... sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT m. abulaZis mosazreba:

`tician tabiZe Semoqmedebis adrindel periodSi mzamzareuli

mxatvruli saxeebis simbolizacias aRwevs, e.i. xelaxali mxatvruli

procesis gzas mimarTavs, romlis Sedegadac mxatvruli saxe iqceva saxe-

simbolod... aseTi gziT miRebuli saxe-simboloebi maTi warmoSobis,

periodSi gancdili simbolizaciis procesis raodenobis mixedviT

SeiZleba iyos: erTjeradi, orjeradi, da zogjer metic~ (2; 150).

ganvixiloT TiToeuli aseTi saxe-simbolo tician tabiZis poetur

samyaroSi da gavarkvioT, unarCunebs Tu axal datvirTvas sZens poeti

baraTaSviliseul mxatvrul saxeebs: demonis analizisas davrwmundiT,

rom baraTaSviliseuli datvirTva mTlianad ucvlelia t. tabiZis poetur

naazrevSi.

51

n. baraTaSvilis `sumbuli da mwiri~, amasTan metafora _ mwiri,

lermontoviseuli `mwiri~ t. tabiZis adreuli periodis leqsebSi saxe-

simbolod aris qceuli.

1910 wels daweril leqsSi `mgzavris simRera~ poeti Tavs mwirad

warmoadgens:

`oh, zenaaro! miTxar rodemdis

vidode mwiri, me usafari,

daviRalevi cxovrebis gzazed,

ar ZalmiZs vzido wamebis jvari~.

cru da muxTali wuTisofeli, udabnod gardaqmnili samSoblo,

mwirad qceuli poeti _ aseTia baraTaSviliseuli mxatvruli azrovneba.

swored am saxe-simboloebs mimarTavs t. tabiZe 1911 w. daweril sonetSi

`mgzavris simRera~.

`magram vis esmis mwiris godeba,

udabnod cremli tyvilad iRvreba,

sTvlems ca mdumare... qveyanas sZinavs,

satrfo Sors aris, satrfo naRveli~.

baraTaSviliseulia bavSvuri gulubryvilobis, siwrfelis

gamotireba. udabnod qceuli wuTisofeli da usasood darCenili bavSvis

saxeba `sulo borotos~ poetur azrovnebas axleburad acocxlebs:

`vin momiyvana, vin gamiSva

am baRSi, bavSvi?

damwvar qalaqis vin auSva

Cems sulSi boli?

rad isvris grZel Crdils mimfrinavi

am mxedris raSi,

udabnoSi var, magram raa

es mwvane moli?~

52

es leqsi _ `uabjaroni~ erTi saukeTeso leqsia t. tabiZis poeziaSi.

igi 1916 wels aris dawerili da igrZnoba, rom poetma ukve Tavi daixsna

baraTaSvilis poeturi zegavlenisgan da Tumca saxe _ simboloebi

mxedris, demonis, udabnosi, imave datvirTvas inarCunebs, mainc ukve t.

tabiZis poetur striqonebSi mZlavrobs simbolisturi nakadi _ rembo,

eredia, emil verharnis poeturi Crdilebi. am periodSi, gansxvavebiT 1910-

1911 wlebisgan, t. tabiZe ukve simbolistur mimarTulebas da mis poetur

kanonebs emorCileba.

Savi yoranis saxe-simbolo t. tabiZis adreuli xanis poetur

naazrevSi n. baraTaSvilis poeziidan Cndeba, magram mas Tan erTvis edgar

pos `yoranisa~ da vaJaseuli yoranis datvirTva. yorani martoobis

Tanmdevia, igi Savi aCrdiliviT sdevs martosul adamianebs da eWvebs, av

fiqrebs STaagonebs. yorani yovelTvis Savia da sikvdilis ziari:

`bnela sulSiac Sav ZaZebSi gamoxveuli sasoebis xeze Semsxdaran

yornebi _ sulsa acivebs maT frTxial-bartyuni da aspitiviT Sxamavs

gul-RviZls maTi Cxavili. yornebi arian sulis mesaidumle, yornebi

arian sulis meWirisufle~ (44; 326).

`mas TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda edgar poe. mis mets aravis

kiTxulobda, ganuSoreblad xelSi eWira misi poema `yorani~... poes

`yorani~ es himnia martoobisa _ ambobda is. albaT poets yoranis saxiT

evlineboda martooba. is Sav ZaZebSi gamoxveuli aCrdili~ (44; 309).

leqsi `ori aragvi~ ukve mTlianad t. tabiZis poeturi

originalobis simbolisturi xatweris nimuSia. igi 1936 wels aris

dawerili, roca poeti ukve baraTaSvilis zegavlenisgan Tavisufalia.

lermontovis, baraTaSvilisa da vaJas erTgvar poetur sinTezs

gvTavazobs poeti:

`TiTqo mSobliurs ismendes nanas

anda daRupva iyos nugeSi _

ase aparebs demoni danas

akankalebul Tamars ubeSi.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

ase farTxalebs mwiri guladi,

dabdRvnili vefxis sisxlis gubeSi

yorani Savi yornis sulamde

aragvis velze iTroba leSiT~.

demonisa da yornis mxatvruli saxeebis saxe-simbolod gaazrebas,

maT simbolizacias srulqmnis poeti. kargad nacnobi yornis saxis

gacocxleba leqsis bolo striqonSi simbolisturi azrovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli alogikurobiT, simbolos ganusazRvrelobiT cxaddeba

da amasTan, konkretul-vizualuri realoba warmodgeba:

`ori aragvi, rogorc ori da

viT dRe da Rame _ TeTri da Savi

bavSvur tiriliT tolad modian

rom erTad mtkvarSi daixrCon Tavi~.

simbolisturi azrovnebis Sesaxeb sainteresod wers T. doiaSvili:

`simbolistTa azriT, sityva Tavisi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT

ukavSirdeba garesinamdviles, moCvenebiT realobas. amitom isini

cdiloben sityvis gaTavisuflebas am kavSirisgan, sityvis gardaqmnas

niuansad, miniSnebad. aqedan iRebs saTaves simbolisturi poetikis

arsebiTi niSani _ sityvaTa alogikuri SeerTeba, ris Sedegadac

leqsikuri erTeulebi kargaven ZiriTad mniSvnelobas~ (15; 86).

`ticiani, rogorc poeti da esseisti, simbolizmis qadagi iyo. amitom

ganixilavda pirvelsave sityvaSi am mimarTulebis specifikas, magram

aCvenebda simbolizmis erovnul sawyisebs, niRbur mravalsaxianobas,

radgan Tvlida, rom Cveni Tanamdevia niRabi, cxovrebis Teatraluri

aRqma.

...simbolizmi ticianma qalaqis kulturad miiCnia, xolo mis

aucilebel niSnad dasaxa bohema, radgan `mxatvris saxeli gadabmulia

bohemasTan~, _ wers s. sigua (40; 61).

Teoriulad es mosazreba sworia, magram bohemad miCneuli yvela

leqsi rodia am sityvis gamomxatveli Sinaarsis damtevi. garegnulad

54

sadRegrZelod Tqmuli striqonebi xSirad tkivilisa da tragizmis

dafarvaa. leqsi `dasabamidan~ Rvinosa da zedaSes, rainduli

suliskveTebis qebaa, magram poeti mZafrad SeigrZnobs, rom Zveli

saukuneebis mxedruli suliskveTeba veRar ixsnis saqarTvelos da Tumc

Rvino da yanwi uadvilebs saTqmels, bohemuri rodia poetis gancda.

leqsi 1927 wels aris dawerili, roca ticiani ukve baraTaSvilis

poeturi tyveobis asakidan gamosulia, magram masTan poetur mimarTebas,

erTgvar Sedarebas srulqmnis:

`baraTaSvili aragvze svamda,

me ki dRes maxrCobs `qimerioni~

mtredic gadiqca axla svavada,

sxva qariSxlebis modian droni.

ra saWiroa satrfos cremlebi,

arc qars vawuxeb saflavis TxrisTvis,

moisveneben isedac Zvlebi,

Tu krematori aRirses Tbiliss~.

927 wels aris aseve dawerili leqsi `soRanluRidan~, sadac aseve

baraTaSvilis poeturi zegavlenaa daZleuli da mtkvari gansxvavebulad

aris aRqmuli:

`isedac mSvidi ufro dacxra amaRam mtkvari,

mxolod metexTan ufro ari mainc mSfoTvare;

angelosebma metiveebs mopares jvari,

Rrublis tivebze gawolila qaliviT mTvare~.

sruliad gansxvavebulia bunebis suraTis aRqma, igi sruliad aRar

hgavs baraTaSviliseuls da mTlianad simbolisturi, ferwerulad

srulqmnili saxeebia, Tumca leqss mtkvris simSvidis gadmosacemad

`meranis~ ritmi gasdevs:

55

Sedareba: `ise-dac mSvi-di uf-ro dacx-ra ama-Ram

mtkva-ri (ticiani)

`mir-bis mimaf-rens ugzo ukv-lod Cemi me-ra-ni~.

baraTaSviliseuli ritmi didxans rCeba ticianis musikalur

tonalobas. cnobilia, raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen simbolistebi

leqsis musikas. ticianisTvis musika umTavresi iyo leqsSi, xolo

baraTaSviliseuli intimuroba da sevdiani striqonebis lirizmi tician

tabiZis STagonebad bolomde darCa:

mag.: `nu gaiRviZeb, isev geZinos...

mgosnis TvalebiT cremlma iwvimos,

miyvars me, miyvars Seni dumili...

es striqonebi baraTaSviliseuli musikalobis, ritmis gamoZaxilia:

`miyvars, miyvars me tiktiki Cvilis yrmis~.

1932 wels daweril leqsSi `rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni~ poets ukve

mTlianad daZleuli aqvs baraTaSviliseuli poeturi azrovnebis

zegavlena, magram `qarTlis bedis~ moziare poeti kvlav uaxlovdeba da

ufro siRrmiseulad esmis baraTaSvilis gancdebi: `Tergis napirebTan

qarTvel poetTa galerea cocxldeba~.

`aq atirebda baraTaSvili

Tavis did sevdas, sevdas msoflios.

vaJkac solomon lioniZisa,

ufro vaJkacur colis sofios~.

amrigad, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom baraTaSvilis poezia ganmsWvalavs

tician tabiZis adreuli siWabukis poetur azrovnebas, igi bunebas,

garesamyaros, `qarTlis bedsa~ Tu satrfos, baraTaSvilis poeturi TvaliT

56

xedavs. simbolizmis esTetikis gabatonebamde mis poezias baraTaSvilis

Cangi warmarTavs.

baraTaSvilis hangi SemdgomSi verlenis, rembos, oskar uaildis da

sxvaTa STagonebam TiTqos mTlianad daCrdila, magram ticians bolomde

gasdevs baraTaSvilis STagoneba.

sainteresoa, rom mkvlevarTagan tician tabiZis poeziis periodebad

dayofas swored es Tvalsazrisi, poeturi STagonebis saxesxvaoba udevs

safuZvlad:

`ticianis leqsebis informaciuli mxare Tavad miuTiTebs misi

poeziis gansxvavebul periodebze, personaJTa saxelebi TviTon aTariReben

poetis Semoqmedebas. 1915 wlamde goeTesa da baraTaSvilis mibaZvani sevdis

motiviTaa daaxloebuli. 1915 wlis Semdeg ticianis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba

rus da frang simbolistTa saxelebi: edgar po, andrei beli, laforgi,

malarme, verleni, rembo, bloki. am droidanve _ sonetis forma. poeturi ena

misi ikazmeba mxatvruli RirsebiT, azris simkveTriT: `daRlili RmerTis

momtydari frTebi~, `naRveli Savad aTovda~, `fsalmuni sulSi Sefrindeba~,

`gadaxdil wirvis daTvla RmerTs daaberebs~ (7; 177)..

57

ilia WavWavaZe

tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi ilia WavWavaZis xati aCrdiliviT

warmomdgara da mudmivad Tanmxlebia misi poeturi azrovnebisa. ilias

tician tabiZe gigants uwodebs, romelsac yoveli ,,mozRvavebuli talRa,

ucxo Tu Sinauri, daetakeboda xolme da iliac igeriebda“. rodesac

simbolistebma klasikuri poeziis tradiciuli gza eWvqveS daayenes, maTi

isrebis pirveli samizne ilia WavWavaZe armoCnda, magram mogvianebiT

ilia iqca maT SemoqmedebiT megzurad. tician tabiZem ganvlo es

uaryofisa da iliasTan mibrunebis Zneli gza. sabolood man amgvarad

gansazRvra ilias kvali qarTul mwerlobasa da erovnul cnobierebaSi:

`me-19 saukuneSi qarTuli proza Seqmna ilia WavWavaZem da dRemdis misi

proza ar aris daZleuli... ilia rom gamoakldes mecxramete saukunes,

maSin iqneboda saqarTvelo samudamod dabnelebuli“ (44; 482).

tician tabiZis adreul poeziaSi, Wabukur warmosaxvaSi

baraTaSvilis qnaris Semdgom ilias poeturi azrovneba batonobs. 1910-

iani wlebidan iliaseuli gza aqvs ganvlili poetur bilikebze. rogorc

wina TavSic aRiniSna, `elegia“, romelic 1910 wliT TariRdeba ilias

`elegiis“ ganwyobilebas misdevs da samSoblo mxaris beds dastrialebs:

`bneli Ramea, cis kabadonzed

ar moCans mTvare, arc varskvlavT kreba.

qveynad aCrdilni aRtkinebulan,

ca, moRrubluli, cremlad iRvreba“.

kavkasioni poets `Sav fiqrTagan“ pryobili warmousaxavs da ZaZebiT

mosils Wvrets. samSoblos gancdac sevdismomgvrelia, poeti iliaseulad

eZebs cvlilebas:

`samSoblo mxare, veranad qmnili,

mwared qviTinebs, kvlav icremleba...

ox! RmerTo, RmerTo! amden cremlT frqvevas,

58

netav sazRvari ar daedeba“.

1910 wels aris dawerili leqsi `dedav bunebav“, romelSic

Wabukuri gancdiT tician tabiZe iliaseulad grZnobs mSobliur

bunebasTan, yvarlis mTebTan siaxloves da miseburad acxadebs:

`miyvars eg Seni mSveniereba,

ukvdavebisa gamomxatveli,

odes SenTan var, raRas damaklebs

gulis damwveli Savi naRveli?“

marTalia, leqsi `mgzavris simRera~ goeTes mibaZvas warmoadgens

magram garkveulad es `mibaZva~ ilias `mgzavris werilebiTac~ Cans

STagonebuli, ramdenadac myinvaric iliaseburi poeturobiT cxaddeba,

romelsac `Savi ZaZebi~ Caucvams da poetis moTqma-kaeSans yurs ar

ugdebs:

`cad kaeSani gamefebula,

sZinavs samyaros, nisliT daburuls,

Savi ZaZebi Caucvams myinvars,

maRla atyorcnils, cad ayudebuls.

Cemi qviTini, moTqma, godeba

aravis esmis, ar eyureba“.

simartovis gancda, unugeSo sevda-wuxili, mwiris miusafroba

mgloviare myinvaris sicives esadageba.

myinvaris saxe tician tabiZis poeziaSi mogvianebiTac Cndeba, magram

mas iliaseuli gancda aRar axlavs, is mTlianad ticianiseulad qceula:

`Soridan vumzer myinvars, ialbuzs,

am orma devma mxolod ician,

poetis guli ra cecxliT moduRs

da rac atirebs sawyal ticians“.

59

sagulisxmoa, rom myinvarisa da Tergis dapirispirebis iliaseuli

gancda ticianis poetur azrovnebaSi gardasaxulia. Tergi TavisTavad

simbolod iWreba mis poeziaSi:

`titvel Rrublebis Canan afrebi

da Cveni guli Tergma gaTela“.

igulisxmeba, rom Tergi Wabuk poetze iseT zegavlenas axdens,

rogorc ilias gancdaSi, mas sicocxlis, ganaxlebis Zala aqvs, xolo

myinvari Savad mgloviarea, ZaZebiT mosili.

sainteresoa myinvarTan aragvis dapirispireba. ticianiseuli

gardasaxva gulisxmobs ilias myinvarisa da baraTaSvilis aragvis

dawyvilebas:

`didxans eZina myinvars titveli

da daubrundnen niaRvarebi...

Sav aragvsa da TeTrsa aragvsa

Cemi cremlebis aragvi erTvis“.

es leqsi 1936 wliT TariRdeba, anu tician tabiZis poeziis bolo

akordebad aRiqmeba, poetur gancdaSi ukve mTlianad Tavisi pirovnuli

gancda Warbobs da Soreul gamoZaxilad ismis iliasa da baraTaSvilis

poeturi eqo. myinvari poeturi azrovnebis olimpod aris warmodgenili

leqsSi `baRdaTis zeca“:

`myinvarze asvla mainc aqvs sityvas,

ukvdavebaSi gasrolil Surduls“.

Tergi da myinvari erTad simbolurad iliaseburi gancdiT

warmodgeba aleqsandre batoniSvilisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi `CaRatar“.

`viRaca dadis xmalamowvdili,

60

viRac dahyefavs cofiT darials

kelaptariviT dgas mTa myinvaris —

Tergi qajebis ismens dairas“.

1926 wels daweril leqsSi tician tabiZe Tavisi poeturi

azrovnebis tragikul suraTs, axal droebasTan Tavisi gancdis

SeuTavseblobas aleqsandre batoniSvilisa da ilias tragikul

aCrdilebs aaxlebs:

`rom ar mesmodes aragvze oxvra

batoniSvilis aleqsandresi,

rom wiwamurze Zvlebis magier

ar iyos qvebi sisxliT nalesi.

vin gaaCerebs am xmebis grigals? —

amdeni Zvlebi rad damigroveT,

me Tu momTxovdiT simReras axals“.

myinvari-Tergi sruliad tician tabiZiseulad aris gardasaxuli

leqsSi `me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze“. `damSrali Tergi“ da `sxva

myinvaris ca“, `cremlebis Tergi“ mTlianad simbolistur realobad aris

qceuli, magram cxadia, rom am simbolod qcevam tician tabiZis poetur

azrovnebaSi didi gza ganvlo da misi fesvebi iliasgan amoizarda:

`CamomrCa ukan me CerqezeTi,

vuaxlovdebi Cvensken darials,

damSrali Tergi erTi wveTia,

magram zRvasaviT gulze gadiars.

wameqca Tavze ca garRveuli,

da caze kidev sxva myinvaris ca,

da darialiT gadareuli

Tvalebs cremlebis Tergi mirecxavs“.

61

1926 wels daweril leqsSi axal poetur xatad aris qceuli

myinvari da vfiqrobT, qarTuli erovnuli droSis, damoukideblobis

dakargvis

tkivils asimboloebs `Svindisfer xaverdiT“ mosili myinvari:

`sanam samSoblos ca bairaRobs

da myinvars afens Svindisfer xaverds“...

1932 wels dawera tician tabiZem `muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsi“,

romelic erTgvari poeturi kredoa. guramiSvilis, rusTavelis,

baraTaSvilisa da ilias aCrdilebs gamoixmobs poeti, erTgvarad

epaeqreba maT poetur aRqmas da Tavisi gamomsaxvelobis, formisa da

Sinaarsis srulqmnas aRwevs:

`ca cas adneba, myinvari — myinvars,

bednierebas Tokavs alersi,

da daeweva orbebis Surduls

muxranis velze saTqmeli leqsi“.

leqsSi `rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni“, bunebrivad cocxldeba ilia

WavWavaZis studentobis Jami. cocxldebian baraTaSvilis, orbelianis,

vaJasa da yazbegis saxebebi, romelTa winaSe Tergi cremlebad modis:

`stirodnen maSin aq poetebi,

gza gadarCenis rom arsad Canda,

amaze ityvis cremlis modebiT

i. WavWavaZis studentis CanTa...

rom iyos Tergi ori amdeni,

Tvalebs cremlebad veRar gawvdeba“.

ase gardaisaxa Tergi cremlebis Rvarad tician tabiZis poeziaSi:

`ase rbis Tergi, ase Rrialebs,

62

Tergi cremlebis aris anderZi“.

axali epoqis, axali poeziis moTxovnebTan tician tabiZe Tvalis

gasworebas iliaseuli mrwamsiT ganmtkicebuli cdilobda. es cda

SesaZloa iTqvas, rom cdad darCa, Tavad aRiara poetma, rom misi Cangi

ver SeeTvisa `socialisturi epoqis“ simReras, magram is ilias mrwamsiT

cdilobda ganaxlebas:

`sityva-lozungi,

sityva mWreli

mokveTilia,

jer WavWavaZe

scnobda ilia:

`moviklaT warsul

droebze dardi,

Cven unda vsdioT

exla sxva varskvlavs,

Cven unda Cveni

vSvaT myoobadi,

Cven unda mivceT

momavali xalxs

da goliaTi

daiZra xalxi“.

ufro gulubryvilo cdad moCans Sromis ferxulis, qarxnebis

poeziis fonze iliaseuli `oTaraanT qvrivis“ personaJTa gacocxleba.

leqsSi `radioze saTqmeli TesvisaTvis“ bavSvobis mogonebebi cocxldeba

da poeti Tavisi lirikuli gmiris mojamagireobis xanas `Zvel drod“

aRiqvams, batonebis drod:

`da ufro xSirad

Sen sxvis saxnavSi

iyavi sxvisi

63

mojamagire...

is uJmuri dRe

wavida, gaqra,

roca yoveli

beltis moxeTqva

iyo sakuTar

saflavis gaTxra“.

eleqtroni da weraqvi, Sromis kulti gardaqmnis saqarTvelos;

aprils poeti amgvarad xatavs:

`Siraqis velze

balaxs namians

rasac nayofiT

mze ver icilebs,

oTaraanaT qvrivis

kriala ezos

da firosmanis

kruxs da wiwilebs“.

mojamagire giorgis da oTaraanT qvrivis simboluri saxeebi

cxadyofs, rom axali, Sromis ferxulSi CarTuli saqarTvelo Zvel,

iliaseul memkvidreobaze aris daSenebuli. am azrs itevs es simbolika.

tician tabiZe iliaseuli mxatvruli azrovnebis gavleniT,

aRrmavebs simbolur sazriss, iliaseul sentencias exmianeba

ticianiseuli poeturi avtoportreti — `Tu cxovrebas erTi wuTi Tvali

mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc dedoeli leki nabadsa“. es Sedareba

simbolodqceulia leqsSi `mewyeri mewyers“:

`var gaTelili lekis nabadi,

yvela saxsari maqvs dalewili,

magram vaJkacma mxolod gabede

da mec vaJkacis damide wili“.

64

tician tabiZis poeziaze ilia WavWavaZis zegavlena

literaturaTmcodneobaSi sagangebo kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara. ar aris

Seswavlili dRemde poetur saxeTa sistema da simboluri azrovnebis

mimarTeba XIX s-is klasikos poetTa tradiciasTan. aRsaniSnavia erTi

saintereso literaturuli polemika tician tabiZisa da ilia WavWavaZis

poeturi memkvidreobis Taobaze, romelic 90-ian wlebSi gaimarTa gazeT

`literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze:

`da vici me, saidan movedi,

romeli qveynis cxeli mze mwvavda,

me didi myavda winamorbedi,

winamorbedi macxovars hgavda“.

am leqsis striqonebi `me didi myavda winamorbedi“ saTaurad

daurTo Tavis statias kaxa jamburiam da erTgvarad scada

cisferyanwelTa memkvidreoba XIX s-is poeziidan amozrdilad mieCnia (56).

manamde `literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze daibeWda misi

statia `es ganwiruli suliskveTeba“, romelic kvlav cisferyanwelTa

poetur ordens eZRvneboda, sadac avtori am mosazrebis sruliad

sapirispirod cisferyanwelebs evropuli modernizmiT gadaWarbebulad

gatacebulad acxadebda: `uarhyves mTeli klasikuri memkvidreoba

(qarTuli) da mibaZes ucxoel mwerlebs, romelTagan mkvlevari asaxelebs

`fridrix nicSes da zigmund froids, dostoevskis da osvald

Spenglers, eqsistencializmis da avangardizms, virjinia vulfs“.

`totaluri gaucxoeba“ qarTul poeziaSi SemoiWra. — askvnis mkvlevari

(56).

k. jamburias mosazrebas usafuZvlo uwoda da mkacrad gamoexmaura

`literaturuli saqarTvelos“ furclebze T. mirianaSvili (`pirze

momdgarsa sityvasa“... (35). avtori aRniSnavs: `literaturis Camwyvdevas

erovnul Tu saxelmwifoebriv CarCoebSi, ar SeiZleba ar hqondes

ukiduresad uaryofiTi, tragikuli Sedegebi“ da rom `yvela ucxouri

ideisa da Teoriis winaSe qedismodrekac damRupvelia“... mkvlevari

65

akritikebs ara mxolod kaxa jamburias, Tavad `cisferyanwelebsac“

iliaseuli `sxvisi baZis“ gamo. mogvianebiT am polemikas gamoexmaura

mkvlevari lali avaliani statiiT `gana suyvelas Tqma unda?!“, romelSic

mecnierma sainteresod daasabuTa `cisferyanwelTa“ evropeizaciisadmi

swrafvis aucilebloba da klasikuri poeziisadmi maTi damokidebulebis

araerTgvarovani xasiaTi.

am statiaTa analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT Cveni mosazreba.

ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom cisferyanwelTa mimarTeba

XIX s-is klasikuri poeziisadmi iyo erTmniSvnelovnad sworxazovani,

dasrulebulad uaryofiTi anda, mTlianad daZleuli... `saymawvilo seni“,

rogorc l. avaliani uwodebs maT `Wabukur“ SemarTebas, pirvelad

samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvlis Jams maTi toni erTob `ampartavnulia“,

magram maTi damokidebuleba dinamiuria da ara statikuri. isini TandaTan

`brundebian“ klasikos poetebTan da maTi damokidebuleba TandaTan

icvleba. es gansakuTrebiT tician tabiZis mimarTebaSi gamovlinda

cxadad da mkveTrad.

am mimarTebis srulyofilad warmoCena ki mTeli poeturi

memkvidreobisa da werilebis, statiebis fonzea SesaZlebeli am

TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi mosazreba:

`naxevari saukune imoRvawa ilia WavWavaZem da misma Taobam, magram

erovnuli niadagis gawmenda, qarTuli azrovnebis damkvidreba ise mainc

ver moxerxda, rom axali qartexilebi meoce saukunis pirvel aTeul

wlebs rom mohyva, mis ukumqcev jebirad gamomdgariyo.

amisi mTavari mizezi is aris, rom mesamocianebis momdevno Taobam,

imis magivrad, ilias Taobis memkvidreobis niadagze damdgariyo, am

wamowyebaTa gamagrebisa da gazrdisaTvis ezruna, ucxo Teoriebisa da

doqtrinebis marula gamarTa Cvens erovnul-moqalaqeobriv cxovrebis

asparezze“ (30; 60).

am mosazrebas `cisferyanwelTa“ damokidebulebac adasturebs,

Tumca iliasadmi maTi ukanmobruneba gamocdilebis, sibrZnisa da

simwifis Sedegi iyo.

tician tabiZis mier ilia WavWavaZis Sefaseba am ukanmibrunebis

Semdgom qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi erTob Rirebulia. amgvari

66

striqonebi ilias Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul xedvasa da aRqmas gulisxmobs:

ara mxolod imis gamo, rom xatovani gamonaTqvamebia, upiratesad

simarTlis, Sefasebis kriteriumis SeumcdarobiT:

`me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelos hyavda ori providencialuri

pirovneba: ilia WavWavaZe da ivane maCabeli...

gadaumeteblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me-19 saukune saqarTveloSi

iliam kidec moigona, kidec Sehqmna da Tavisi sisxliT kidec dahkira...

ilias poeziidan marto wiwamuri rom darCeniliyo, mainc samudamod

aatirebda saqarTvelos da samudamodac darCeboda Tema poeziisaTvis“ (43;

13).

akaki wereTeli

tician tabiZis poeziaSi akaki wereTlis gavlenis kvali mciredia.

erTi SexedviT es gasakviria, radgan akakis poeturi STagoneba ipyrobda

yvelas da Semoqmedebis adreul etapze, miT ufro im garemoSi, quTaisisa

da imereTis soflebSi, sadac tician tabiZe moRvaweobda, adreli

siWabukis xanaSi mefobda akakis Cangi.

`akakis landi~ Tan sdevda galaktions. akakis muzam srulqmna

galaktionis poezia, magram tician tabiZis Semoqmedebas gansazRvravs

baraTaSvili da vaJa-fSavela. akakis poeziis kvali TiTqos arc damCnevia

tician tabiZes. amis mizezi SesaZloa iyos is, rom tician tabiZis

poeturi azrovneba `providencialuri pirovnebebis~ gavlenas ganicdida

da aTeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT tyveobaSi eqceoda. amgvari gavlena

man ganicada grigol robaqiZis, niko firosmanis, konstantine balmontis,

vaJa-fSavelasa da frangi simbolistebisagan. sruliad naTelia, rom

tician tabiZeze garkveuli kvali datova daviT guramiSvilis,

rusTvelis, akakis, rusi simbolistebis Semoqmedebam, magram es ufro

inteleqtualuri zegavlena iyo, wrTobis gza, xolo `providencialuri~

Rrmadsulier, mudmiv zeSTagonebas gulisxmobs. sainteresod msjelobs

67

guram asaTiani Tavis statiaSi `tician tabiZe~ amis Taobaze: `poezias

adamiani mTeli arsebiT siyrmeSi an siWabukeSi eziareba, am dros iZens is

Tavis sayvarel poetebs. am dros aRmoaCens samudamod dasamaxsovrebel

Zvirfas striqonebs...

ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Semdgom, me-20 saukuneSi

mxolod ramdenime poetma SeZlo sakuTari didi gancdiT, didi

aRtacebiT, gulisa da yelis daRadruli simebis xarjze, axleburad

mietana qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis es grZnoba:

`davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona

da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~.ï

akakis poeturi striqonebi tician tabiZes erTgvar musikalur

hangad aqvs damaxsovrebuli da Wabukobisdroindeli gancdiT acocxlebs

am xmas:

`da sarTiWalis meTare saqo

CvenTvis akakis mReris `sulikos~.

Cvenc xom imisTvis gvyolia satrfo,

rom isic ase dakarguliyo~.

`sulikos~ hangs, rogorc dauviwyar, gauxunar gancdas, cvlis

`cicinaTelas~ cimcimi da gamonaTeba. maradmdevia aseve akakis Conguri,

misi personaJebi baSi-aCuki, abduSahili da naTela:

`yvela buCqebze cicinaTela

akakis leqsiT aqviTindeba,

dilamde ukravs Congurs naTela,

caze ciskari wiTlad inTeba,

da abdul-Sahils baSi-aCuki

vefxvis simardiT daafrindeba~.

am poetur traqtatSi tician tabiZe CamoTvlis qarTuli poeziis

ukvdav saxelebs. acocxlebs kolxeTs, antikur epoqas, guramiSvils,

68

akakis, xalxur poezias... maTi poezia orfeosis simRerad aqvs

warmosaxuli. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom akakis poezia qarTvelTaTvis

maradiulad qmediT Zalad aqvs warmodgenili. akakis personaJTagan

yvelaze Zalumad ticianis poeziaSi baSi-aCukisa da abduSahilis saxeebi

cocxldebian. 1936 wels daweril leqsSi poeti sulier tkivilebs am ori

gmiris gacocxlebiT iSuSebs:

gaRebul WiSkars SemoabRavlebs

abduSahilis daWrili Sveli,

roca Wriloba Wrilobas aRebs,

aTjer daWrili sxvas ras uSveli.

cxens Semoagdebs aqafebuli

satevris wveriT baSi-aCuki,

TiTqos Sen gqonda aTasi guli, _

aTas meerTe iman gaCuqa~.

amgvari gancda TavisTavad auqmebs tician tabiZis mier

cisferyanwelTa JurnalSi, Semoqmedebis adreul etapze, erTgvari

siTamamiT gamoTqmul azrs, tradiciulobis, klasikuri poeziis uaryofis

cdas:

`qarTvelma aRorZinebis meTaurebma samudamod damarxes Zveli

saqarTvelos tradiciebi da ukanasknel dromde Seqmnes ideuri terori

warsulis winaaRmdeg akakis da ilias is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom

moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandisxan naxulobdnen namdvil poezias, Semdeg

maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe da dRes uimedod gahkivis

moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias~ (42; 68).

tician tabiZis zemoxmobili striqonebi cxadyofs, rom poeti

sakuTari gamocdilebiT, pirovnuli tanjva-vaebiT darwmunda, rom

WeSmariti poetis gza saqarTveloSi aris mowameoba, mis mier Seqmnili

striqonebi da personaJebi ki qarTvelTa cxovrebis sulieri Tanamdevni

arian. amas cxadyofs abduSahilisa da baSi-aCukis saxeTa xSiri

`gamocxadeba~ tician tabiZis bolodroindel striqonebSi.

69

maiakovskisadmi 1937 wels miZRvnil leqsSi t. tabiZe yrmobis

periodis quTaiss acocxlebs da akakis cicinaTelas ymawvilebze

zegavlenis Zalad warmosaxavs.

àkakis leqsiT gamonafreni

buCqebSi bJutavs cicinaTela~.

es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi yrmobaSive iwyebs krTomas akakis

cicinaTela, rac poetur Semoqmedebas bolomde anaTebs.

akakiseuli ritmi ganmsWvalavs qarTvels _ amgvarad cxaddeba

ticianis poeturi kredo. mas Tavad aqvs es gancdili, mis poetur

prozaSi xSirad iWreba akakis striqonebi:

`ra tkbilad da mSvidad vidoda misi cxovreba, saSinel sikvdils

rom ar SeSureboda; magram sikvdili dauZinebeli mteria adamianisa, is

aravis axarebs xangrZliv! ~ (44; 308).

es striqonebi reminiscencia akakis `gamzrdelidan~:

`magram xangrZliv es sofeli

gaaxarebs vinmes gana?~

amgvari poeturi reminiscencebi sruliad bunebrivia da adasturebs

akakis striqonebis mudmivmyofobas qarTvel adamianTan.

tician tabiZis poeziaSi akakis striqonebis amgvar gacocxlebaze

sainteresod msjelobs givi gegeWkori statiaSi `tician tabiZe~:

`ticiani iyenebs qarTuli poeziis klasikosebis striqonebis

reminiscenciebs: `ra saWiroa melnad giSris tba da kalmad kidev me na

rxeuli~ (`vefxistyaosani~), `sxva saqarTvelo mainc sad ari? romeli

kuTxe, romel qveynisa?~ àse rbis Tergi, ase Rrialebs~ (g. orbeliani),

akakis poemis `naTelas~ reminiscenciebiT aris dawerili tician tabiZis

leqsi `Tamunia wereTels~: `me ar macxia mongolis Tafli da

xelgakruli ar vzivar mzeze~. àr Segikeravs Sen CemTvis Coxa, magram

vatareb obobas perangs~ (13; 67).

70

akakis istoriuli dramis `patara kaxis~ striqonebis: `magram es

moxda Cems uneburad, gulTamxilavo da ar maqvs brali~-s reminicenciaa

tician tabiZis leqsis striqonebi:

`me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze,

Sen Cems sikvdilSi ar gidevs brali~.

vaJa-fSavelas leqsis reminiscenciaa: `damisxiT, Zmebo, damalevineT,

amivseT yanwi wiTel RvinoTi~. ieTim gurjis leqsis reminiscenciaa:

`dReo, netavi aRar daRamde, Tu daRamdebi ar gagaTena~.

rogorc vxedavT, am poeturi reminicenciebiT tician tabiZe

sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli klasikur poeziasTan da

Semoqmedebas am poeziiT imdidrebs, amave dros axerxebs am striqonebs

xelaxali sicocxle, meoce saukunis suli STaberos da gaiTavisos,

Tavis striqonad aqcios~ (13; 71).

vfiqrobT, rom es aris swori mosazreba da tician tabiZis poeziis

erT mniSvnelovan Tvisebas warmoaCens, magram aucilebelia aRvniSnoT,

isic rom es damokidebuleba didi gardatexis, Sinagani feriscvalebis

Sedegia. Semoqmedebis adreul etapze sul sxvagvari iyo poetis mimarTeba

klasikur poeziasTan. es gardatexa kargad aqvs SemCneuli guram asaTians:

`gasuli saukunis qarTuli poeturi memkvidreobis mimarT t.

tabiZis damokidebulebaSi momxdari gardatexa gamoiwvia xelovnebis

arssa da daniSnulebaze misi saerTo Sexedulebis safuZvlianma

cvlilebam. am gardatexam, sxvaTa Soris, mkafio gamoxatuleba pova t.

tabiZis imdroindel publicistur werilebSic. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom

warsuli drois ostatTa Soris t. tabiZe gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT

gamoarCevda vaJa-fSavelasa da mis `did winamorbeds~ daviT guramiSvils.

amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi aris misaRebi is Rrma yuradReba, romliTac t.

tabiZe im xanebSi ekideboda cnobili qarTveli mxatvris _ niko

firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedebas~ (8; 163).

akaki wereTeli, rogorc tician tabiZis poeziis analizidan

warmoCnda, aris `Tanamdevi suli“ poetis Semoqmedebisa.

galina curikova Tavis wignSi «Тициан Табидзе», wers:

71

«В пору расшатывания авторитетов и низвержения «классиков» с «корабля

современности» Сумбаташвили выступил, по сути дела, в защиту грузинских «Пушкина и

Достоевского» - писателей-шестидесятников Ильи Чавчавадзе и Акакия Церетели, на

которых никто как будто еще не обрушивалься но - шло к тому - должны были вскоре

обрушиться свои «нигилисты». В этой роли в ближайшие годы предстояло выступить

Тициану Табидзе й его кутайсским друзьям. Тогда тициан, вероятно, ещё и сам этого не

предвидел, но, как знать, может быть, предостережение всё же пало на благодатную

почву.

В январе 1915 года, когда умер Акакий Церетели, Табидзе написал о нем статью-

некролог для московского театрального журнала «Рампа и жизнь», где назвал его

«последним из могикан славного поколения шестидесятников, деятельность которых в

ГРузии, как и в России, отмечена терниями и неугасаемым светом подвижничества».

«Чарующие, сверкающие проникновением стихи Акакия воспитали несколько поколений

и закрепили за ним славу учителя поэзий», - писал Табидзе в этой статье (она была

написана по просьбе Сумбаташвили, и он же ее одобрил. «Для меня это была первая моя

русская статья, - вспоминал Тициан, - и легко представить, как подействовало на меня

одобрение Сумбаташвили»).

Об Илье Чавчавадзе Табидзе писал позднее, сравнивая его с бальзаком, - что он

«своим влиянием заполнил XIX век в Грузии»; В прозе «Илья Чавчавадзе главенствовал

полновластно»; «огромное влияние Илья. Чавчавадзе на современников и на последующее

поколение ни с чем не сравнить»; Он «как утес стоял непоколебимо, заполняя собой все

поры общественной жизни. И новые поколения пробовали свои волны, ударяясь об этот

утес».

Тициан Табидзе до конца жизни сохранял почтительное уважение к этим двум

гигантнам грузинской литературы - Акакию и Илье, как без фамилий, по имени только

называют их в Грузии. «Нигилизм» в отношении к заслугам «отцов» для него так же

немыслим, как неуважение к собственному отцу, с его верой в идеалы русского

демократического шестидесятничества. Вместе с тем, литературуные убеждения Табидзе

в чем-то смыкались с «нигилистическими» воззрениями московской поэтической

молодежи, с дерзкими заявлениями Маяковского » (58; 53-54).

72

vaJa-fSavela

sargis caiSvili wignSi ,,maradiuli saxeebi’’ tician tabiZeze

samarTlianad SeniSnavs:

„tician tabiZe gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebiT da es ar iyo SemTxveviT. ticians udavod bevri ram

aaxlovebda qarTuli poeziis am goliaTTan, magram es siaxlove

sruliadac ar unda gavigoT ise, rogorc es erT dros esmoda qarTveli

simbolistebis did umravlesobas (maT Soris t. tabiZesac). cnobilia,

rom magaliTad „cisferyanwelTa“ jgufis Teoretikosebma vaJa-fSavelas

didi midrekileba jansaRi da naTeli simboluri saxeebisaken

gaaTanabres wminda dekadentur simboloebTan, sadac yovelTvis

mistikuri gamodis rogorc dominanti. amaze dayrdnobiT fiqrobdnen, rom

vaJa-fSavela amovardnilia mTeli qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi rgolidan da igi aris qarTveli simbolistebis erT-eriT

WeSmariti mamamTavari. miuxedavad ticianis adre gamoTqmuli aseTive

Sexedulebebisa qarTuli simbolizmis genezisis sakiTxebze, igi Tavisi

poeziis Sinagani bunebiT aSkarad bevr rameSi enaTesaveboda vaJa-

fSavelas da es ufro cxadi Seiqmna mas Semdeg, roca igi daSorda Tavis

jer kidev bolomde gaucnobierebel mrwamss da SemoqmedebiTad midioda

im mdidar tradiciebTan, rasac didi qarTuli mwerlobis magistraluri

xazi gulisxmobs. vaJa-fSavelasTan zogi ram, marTlac aaxlovebs

ticians. aq gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos poeturi gamomsaxvelobis

sisadave da is didi uSualoba, rac orive poetma Tavisi Semoqmedebis

ZiriTad poetur xerxad aqcia.

vaJa-fSavela rom ityvis:

„xars vgevar naialaRars,

rqiT miwasa vCxver, vbubuneb,

RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle,

mZinarec amas vduduneb“.

73

ar SeiZleba am uSualobaSi, saTqmelis yovelgvari zedmeti

samkaulis gareSe gamoxatvaSi, ar igrZno poetis sulSi niaRvariviT

dagubebuli energia. poeturi sityvis am saidumloebas sakmarisad

flobda tician tabiZec. aviRoT Tundac t. tabiZis erT-erTi yvelaze

cnobili leqsi: „me ar vwer leqsebs... leqsi TviTon mwers“.

aqac iseTive didi uSualobaa da saleqso frazis vaJkacuri moqneva,

rac vaJas mTeli poeziis bunebaSi zis, magram amave dros ticianis leqss

yovelTvis Tan axlavs mxolod da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

sulieri TrTolva da Sinagani dramatizmi. swored zemoaRniSnuli

siaxlove vaJa-fSavelasTan, vfiqrob, aZlevda t. tabiZes yvelaze met

SesaZleblobas, rom erT-erT pirvelTagans Cvens axal mwerlobaSi

swored SeegrZno vaJas genia“ (49; 302-303).

vaJa-fSavelasadmi tician tabiZis damokidebulebaSi swored es ori

gansxvavebuli midgoma unda gaviTvaliswinoT. adreul etapze tician

tabiZe vaJa-fSavelas dekadentebTan anaTesavebda da qarTuli

simbolizmis erT fuZemdeblad miiCnevda, magram SemdgomSi gamocdilebam,

Tavis poetur azrovnebaSi gardatexam da Teoriulma codnam tician

tabiZes sxva Sexeduleba Camouyaliba. aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom

poeti moskovis universitetSi swavlobda da literaturaTmcodneobas

daeufla. man bevr poetsa da mweralze SeimuSava saintereso mosazrebani

da dRemde mniSvnelovani dakvirvebebi.

simbolisturi gatacebebisa da dekadenturi azrovnebis adreul

etapze, tician tabiZe vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi primitivizmis gamovlinebas

xedavda. cnobilia, rom es iyo im dros gabatonebuli kritikuli azris

didi Secdoma.

primitivizmze saubrobdnen aseve firosmanis Semoqmedebis

Sefasebisas. Tavad t. tabiZe SemdgomSi miiCnevs, rom kritikuli

azrovneba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis CamorCeba mwerlobas, radgan

`kritikosebi sxva qveynebis mwerlebisTvis SemuSavebuli mzamzareuli

formulebiT~ sargebloben, „kritikas hqonda Tavisi gaTvlili yalibi da

windawin SemuSavebuli formulebi, romelTa dakanonebisTvis sxva

qveynebSi sul sxva xalxi ibrZoda. vaJa-fSavela ki iseTi comisagan iyo

mozelili, rom arc erT qveyanaSi amis purs ar sWamen“ (44; 509).

74

tician tabiZem erT-erTma pirvelma miuTiTa, rom vaJa-fSavelas

genias asazrdoebs ori ZiriTadi wyaro _ erovnuloba da xalxuroba. man

miuTiTa aseve vaJas Rrmad gadgmul fesvebze qarTul sinamdvilesa da

klasikur mwerlobaSi. sagangebod msjelobs guramiSvilisadmi vaJa-

fSavelas damokidebulebaze. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs Tavad amJRavnebs

vaJa Tavis „poetur vinaobas“, roca „did winamorbeds“ uwodebs

guramiSvils da „uZvirfases papas“.

Tavad tician tabiZes aqvs Tavis poeziaSi gamJRavnebuli „poeturi

vinaoba“, romelic vaJa-fSavelasadmi damokidebulebiT mJRavndeba.

leqsSi „ilaiali“ Tavis Tavs vaJas adarebs, poetur STagonebas mas

miawers da acxadebs:

„male TbilisSi, rogorc winaT

vaJa-fSavela

me Camovitan xurjinebiT

daweril leqsebs“.

„guSin Svidni gurjanelni“-s xmaze gawyobil leqsSi Tavis poetur

kredos naTlad gamohkveTs tician tabiZe:

„Svidjer rom giTxraT leqsebi yvelam,

yvela Svidive acdenilia.

Tavs dagviara vaJa-fSavelam,

Tavze gvawveba zvavad ilia“.

am striqonebSi moCans gamWvirvaled raoden didi iyo poetze

xalxuri poeziisa da Semdgom iliasa da vaJas gavlena, rom tician

tabiZis poeziasac srulqmnis xalxurobisa da erovnulobis fesvi.

konstantine balmontisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi vaJa-fSavelas amgvarad

acocxlebs poeti:

„im zafxuls mokvda vaJa-fSavela,

maxsovs, cremlebiT Sen es giTxari,

75

is sikvdilis win iTxovda balaxs

gaxelebuli wyurviliT xari.

mas Semdeg damrCa grZnoba aseTi,

rom erTad or mzes Tvali Sevaswre,

moxibluli var am sinazeTi

da sikvdilamde davrCebi ase“.

tician tabiZes bolomde Zlierad gahyva, marTlac vaJas gavlena.

SesaZloa es ar aris mxolod poeturi STagoneba, aramed sulieri da

pirovnul-religiuri zegavlena. sainteresod msjelobs sulier

zegavlenasa da mis ucvlelobaze RirebulebaTa cvalebadobis drosac r.

siraZe:

„jvarsaxovneba met-naklebad yovel teqstSia, sulierebis

ierarqiulobis da Sesabamisad, radgan suli yvelganaa, garkveuli azriT,

suli „sicocxlea“ da ara marto cocxali organizmisa, aramed nebismieri

sagnis Tu movlenisa. aseTi zogadi azriT, sulia is, riTac xdeba Tavisi

raobis SenarCuneba da Tanac garemocvasTan mimarTebis damyareba, misgan

gamijvnac da masTan Tanaarsebobac.

RirebulebaTa gadafaseba xdeba, mkiTxveli icvleba, magram masSi

raRac mainc ucvleli rCeba, pirovnulic, erovnulic da religiuric.

asevea pirad-individualuri „me“. erTsa da imave mdinareSi ganmeorebiT

ver SevalT, magram amasTanave, swored erTsa da imave mdinareSi

SevdivarT mravalgzis. galaktionic ambobs, rom „yovelive mimdinareobs

da amave dros dgas yoveliveo“ (41; 9).

vfiqrobT, am msjelobis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa visaubroT tician

tabiZis pirovnebaze vaJa-fSavelas sulier gavlenaze. vaJas pirovneba,

misi Semoqmedeba itevs did erovnul-religiur siRrmes, rac qarTuli

mwerlobis fundamentur RirebulebaTa axali gacocxlebaa, Zveli

qarTuli mwerlobis memkvidreobis axal droSi, axleburi gaazreba. vaJa-

fSavela Tavad warmodga genialur pirovnebad, romelmac qarTuli

erovnuli suli gamoxata Tavis poetur qmnilebebSi, amrigad tician

tabiZeze vaJa-fSavelas pirovnul-sulier zegavlenaze SesaZloa

visaubroT:

76

„mivCerebivar cas gakvirvebiT

da aRmitacebs sicocxlis feTqva,

vaJa-fSavelas vsunTqav filtvebiT,

ximikauris guli Camedga“.

_ acxadebs tician tabiZe leqsSi „amodis, naTdeba“, rac aseve

gadaZaxilia vaJas amave saTauris moTxrobasTan.

vaJaseuli personaJebi bunebrivad cocxldebian ticianis leqsebSi.

leqsSi „alaverdoba“, ticians aCrdilebiviT ecxadebian mindia da

afSina:

„Cardaxiani dganan urmebi,

kameCi kameCs landiT aSinebs.

gamoucliaT Rvinis rumbebi

xatobas mosul vaJas afSinebs...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

meore mxridan alazans uwevs

mTvrali farexi RamenaTevi,

TiTqo mindias sufra gauwyves

gvelismWameli devs awevs devi“.

vaJa-fSavelas deka da Rvia, simbolod aris qceuli tician tabiZis

poeziaSi. simbolos TavisTavadi funqcia aqvs miniWebuli da

simbolodqcevis gza aqvs gavlili. s. sigua kargad axasiaTebs simbolos,

rogorc mxatvrul fenomens tician tabiZis poeziaSi:

„simbolo kondensirebuli metyvelebis xatia, roca mravali niSan-

Tviseba ikribeba erT sagnad, erT saxelad, magram aris sapirispiro

tendenciac, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania.

erTi sityva, erTi sagani iSleba mravalferad da musikaluri

xmierebiT aaSkaravebs farul niuansebs, naxevartonebs, rogorc

moiTxovda pol verleni.

77

nacnobi iSleba ucnob da idumal erTeulebad, TiTqos sityvas

frTebi gamoesxa, rac iwvevs garTulebas, aramTavar niSanTa aqcentirebas

(40; 291).

TiTqos ucnob da idumal erTeulad iqceva tician tabiZis poeziaSi

da simbolod cxaddeba kargad cnobili deka da Rvia vaJas poeziidan:

„dResac qviTini stirian caSi

vaJa-fSavelas Rvia da deka“.

„damdgara nisli gomboris mTaze,

erTad hyvavian deka da Rvia,

momxiblavia es silamaze

vaJa-fSavelas cremli atyvia“.

„deka da Rvia“ samSoblos simbolod qceula tician tabiZis poeziaSi,

romelsac cvar-nami aqvs dafenili, magram poetisaTvis igi vaJas cremlia.

simbolodqceul xats qmnis vaJasa da firosmanis dawyvilebulad

aRqma tician tabiZis poeziaSi. vaJas da firosmanis iremi, vaJas jixvi da

samSoblos aRqma leqsSi „alaverdoba“:

„dgas oxSivari da orTqli mwvadis,

kaci am bolSi Tvals ver gaaxels,

iremi irems balaxs miawvdis,

savse Rvinis jams _ kaxeli kaxels.

dgas firosmani, xatavs dReobas

da Cardaxian urmebis morevs,

vaJa-fSavela uqebs xelobas,

jixvis SairiT Sescvlis meores“.

vaJaseuli saxeebis samSoblos simbolod qceva t. tabiZis poeziis

maxasiaTebelia. qorisgan motacebuli wiwili da velad mimofantuli

bumbuli, simbolod aris qceuli da saqarTvelos bedukuRmarTobaze

miuTiTebs leqsSi `samSoblo~.

78

„iyo qaldea da babiloni,

iqneba ufro Sori gzac gqonda,

gicvales bevrjer Sublze mironi,

Seni bumbuli niavs gahqonda“.

es simbolo isev cxaddeba leqsSi „dao dolores, Zmebo baskebo“:

„albaT im droSi sxvebic SfoTavdnen,

magram dauwydaT imedi bolos,

ori ki ara, erTic ar hqondaT,

maTi samSoblo niavs gahqonda“.

vaJaseuli „wiwilis TeTri bumbuli, velad gahqonda niavsa“ tician

tabiZis poeziaSi Tvalsa da xels Sua gamqrali samSoblos tkivilis

gancdas gadmoscems. anu ticianma axleburad, Tavisi epoqis Sesabamisad

gaacocxla erovnuli suliskveTeba vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebisa, rogorc

wers gr. kiknaZe:

„Tavidanve yvela grZnobda da axla yvelam icis, rom vaJa-fSavelam

uaRresad konkretuli Sinaarsi misca patriotul grZnobas. samSoblos

siyvaruli man yvelaze naTlad warmogvidgina, rogorc siyvaruli Cveni

qveynisa _ misi mTisa da baris, misi mtkvris, aragvisa, alaznisa da ankara

wyaroebisa, misi tyeebisa da gamxmari fesvebisa, misi iisa, quCisa da

dekasi. konkretuli da mtkice sayrdenebi miawoda vaJam mkiTxvelTa

patriotul grZnobas, roca warmtacad daxata Cvens aremareSi amozrdili

Cxikvi, bulbuli da Svlis nukri, roca cis mpyrobel arwivis gverdiT

amouyena kaci, romelsac aqamde ver vamCnevdiT da Turme Cvens axlos ki

cxovrobda sagnobrivi realurobaa arsebiTi niSani vaJas patriotizmisa“

(25; 197).

tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedic aris „samSoblos gancda

gasakvirveli“, swored amis gamo vaJaseuli patriotizmis gamomsaxveloba

esoden axlobelia tician tabiZisaTvis. vaJaseuli „sagnobrivi

realuroba“ simbolod iqceva da axal sicocxles iwyebs ticianis

poeziaSi.

79

axali epoqis saqarTveloze Seqmnil leqsebSi TiTqos feri icvala

vaJa-fSavelas personaJebisadmi ticianis damokidebulebam. leqsSi „daRes-

tnis gazafxuli“ vkiTxulobT amgvar striqonebs:

„Tqven, xevsurebo, Savi nabdebiT

rom gamostaceT jalaTebs sergo,

dRes erTi wuTiT Cems leqs danebdiT,

mTebis mgosnoba me jeriT mergo.

fSavno, TuSebo da xevsurebo,

qeTelauro, Zmao aluda!

Camodga mTebSi axla mSvidoba

da sisxls aReba dRes aRar unda“.

Zveli adaT-wesebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba xelovnurad

gamoiyureba tician tabiZis mTeli Semoqmedebis fonze da es erTaderTi

magaliTia, sadac vaJaseuli samyaro sxva TvaliT aris danaxuli poetis

mier.

sruliad gamorCeulia tician tabiZis poeziaSi leqsi „vaJa-

fSavelas gadasveneba mTawmindaze“:

„mTawmindis qedi ar ecotava,

fSauri sisxli am mTaSic hRviva

arc uTxovia TavisTan misvla,

TviTon exveva mTas Tavze nislad“.

leqsis fonad aRebulia mTisa da mahmadis dava:

„mTis da mahmadis ar iyo dava...

ara pirveli vin visTan miva?“

pasuxad poeti adasturebs, rom mTawmindasTan misvla vaJa-fSavelas

ar uTxovia, magram Tavad mTa iTxovda vaJas:

80

„da gaumTelda gaxruli Zvlebi...

mTao, gauSvi, fSavamde ivlis,

beri mindias muxli gamZlebi

kvlav dauCoqebs sayvarel Tbiliss,

akvani iyo misi Cargali

gulze Tbilisis eso Cangali“.

mTawmindaze vaJa-fSavelas gadasveneba poets aRqmuli aqvs qarTuli

poeziis sulier ganZTsacavad:

„auxda natvra da gadalaxa

saflavis dvire da erTad naxa

man wereTeli da WavWavaZe.

kidec atirda imaT saflavze.

ar dagvinaxavs Cvengan aravis

mxolod gvesmoda cremli aragvis“.

tician tabiZis literaturuli alRo Zalian Rrmad, erovnul

fesvebSi Wvrets vaJa-fSavelas genialobis umTavres mizezs _ xalxur

wiaRSi myofobas. igi amaze sainteresod msjelobs statiaSi „daviT

guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela“, acxadebs ra vaJas guramiSvilis poetur

memkvidred.

„Tu nikoloz baraTaSvili, aleqsandre WavWavaZe da grigol

orbeliani kidev atareben istoriuli saqarTvelos organiulobas da

maTSi cocxalia saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia, Tu baraTaSvilis „bedi

qarTlisa“ da guramiSvilis „qarTlis Wiri“ erTmaneTis poeturi

gamoZaxebaa, _ ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi

moklebulia am dasayrdens, rac aucilebeli Tavdebia Zlieri eposisa.

ilias da akakis qarTlis bedi „qarTlis cxovrebidan“ amokiTxuli

qronikebia. maT istoriul gmirebs aSkarad amCneviaT romantiuli burusi,

maT gmirebs akliaT uSualoba da mTeli paTosi, gadatanilni arian

warsulSi, amitom aris, rom akakisa da ilias epiuri Semoqmedeba ufro

civia da xSirad ritorika anelebs uSualo gancdas“ (44; 591).

81

amisda sapirispirod, rogorc tician tabiZe aanalizebs, daviT

guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela sul sxva Zirebidan amoizardnen, rogorc

erovnuli tragikuli suliskveTebis gamomxatvelni. ucxoeTSi gaxiznuli

feodaluri aristokratiis wreSi guramiSvili xedavda, rogor Rafavda

suls qarTveli „maRali“ wodeba ruseTis biurokratiuli saxelmwifos

karze, aseve naTlad dainaxa vaJa-fSavelam mefis ruseTis biurokratiis

ukanaskneli ieriSebi da mTis saqarTvelos, fSav-xevsurTa arwivebis

budeTa dangreva“ (44; 592).

am TvalsazrisiT guramiSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas dawyvileba

erTob sagulisxmoa. tician tabiZis azriT vaJas genialoba mSobliur

xalxSi Rrmadgadgmuli fesvebia:

„gogoTur da afSinaze, aluda qeTelaurze, joyolasa da ZaRlika

ximikaurze, zviadaursa da gulTmisan mindiaze, brZensa da

gvelismWamelze, „qarTlis cxovreba“ arafers ambobs. es ufro mxedruli

Sahnamea _ wigni gmirobisa da qedmaRlobis apologia. vaJa-fSavelam

pirvelad aalaparaka poeziaSi saxalxo gmirebi da STabera maT ukvdavi

suli. vaJa-fSavela TviTon am xalxis Svilia“ (44; 592).

tician tabiZis amgvari damokidebuleba vaJa-fSavelas mimarT,

ucvlelia mTeli misi Semoqmedebis ganmavlobaSi. Tu ilias, akakis

mimarT misi mimarTeba cvalebadia, anu Tavidan uarmyofelia klasikuri

memkvidreobisa da SemdgomSi tradiciis mimarT, klasikosTa winaSe

qedismoxraa niSandoblivi, vaJa-fSavelasadmi misi Tayvaniscema arasodes

Secvlila da gafermkrTalebula. tician tabiZisTvis rwmeniseulia vaJas

aRiareba, rac zogadi suraTia simbolistebis damokidebulebisa vaJas

mimarT da bevrwilad grigol robaqiZis damsaxurebaa. grigol robaqiZe

amgvarad moZRvravda „cisfer ordens“:

„vaJa mocemulia rogorc mTa, rogorc mze, rogorc planeta...

poetebi mas grZnoben, rogorc adamiani mzesa da RmerTs“, _ werda gazeTi

„baxtrioni“, romelmac paolo iaSvilis TqmiT, „vaJas didebuli kampania“

wamoiwyo (4; 266).

literaturaTmcodneobaSi samarTlianad aris miCneuli, rom

cisferyanwelebis mier 60-ianelTa poeziis uaryofis mizezi epigonoba

82

iyo. iliasa da akakis epigonebma cisferyanwelebSi didi gaRizianeba

gamoiwvia. l. avaliani aRniSnavs, rom vaJas epigonoba SeuZlebeli iyo:

„amgvar rasme gamoricxavda vaJa-fSavelas poeziis buneba. man ise

uxvad ver daapura 10-iani wlebis epigonuri poezia, rogoric vTqvaT

akakis poeziam. es iyo uTuod erT-erTi, arcTu umniSvnelo faqtori

cisferyanwelTa mier vaJas geniis aRiarebisa“ (6; 105).

amis Taobaze Tavad tician tabiZec msjelobs Tavis werilebSi:

„vaJa-fSavela aravis ar uSlis poeziaSi, is poeziaSi iseTi

strategiuli punqtia, rogorc mamisoni saqarTvelos teritoriisaTvis...

ar unda Tqma imas, rom vaJas leqsis teqnikas ar SeuZlia aravisze

moaxdinos gavlena, ar unda Tqma agreTve imasac, rom masTan SedarebiT

Tundac besiki wminda aleqsandrielia, parnasel herediad gamoCndeba.

amas aravin ar Txoulobs misgan, amitomac iyo, rom vaJa gadaurCa im

autotafes da im giliotinas, romelic am ramdenime wlis winaT gaimarTa

sxva poetebisaTvis.

rogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna, vaJa-fSavelas poeturi prozis didi

gavlena SeiniSneba tician tabiZis prozaze. vaJas prozis xatebi, ritmi

axleburad cocxldeba ticianis prozaSi. mTebis peizaJi vaJaseburad

warmoudgeba poets _ isini moTminebasa da molodins gamoxataven:

`titanebiviT cad ayudebulni mdumared sdganan kolxidis mTebi, isini

isev elian, ukvdavia maTi lodini~. mTebis nisli ticianTanac vaJaseburad

fiqrs gamoxatavs, locvad qceula. ` _ ra vici, Svilo, xedav im mTebs,

caTamde rom ayudebulan? ase arian sul isini, nisli rom moexvevaT, es

maTi locvaa, cas Sehvedrian, feria dagvibruneo da elian sul,

dausrulebliv, guli uelavT lodinSi... usazRvroa maTi lodini: _ neta,

rodemdis gagrZeldeba es lodini?” (44; 292).

SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom sruliad gamorCeulia vaJa-fSavelas

saxeli, misi zemoqmedeba poet tician tabiZeze. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom

vaJa-fSavelam bevrwilad gansazRvra tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis xasiaTi.

saerTod XIX saukunis qarTvel klasikosTa Semoqmedeba saTavea

tician tabiZis poeturad damuxtvis. grogol orbelianis, nikoloz

baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJas poezia uSret

wyarod warmodgeba tician tabiZis poeturi azrovnebisaTvis, nikoloz

83

baraTaSvili Wabukur asaks uSinaarsebda, sakuTari sevdis gacnobierebaSi

exmareboda, grogol orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri poezia

aRafrTovanebda, iliasa da akakis poezia jer moqalaqeobrivad wvrTnida,

Semdeg dapirispireba cada da tradiciuli lirikisagan gadaxvevad

gamoacxada, bolos erTgvari monaniebis formiT gulmxurvaled

daubrunda da axali gatacebiT daewafa am masazrdoebel wyaros, rac

Seexeba vaJas igi Seucvlel simaRled darCa misTvis mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze da esec aisaxa mis poeziaSi.

84

T a v i III

XIX saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi tician tabiZis

literaturul-kritikuli werilebisa da eseebis mixedviT

garda poeturi memkvidreobisa, rogorc ukve aRiniSna tician

tabiZe rogorc Rrmad erudirebuli, faqizi gemovnebis literatori,

avtoria SesaniSnavi literaturul-kritikuli werilebisa da eseebisa.

metad farTea tician tabiZis eseist-kritikosis interesebis wre. igi

moicavs rogorc qarTul mwerlobas, ise evropul da rusul

literaturas, musikas, mxatvrobas da xelovnebis sxva dargebsac. tician

tabiZe yvelgan specialistis TavliT Wvrets didi musikosebis,

Teatralebis cxovrebas da Rvawls; miT umetes gamorCeulia misi

werilebi mwerlobaze. tician tabiZis literaturuli werilebi mkafiod

gamoxatuli xatovani stiliT xasiaTdeba. maTi kiTxvisas esTetikuri

siamovnebis gancda gveufleba. literaturul-kritikul werilebSic

msgavsad leqsebisa, Rrma esTetikuri daxvewilobiT vlindeba mwerlis

SemoqmedebiTi energia. `mis werilebSi axleburad fasdeba qarTul

literaturasa da xelovnebaSi tradiciulisa da novatorulis

urTierTmimarTebis problema; maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli StrixebiT

ikveTeba cnobil xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi portretebi; asaxvas poulobs

am saukunis pirveli aTwleulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli, socialuri da politikuri movlenebi;

Suqdeba evropuli literaturisa da kulturis siaxleni da

gansazRvruli tendenciebi~ (38; 387).

ramdenadac tician tabiZis literaturuli werilebi ZiriTadaT

eseisturi xasiaTisaa saWirod migvaCnia ramdenime sityva iTqvas

eseistikis Sesaxebac.

XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna saqarTveloSi esseisturi

xasiaTis literaturuli nawarmoebebi. esseisturi xasiaTis literaturis

gaCena CvenSi ise rogorc safrangeTsa da iaponiaSi, mravalmxrivi rTuli,

gardaqmnebis, gardatexis periodSi ganxorcielda da erTgvarad

85

ganapiroba kidec esseisturi azrovnebis wesis momwifeba. isic

sagulisxmoa, rom eseisturi Janris srulqmna saqarTveloSi

simbolisturi mimdinareobis gaCenas ukavSirdeba da misi, rogorc

literaturuli Janris gaformeba cisferyanwelTa ordenis wevrTa didi

damsaxurebaa.

`qarTuli literaturuli esses“ mkvlevari m. xelaia aRniSnavs:

èsseisturi literatura qveynis kulturuli ganviTarebis

garkveul etapze iCens Tavs, kerZod iq, sadac mecnieruli kvlevis

tradiciac arsebobs da, meores mxriv, mxatvrul-literaturulic.

mxolod am tradiciaTa paralelurad SeiZleba esseisturi Txzulebebi

gaCndes _ esse uTuod gulisxmobs mecnierebisa da literaturis

ganviTarebis gansazRvrul dones“ (54; 333).

a. losevis gansazRvriT, ese renesansis idealebis Semdgom-

droindeli pirmSoa. misi warmoSoba ganapiroba adamianis srulqmnilebis,

harmoniulobis rwmenis msxvrevam. igi realisturi, maZiebeli individua-

lizmiT aris niSandebuli da epoqis Secvlis, gardatexis procesSi

yalibdeba. mas axasiaTebs àrtistuli, lamazi individualizmi“ (57; 598).

qarTuli literaturuli esses 20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibeba aseve

socialur-politikuri, istoriuli faqtorebis erTobliobam ganapiroba.

sagulisxmoa, rom am periodSi sruliqmna esse, rogorc literaturuli

Janri, azrovnebis garkveuli forma, xolo esseisturi Canasaxi jer kidev

Zvel qarTul literaturaSi moiZies literaturaTmcodneebma, esseisturi

elementebis Semcvel Txzulebebad m. xelaia miiCnevs Tamaris epoqis

avtors nikoloz gulaberiZes, ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasobas“, daviT

batoniSvilis èstetikebrni gansjanis“, aseve romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi

TviTSemecnebis gamovlenas, ilias, akakisa da vaJas SemoqmedebaSic moCans

esseisturi Janris ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebebi, magram esses srulqmna

swored XX s-is pirvel aTeul wlebSi ganxorcielda. XIX s-idan

qarTvel SemoqmedT gadmoecaT memkvidreobiT WeSmaritebis Ziebisken

mswrafi buneba. 1905 wlis revolucia, 1917 wlis Tebervali, oqtombris

revolucia, 1921 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba saqarTveloSi _

xelovnebaSi emociaTa da azrTa Widili, Ziebis procesi, idealebis

msxvreva, gaoreba gamoiwvia.

86

esseisturi Janris uSualo winamorbedad literaturaTmcodneobaSi

miCneulia arCil jorjaZisa da kita abaSiZis Semoqmedeba. filosofiis,

religiis, zogadkulturul sakiTxebze, xelovnebis daniSnulebasa da

qarTuli mwerlobis satkivarze maTi siRrmiseuli fiqri da gansja. eses

srulqmnaSi aseve didi wvlili miuZRviT pavle ingoroyvas, konstantine

gamsaxurdias, geronti qiqoZes, vaxtang kotetiSvils, konstantine

kapanels.

qarTveli simbolistebis SemoqmedebaSi sabolood gaformda esse,

rogorc literaturuli Janri. valerian gafrindaSvilis, sandro

cirekiZis, giorgi leoniZis, tician tabiZis, Salva afxaiZis, ali

arseniSvilis, paolo iaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi esse iqca TviTgamosaxvis,

TviTanalizis, epoqis sulieri bunebis gamoxatvis formad. maT

sabolood Cauyares safuZveli esses literaturul Janrs da esseisturi

azrovneba qarTul mwerlobaSi bunebriv kanonzomier movlenad

gadaaqcies.

esses literaturuli Janris umTavresi niSania kategoriuli

gansazRvrulobisadmi sruli daumorCilebloba, moulodnelobisadmi

swrafva, TviTSemecneba da TviTgamosaxva aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia

esseisturi azrovnebisaTvis, monteniseuli gansazRvriT: `esseisti ise

xatavs yovelives, rogorc Tavad aRiqvams“ (59; 719).

subieqturoba, Tavisi Sinagani, sulieri samyaros warmoCena

esseisturi azrovnebis aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia. konkretuli sakiTxis

Semecnebis procesi sakuTari Tavis TviTSemecnebis gzaa. sxva Semoqmedis

Sesaxeb saubari esseisti literatorisaTvis Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi kredos

warmoCenas gulisxmobs. xSirad esses ara aqvs erTi azri, romelic

amTlianebs mTel Txzulebas, magram ganmsWvalulia gancdaTa

Tavisufali dinebiT. gulwrfeloba da nonkonformizmi essesTvis

Janruli maxasiaTeblis kategoriad aris qceuli. gansxvavebiT

mecnieruli kvlevisagan, esseisturi Txzuleba aucileblad iTxovs

avtoris alRos, intuiciis, ganwyobilebisa da warmosaxvis unaris

Zalmosilebas. amasTan esses stiluri Taviseburebaa fragmentuloba,

araTanmimdevruloba, arakategoriuloba da paradoqsuloba, albaTuri

xasiaTi, mozaikuroba, gansjis silaRe da sruli Tavisufleba.

87

esseisturi JanrisTvis formulad qceuli es principebi XX s-is 20-iani

wlebis qarTul esseistur TxzulebebSi Taviseburad gamovlinda.

samarTlianad aRniSnavs m. xelaia:

`TviTSemecneba, individualuri `me“-Ti daintereseba qarTul esseSi

ganuyofelia erovnuli xasiaTis Semecnebisagan. imdenad mZlavri iyo

qarTul mwerlobaSi erovnuli da piraduli interesebis erTobis

tradicia, rom man asaxva esseistur JanrSic hpova. igi jer kidev d.

guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba. SeuZlebelia am TvalsazrisiT

sulxan-sabas moRvaweoba ar gavixsenoT. XIX s-Si qarTlis bedi yoveli

qarTveli Semoqmedis pirad bedad aRiqmeboda...” (54; 353).

swored samSoblos yofiT ukmayofileba iyo kidevac erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mizezi romantikosebis sevdisa, warsulis idealizaciisa. maTi

piradi gancdebi _ sasowarkveTa Tu optimizmi _ didadaa damokidebuli

sazogadoebriv-erovnul problemebze. erovnuli satkivaris gaTaviseba

mwvervals akakis, iliasa da vaJas moRvaweobaSi aRwevs. mTeli maTi

SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba amis naTeli dadasturebaa. swored maTTan iRebs

saTaves erovnuli xasiaTis _ avisa Tu kargis realisturi xedva. eris

mimarT WeSmariti siyvarulis erTaderTi swori gamovlineba misdami

piruTvneli damokidebulebaa. es principi iseT mZlavr stiqiad gacxadda

ilias RvawliT, rom SeuZlebeli iyo mas raime saxiT mainc ar epova

gagrZeleba mis Semdgomdroindel mwerlobaSi.

XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis literaturaSi, sxva

ganwyobilebebTan erTad bevria eWvic, gaoreba, dabneuloba, skepsisi,

gulgatexiloba, Zieba... igi aRar aris winandeburad mizanmimarTuli da

mTliani. es mravalmxriv rTulma epoqam ganapiroba. imdroindeli

mwerali cdilobs aRidginos pirovnuli mTlianoba, gaerkves Tavis

gaorebul arsebaSi. mas surs Rrmad Caixedos sakuTar `me“-Si (intimuroba

zogjer egocentrizmamdec midis _ sxvaTaTvis gaugebari Txzulebebi

iwereba), am procesis pirmSoa esseisturi Janri. magram igi miuxedavad

individualuri, subieqturi, intimuri bunebisa, aSkarad ireklavs XIX s-

is saukeTeso idealebsac. pirovnuli `me“ aq Zalian xSirad ganuyofelia

sazogadoebrivisgan. individualuri TviTSemecneba XX s. 20-iani wlebis

qarTul esseSi sazogadoebriv-erovnuli TviTSemecnebis xasiaTs

88

Rebulobs. esseisti cdilobs qarTvelis buneba, sulieri Tvisebebi

dagvixatos.

tician tabiZis ramdenime werili _ ese miemarTeba XIX saukunis

mwerlebs. garda amisa calkeuli dakvirvebebi da mosazrebebi gabneulia

TiTqmis yvela werilSi, romlebic exeba literaturas.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas XIX saukunis qarTvel mwerlebis

Sesaxeb dawerili statia _ eseebidan imsaxurebs nawyveti `ilia

WavWavaZe~, ori brwyinvale werili vaJa-faSavelas Semoqmedebaze, pirveli

maTgani win uZRvis vaJa-fSavelas TxzulabaTa pirvel toms, romelic 1927

wels gamovida, xolo meore cota ufro mogvianebiT daiwera da eZRvneba

vaJa-fSavelas literaturuli winapris sakiTxs. am werilebs gakvriT

zemoTac SevexeT. erTi werili eZRvneba vaJas umcros Zmas _ baCanas da

warmoadgens misi cxiovrebisa da Semoqmedebis saintereso ganxilvas.

vrceli sayuradRebo werili uZRvna tician tabiZem did realists daviT

kldiaSvils. aseve vrceli werili eZRvneba Sio aragvispirelisa da misi

Semoqmedebis ganxilvas da a.S.

tician tabiZis literaturul-kritikuli werilebis daxasiaTebisas

usaTuod unda aRiniSnos erTi ram: aSkaraa, rom am werilebs wers ara

marto saxelovani poeti da kritikosi, aramed literaturis istorikosi,

yvela es werili gamoirCeva ara marto gansaxilveli avtoris

TxzulebaTa literaturuli Rirebulebis wamoCeniT, Tematikur-

mxatvruli mxaris SefasebiT, aramed, maTi adgilis Cvenebaze farTo

msjelobiT qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, imaze

miTiTebiT, Tu ra mdgomareoba iyo am mwerlamde qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tu

ra imemkvidra man da ra siaxle Semoitana. es midgoma principis doneze

ayvanili poziciaa Cveni mkvlevrisa da rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT es

interesi im mxrivac iqneba realizebuli, rom 1929 wels tician tabiZe

dawers mokle narkvevs axali qarTuli literaturis istoriaze,

romelsac sadisertacio naSromis momdevno TavSi SevexebiT.

erTi didi Rirsebac tician tabiZis literaturul-kritikuli

werilebisa isaa, rom didi erudiciis, farTo literaturuli

horizontis kritikosi-mkvlevari qarTvel mweralTa Sefasebas xSirad

89

axdens msoflio literaturis konteqsSi, miuTiTebs msgavseba-

gansxvavebebze, gavlenebze, evropeli da rusi avtorebisa da a.S.

unda isic garkveviT iTqvas, rom ticin tabiZisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia saTqmelis didi kondensirebuloba, SekumSuloba. mis

narkvevebs Zalze xSirad Tezisuri forma gamoarCevs saTqmelisa. aq

TiTqmis yoveli fraza gaSlisTvisaa mzad.

didi ilia WavWavaZisadmi tician tabiZis mimarTeba TiTqmis yvela

mis werilSi moCans. Tu 1916 wels Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ programul

werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ (#1, 2) Wabuki ticiani eWvis qveS ayenebda

ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis poezias, manamde, erTi wliT adre,

tician tabiZe rogorc erT-erTi Tayvanismcemeli qarTveli 60-ianelebisa,

werda: `grigol orbeliani, akaki weTreTeli, ilia WavWavaZe _ es Cveni

eris mwuxris ki ara, SuadRis momRerlebi arian. maTi simRera Wabukuria

da maTSi mReris `orbiviT damwvari~ ferfliT amdgari saqarTvelo~. es

werili moskovSi swavlisas daiwera, roca axalgazrda ticiani mTlianad

iyo momzadebuli `besikis baRSi bodleris borotebis yvavilebis~

gadmosargavad. rogorc vxedavT, tician tabiZis amdroindeli esTetikuri

xedva winaaRmdegobrivia, rac kargad vlindeba 60-ianelebTan

damokidebulebaSi. rogorc viciT, is da misi megobrebi simbolizmiT

gatacebis wlebSi daupirispirdnen iliasa da akakis esTetikur

Sexedulebebs. magram, sabednierod TviT aseTi dapirispirebis Jamsac

ticiani Tanmimdevruli ar yofila da qarTvel 60-ianelTa poeturi

Rvawlis uarmyofeli werilebis gverdiT igi iseT statiebsac wers,

sadac xotbas asxams ilisa da akakis uzarmazar damsaxurebas.

`CvenSi rom gaCndnen dadaistebi, isinic ver uaryofen ilia

WavWavaZis did figuras. ilia rom gamoakldes XIX saukunis, maSin

iqneboda saqarTvelo samudamod dabnelebuli~, _ es striqonebi 1922

wels iwereboda _ jer kidev simbolizmiTa da dadaizmiT gatacebis

wlebSi da amdenad igi sakuTar TavTan kamaTisa da dapirispirebis

gamovlenadac SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli.

ilis Rvawlis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs `ilia WavWavaZe~ nawyveti, igi 1922 wliT aris daTariRebuli,

90

roca, rogorc iTqva, tician tabiZe jer kidev `cisferyanwelTa~ erT

Tavkacad moiazreba da roca aranairi niSani ar Cans poziciis Secvlisa.

vicnobT ilia WavWavaZeze bevri mwerlis STambeWdav gamonaTqvamebs;

rad Rirs am mxriv konstantine gamsaxurdias, giorgi leoniZis da sxvaTa

nawerebi, romlebic didi sityvieri energiis Semcveli mWevrmetyveluri

frazebiT Cven gvagrZnobineben ilis didi figuris Zalas, mis udides

damsaxurebas saqarTvelos winaSe.

erTi gamorCeulia am TvalsazrisiT tician tabiZis ìlia WavWavaZe~.

tician tabiZes ganzraxva hqonia vrclad daewera iliaze deklaraciis

saxiT, Tezisurad, `romlebic Semdeg gaixsnebao~. tician tabiZis azriT,

XIX saukune ilias saukunea. es saukune ìliam kidec moigona, kidec

Seqmna da Tavisi sisxliT kidec dahkira~. `me-19 saukunis didi epopeis

mTavari mbrZanebeli iyo ilia WavWavaZe~. erTi sityviT, tician tabiZe

Zalin STambeWdavad miuTiTebs ilias im arsebiT niSan-Tvisebaze, rac

Semdeg sagangebod daxasiaTdeba, rogorc pirovnuli Zalis gancda (23).

ticin tabiZe am nawyvetSi miuTiTebs, rom sami meoTxedi im sityvebisa,

romlebsac dRes xmarobs qarTuli mecniereba, ilis Seqmnilia. Semdegi

Taobebi, amas ukve aRar ukvirdebiano, `rogorc ar ukvirdebian imas, Tu

vin moigona an Seqmna pirvelad ena~ (43; 13). axla enaTmecnierebi

sagangebod ikvleven ilis leqsikologiur damsaxurebas. am sakiTxze

uweriaT a. SaniZes, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofurias, i. qavTaraZes, j.

WumburiZes, b. jorbenaZes, ... monografiuli gamokvleva aqvs g.

SalamberiZes, arn. Ciqobava wers: àxla saliteraturo normebis sakiTxs

Seiswavlis samecniero dawesebuleba, xolo ilias dros saliteraturo

qarTulis normaTa sakiTxebis mogvareba sazogado moRvaweTa Taosnobis

saqme iyo. moTaveobas ilia WavWavaZe kisrulobda. es iTqmis axali

terminebis Sesaxeb, rac saliteraturo enas sWirdeboda qarTuli

leqiskis ASeswavlisa da leqsikonis Sedgenis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb.

amasac ilia WavWavaZe uvlida~ (47; 2-5).

sazogadod mTeli nawyveti ìlia WavWavaZe~ dawerilia ilias

pirovnebis Zalis gancdis niSniT. tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani

gviSinaarsebs ilias moRvaweobis sferoebis SemousazRvrelobas,

mravalmxrivobas; ìlia yvelgan cdida Tavis Tavs. is iyo poeti,

91

beletristi, dramaturgi, publicisti, Jurnalisti, mecnieri, reJisori,

finansisti, oratori, istorikosi da kidev ramdeni sxva...~, Cven ar viciT,

sad veZeboT misi SesaZleblobebis mTavri sazomi, `misi namdvili saxe~

(44; 482). da ai aseTi Tanabari Zalis, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis fonze,

tician tabiZe, iseve rogorc zogi sxva avtori manamde, (mag. kita abaSiZe)

fiqrobs, rom ilia gansakuTrebiT Zlieria prozaSi, rom XIX saukuneSi

praqtikulad iliam Seqmna WeSmariti proza, rom ilia WavWavaZe am mxriv

darCa dauZlevelad da rom mis Semdeg uklebliv yvelam misi gavlena

ganicada, da bevri vinc mas gars exvia, sacodavad gamoiyureba mis

gverdiT. tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirveli amaxvilebs yuradRebas imaze,

rom ara marto mxatvruli prozaa aseTi, aramed es iTqmis mis kritikul-

publicistur prozazec. sagulisxmoa rom tician tabiZe erT-erTi

pirvelTagani acnobierebs ilias publicisturi prozis mxatvrul Zalas;

marTalia, amas sxvebic grZnoben, magram tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirveli

mkiTxvels ucnobierebs ilias publicistikis didi zemoqmedebis Zalas.

araerTgzis iqna miTiTebuli zemoT, rom simbolisti t. tabiZe eWvs

qveS ayenebda ilias lirikis Rirebulebas. isic sayovelTaod cnobilia,

rom TiTqmis yvela kritikosi, vinc ilias da akakis poezias adarebda

erTmaneTs, upiratesobas yovelTvis akakis aniWebda (mag. n. nikolaZe,

sil. xundaZe, r. fancxava (xomleli), g. qiqoZe da sxv.) da ai 1922 wels

simbolisti tician tabiZe, romelic bunebrivia, icnobs gavrcelebul

mosazrebas, aRniSnul werilSi ilia WavWavaZeze saTanados miuwyavs

ilias _ lirikos poets da garkveviT acxadebs, `rom ilis leqsi, yovel

SemTxvevaSi ar CamorCeboda akakis leqss da mxolod TanamedroveTa

ukulturobas unda mieweros is, rom ilias ayenebdnen akakize dabla~ (43;

14).

bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZisaTvis yovelTvis Zvirfasi

iyo akaki wereTlis saxeli. jer kidev maSin, roca tician tabiZe

moskovis universitetis III kursisi studenti iyo, gardaicvala didi

akaki. tician tabiZem es Zalian ganicada da dabeWda `Рампа и жизнь~-Si

akakis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili werili. amis Taobaze TviTon ticiani

gviambobs Tavis SesaniSnav statiaSi `aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili~.

`rodesac akaki wereTeli mokvda, ianvari iyo 1915 wlisa. moskovSi

92

glovis xmad gaisma udidesi poetis sikvdili. ucxoeTSi ufro mwvaved

grZnobs kaci aseT sikvdils. maxsovs, maSin daibeWda Cemi werili akakize

`Рампа и жизнь~-Si (43; 127). es werili waekiTxa aleqsandre sumbaTaSvils,

gamoexmo ticiani da Seeqo .

marTalia, sxva calke werili Cven tician tabiZisa sakuTriv akakize

ar gvaqvs, magram ara erTsa da or werilSi exeba tician tabiZe akakis da

Zalian sayuradRebo mosazrebebs gvTavazobs mis Sesaxeb. Zalze

saintereso werilSi òmis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~ tician tabiZe

aviTarebs azrs, rom qarTveli mudam icavda Tavis sanukvar miwa-wyals,

Tavis saTayvano samSoblos. `qarTvelma omi gaixada RvTis msaxurebad~.

qarTvelma mweralma yuri ar aTxova pacifizms da erTxelac ar

uRalatia Zveli tradiciebisaTvis. didi humanisti akaki wereTelic ki

moxucebulobaSi natrobda Tavisi TeTri WaRaris mtris sisxliT

SeRebvas. àmnairma ganwyobilebam akakis sulisa amoaqsova àrabi faSa~,

romelic jer CvenSi saTanadod ar aris dafasebuli~. erTi mxriv swored

amitomac akaki grigol orbelianTan, iliasTan da vaJasTan erTad,

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tician tabiZes exateba Cveni eris mwuxris ki

ara, SuadRis momRerlad.

tician tabiZe warmosaxviT gadadis warsulSi da im qarTvel

didostatebze fiqrobs, romlebic jadosnuri feradebiT udgamdnen suls

Tavisi drois RvawliTa da gmirobiT Semosil pirovnebebs. `mxolod

mxatvrul mwerlobaSi ar arian aRdgenili es istoriuli figurebi~. da

ai, tician tabiZis sityvebiT àkaki wereTelma poema `Tornike erisTavis~

meoxebiT erTi TvaliT SeanaTa am samyaroSi, magram erTi poeturi

ieriSiT verc akaki aiRebda am cixe-simagres~ (43; 47). SesaniSnav werilSi

daviT kldiaSvilze tician tabiZe gakvriT axsenebs akakis prozas,

kerZod mis `raWis erisTav rostoms~. ticianis azriT esaa erTi

saukeTeso ambavi feodalebis cxovrebidan da igi ar Camouvardeba

stendalis ìtaliur qronikebs~. àq aRwerili rostom erisTavis

daSinaurebuli irmebis jogebis amoxocvis ambavi da TviTon rostomis

dabrmaveba nadirobis dros namdvilad homerosis eposidan aris

amoRebuli~ (43; 84).

93

savsebiT gasagebia, rom gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani tician

tabiZis, rogorc kritikosisaTvis aris vaJa-fSavelas figura. igi bevrs

fiqrobs vaJaze rogorc poeti da rogorc Teoretikosi. ar iyo

SemTxveviTi, rom vaJa fSavelas TxzulebaTa I toms, romelic 1927 wels

aleqsandre abaSelis redaqciiT gamovida, win uZRvis tician tabiZis

Sesavali werili _ `vaJa-fSavela~. es werili erT-erTi Zalze sayuraRebo

niSansvetia didi vaJas aRiarebis gzaze, rac iliam, upirveles yovlisa,

da grigol robaqiZem 1909 wels daiwyes. meore werili ufro mogvianebiT

_ 1930 wels daiwera da eZRvneba vaJas literaturuli winapris dadgenis

sakiTxs. tician tabiZis am statiaTa Sefaseba-ganxilvas vxvdebiT i.

evgeniZis sayuradRebo naSromSi (16; 137-147).

vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb tician tabiZes adrec aqvs gamoTqmuli

garkveuli friad sayuraRebo mosazrebebi, zogjer sadao. (mag, vaJas

warmarTobis Sesaxeb), magram ufro xSirad angariSgasawevi (vaJas bunebis

grZnobis Sexaxeb da a.S.); axla Cveni uSualo interesis sagani sakuTriv

vaJas Sesaxeb dawerili werilia, romelic vaJas TxzulebaTa pirvel

toms miuZRvis.

tician tabiZe Tavdapirvelad imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom

vaJa-fSavela TandaTan imkvidrebs did saxels qarTul mwerlobaSi da

rom zogierTisaTvis arc sadReisodaa naTeli misi memkvidreoba.

marTlac gaZnelda vaJas gageba da damkvidreba qarTveli mkiTxvelis

cnobierebaSi da rom am gzaze didia damsaxureba did metrTan ilia

WavWavaZesTan erTad grigol robaqiZisa da axalgazrdebis im jgufisa,

romlebic `cisferyanwelTa~ saxelwodebiT gamovidnen literaturul

asparezze, da romelTa Soris am mxriv gansakuTrebuli iyo roli tician

tabiZisa. aRniSnulis miuxedavad aqve tician tabiZe saWirod Tvlis

sagangebod ganacxados, rom vaJas aRiareba araa romelime pirovnebis

anda literaturuli jgufis kaprizi. misi damkvidreba-aRiareba xdeboda

bunebrivad misi Tvisebebis TandaTan warmoCenis gziT literaturis-

mcodneobaSi, rom bunebrivad xdeba im adgilis kanonierad dasakuTreba,

romelic mas ekuTvnis (43; 16). TiTqos ar iyo safuZveli vaJas aRqmis

gaZnelebisa, radgan XIX saukunis qarTvel poetTagan vaJa-fSavela

yvelaze ufro xalxuria da gasagebi. magram mas mainc imdeni specifikuri

94

Tavisebureba aqvs umTavresad fSauri dialeqtis xmarebis gamo, rom misi

erovnuli Rirebuleba `didxans daCrdiluli Canda~.

tician tabiZe sagangebod Cerdeba ilis rolze vaJas geniis

aRiarebis Taobaze. poeti aRniSnavs, rom es azri zepirad vrceldeba da

amis werilobiTi dokumenti ar arsebobso. da ai, ticians gadauwyvetia am

mniSvnelovan azrs werilobiTi dasabuTeba mouZebnos, ramdenadac, misi

sityvebiT, igi ver Sexvda ilias mier daweril iseT dokuments, rac

aRniSnavda `mTeli sisruliT~ vaJa-fSavelas movlinebas. ...da ai,

pirvelad qarTul litaraturul sinamdvileSi t. tabiZe gamoTqvams

dabejiTebiT varauds, rom ilias saxelganTqmul `werilebSi qarTul

literaturaze~ `didad saimedo poeti~, romelic n. baraTaSvilis kvals

Caudga da misi poeturi memkvidrea, da romelsac ilia WavWavaZe

sifrTxiliT ar asaxelebs, `vaJa-fSavela iyo~. t. tabiZe fiqrobs rom es

moridebuli aRiarebaa vaJa-fSavelasi 1892 wlisaTvis, roca ilias

`werilebi...~ daiwera. magram imdenad didi iyo ilias gamoTqmuli

Sexedulebis Zala, rom `es gaubedavi sityvebi vaJas kaninizaciad

miiCnies~. t. tabiZis mier gamoTqmuli es varaudi sazogadod iqna

gaziarebuli qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier (16; 142).

t. tabiZe imis saintereso axsnas iZleva, Tu ratom moxda, rom ilia

da akaki sococxleSive iqnen aRiarebuli, xolo vaJa-fSavela ise mokvda,

rom ar ugrZnia eris sayovelTao siyvaruli. t. tabiZis angariSgasawevi

axsniT, iliasa da akakis literaturul moRvaweobas emateboda

sazogadoebrivi Rvawli, eris winamZRoloba, xolo vaJas poeturi

SesaZleblobebis zenitSi yofnisas politika da poezia imdenad iyo

erTimeorisagan gaTiSuli obieqturi mizezebis gamo, rom mwerali

TavisTavad veRar TamaSobda im did rols, rac Tavis droze ilias da

akakis hqondaT dakisrebuli. 90-iani wlebisaTvis, roca vaJa-fSavelas

moRvaweoba uxdeboda, sakuTriv poezia aRar iyo imdenad did pativSi,

isic datvirTuli iyo `pozitiuri azrovnebiT~. am dros prozas ufro

daekisra ideaTa gamoxatva, vidre poezias, es iyo narodnikebis

moRvaweobis dro. ticiani fiqrobs, rom vaJas nawarmoebTa didi nawilic

`aRbeWdilia xalxosnuri suliskveTebiT~. gasagebia, rom es azri vaJas

narodnikuri suliskveTebiT aRbeWvdis Sesaxeb samarTlianad ar iqna

95

gaziarebuli Semdgomi drois mkvlevarTa mier; magram saqme isaa rom

ticianic male gaemijna am azrs. aRniSnuli werilis Tanaxmad, tician

tabiZe Tvlis rom vaJa-fSavela iyo sruliad `axali samyaro~, `sruliad

Taviseburi pirovnebiT da moraliT~, vaJa iyo `iseTi comisagan

mozelili, rom arc erT qveyanaSi imis purs ar sWamen~. mogvianebiT, 1930

wels daweril statiaSi `daviT guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela~ tician

tabiZem uaryo Sexeduleba vaJa-fSavelas rogorc uCveulo movlenis

Sesaxeb qarTul mwerlobaSi da Zalzed sainteresod vaJas cnobil

leqsze dayrdnobiT, romelic man daviT guramiSvilis xsovnas miuZRvna,

daasabuTa, rom vaJa Cvens poeziaSi ar iyo calke mdgomi xelovani, rom

mas hyavda literaturuli winapari da rom es winapari daviT

guramiSvili iyo. am weriliT tician tabiZem Tavisi didbunebovnebac

daadastura, uCvena, rom igi ganuwyvetlad fiqrobs TavisTvis

mniSvnelovan literaturul problemebze da ar eTakileba azri

Seicvalos, Tavisi pirvandeli Secdoma aRiaros. ticina tabiZis es

Zalzed sayuradRebo, nayofieri daskvna Semdgom ganviTarebas poulobs

grigol kiknaZis fundamentalur naSromSi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb (24; 271-

277).

qarTul sinamdvileSi kvalificiuri msjeloba simbolizmis raobis

Sesaxeb tician tabiZis werilebiTa da eseebiT iwyeba. am mxrivac aris

mniSvnelovani aRniSnuli statia vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb. tician tabiZe

erT-erTi pirveli akritikebs Sexedulebas vaJa-fSavelas simbolistobis

Sesaxeb.

simboloebs rogorc tician tabiZe miuTiTebs, mimarTavdnen yvela

droSi; mimarTavdnen mas antikur epoqaSiac da saSualo saukuneebSic;

bunebrivia vifiqroT rom simboloebs mimarTavdnen romantikosebic,

magram es sruliadac ar gulisxmobs rom saqme simbolizmTan gvqondes...

da rom swored vaJaze msjelobisas aris erTmaneTSi aRreuli

simboloebis gamoiyeneba da simbolizmi, rogorc literaturuli

mimarTuleba (43; 19). `CvenSi, aRmosavleTSi, _ wers tician tabiZe, _

mniSvneloba qonda kidev erT garemoebas, aq alegoria miRebuli iqna

simbolod, rac TavisTavad Secdomaa. vaJa-fSavela imdenad yovlisdamtevi

poetiaa rom advili iyo mis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi elementebis Zebna.

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Semdeg aseTma inerciam simbolistebad gamoacxada iseTi xalxi,

romelTac araviTari kavSiri ar qondaT simbolistebTan da Zalian

naklebi kavSiri – dawmendil mwerlobasTan, magram es albaT

analogiebis inercias miewereboda~ (43; 19). tician tabiZe samarTlianad

wers, àr arsebobs jer iseTi literaturuli gamokvleva romelSic iyo

axsnili am skolis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~. amdenad simbolizmi

rCeba aqamde erTgvar literaturul ganwyobilebad. umTavresi rac mas

axasiaTebs, aris naturalizmis uaryofa, formalur RirebulebaTa

gadafaseba. `sazogadod misticizmi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa

simbolizmisa~. vaJasaTvis isaa damaxasiaTebeli rac saerTod qarTuli

mwerlobisaTvis, rom misticizmi àr aris qarTuli mwerlobis

Tandayolili Tviseba~. vaJas azrovneba mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba

misticizms.

rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTeben, `vaJa-fSavelas weris maneris

Sesaxeb ticianis dakvirvebebma gavlena moaxdina Semdgomi Taobis

mkvlevarTa kvleva-ZiebiT praqtikaze. tician tabiZis mier wamoWrilma

aRniSnulma sakiTxebma Rrma mecnieruli dasabuTeba hpova cnobili

mkvlevris grigol kiknaZis wignSi `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba~, sadac

avtori mdidari mecnieruli da mxatvruli masalis safuzvelze wers

friad saintereso nakveTs wignisa _ `vaJa-fSavelas weris manera~ (16; 143).

Zalzed sayuradReboa is mosazrebebi, romlebic tician tabiZem

vaJa-fSavelas leqsTwyobis Sesaxeb gamoTqva. tician tabiZis TqmiT, vaJa-

fSavelas ar hqonia Tavisi individualuri leqsTwyoba. is umTavresad

eyrdnoba xalxur Sairs da asea Tavidan bolomde. es vaJasTan

gacnobierebulad xdeboda. es iyo misi poeturi misia, es iyo misi

damsaxureba. tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT, vaJas leqsika ar gamoirCeva

riTmis simdidriT. `vaJas riTma... Raribia. vaJas aqvs gamudmebuli à~ da

è~-Ti daboloebuli leqsis striqonebi, magram vaJa-fSavela ise awyobs

leqss da sityvebs, mas iseTi saidumalo aqvs qarTuli sityvisa, romelic

gamoucnoblad imaleba xalxSi da rac vaJam intuiciid igrZno da

SeiTvisa. mxolod es aZlevda vaJas leqss `naWedis simtkices~. es azri _

vaJas riTmis siRaribis kompensirebisa leqsikis amouwuravi simdidris

xarjze Semdeg saTanado ilustrirebiT Rrma mecnierul safuZvelze

97

dayrdnobiT ganviTarebulia grigol kiknaZis naSromSi _ `riTma vaJa-

fSavelas poema `baxtrionSi~ (27; 129-143). swored am konteqstSi _ vaJas

riTmis siRaribis konteqstSi ganixilavs tician tabiZe grigol

orbelianis TeTri leqsiT Sesrulebul `muSa boqulaZes~ da iSveliebs

ilia WavWavaZis mosazrebasac am leqsis Sesaxeb. aqve imowmebs tician

tabiZe ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa redaqtoris p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas:

`aq winaswar mocemulia saidumlo Seqspiris ivane maCabliseuli

Targmanisa. bevrs egona, rom es ritmi pirvelad ivane maCabelma moigona.

ueWvelia pirveli saTave grigol orbelianTan unda veZioT~ (43; 24).

tician tabiZis es msjeloba, TavisTavad mniSvnelovani erT koreqtivs

usaTuod saWiroebs. rogorc marTebulad miuTiTeben, pirvelad Seqspiri

erTad Targmnes ilia WavWavaZem da ivane maCabelma da is saleqso forma,

is TeTri, uriTmo leqsi swored maT gamoiyenes pirvelad `mefe liris~

Targmnis dros, ra sazomiTac Semdeg ivane maCabelma gaagrZela

SesaniSnavad Seqspiris Targmna, amdenad marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom

grigol orbelianis mier pirvelad qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoyenebuli

forma TeTri leqsisa Semdeg Seqspiris Targmnis dros daamkvidres ilia

WavWavaZem da ivane maCabelma (33; 156-157; 54; 182).

tician tabiZe exeba akaki wereTlisa da vaJa-fSavelas polemikas

vaJas poeziis enis Sesaxeb. misi Zalze sagulisxmo dakvirevebiT, akakis

araa aqvs safuZveli am sakiTxze vaJasTan davisa da igi mxolod `Saris

modebaa~, ramdenadac TviTon akaki Zlieria imdenad, ramdenadac eyrdnoba

xalxur sityvierebas, mis leqsSi yvelaze gamZle da lirikuli swored

isaa, `rac xalxur Semoqmedebazea dayrdnobili~ (44; 513). erTi sityviT,

rogorc miuTiTeben, sazogadod `akaki da vaJa, iseve rogorc ilia

WavWavaZe erT poziciaze dganan~ (16; 104-118).

zogjer sakamaTo, magram yovelTvis sagulisxmo angariSgasawev

mosazrebebs gvTavazobs tician tabiZe vaJas epikuri poeziis Sesaxeb. am

nawilSi avtori vaJas poemebs udarebs n. baraTaSvilis, iliasa da akakis

poemebs. misi azriT, maT Soris is udidesi gansxvavebaa, rom n.

baraTaSvili, ilia da akaki istoriul masalas imarjveben da istorias,

warsuls acocxleben, aq `paTosi gadatanilia warsulSi~, ara gvaqs saqme

98

pirdapir xilvasTan.1 vaJa mTaSi cxovrobda, `sadac jer kidev cocxali

iyo Zveli istoriuli yofa, SeiZleboda misi SemoqmedebiTi masalis

uSualo gancda, masTan uSualo ziareba, rac t. tabiZis azriT,

aucilebeli pirobaa WeSmariti eposis Sesaqmnelad, rom vaJa Semoqmedi

Zalian axlosaa xalxur warmodgenebTan, `xalxis koleqtiur sulTan~.

tician tabiZe sagangebod msjelobs vaJaseuli bunebis aRqma-

gansaxierebis Taviseburebebze. igi im azrs aviTarebs, rac, artur

laistis gadmocemiT, Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZes gamouTqvams (29; 50) da

rac Semdeg 1909 wels gaxda mTavari xazi grigol robaqiZis leqciisa

vaJas `gvelismWamelis” Sesaxeb (46; 184-192) da romlis Tanaxmadac, tician

tabiZis sityvebiT, `buneba misTvis ar aris usulo arseba. vaJas bunebaSi

yoveli arseba cocxlobs. nisli misTvis `mTebis fiqria~, `aragvs piri

ucinis, tani uSvenis xmliani~. misTvis ar arsebobs sicocxle gareSe

bunebisa da panTeisturi poezia ver daasaxelebda ukeTes poets,

romelsac gadmoucia es Sinagani grZnoba bunebisa da adamianis

Tanayofisa~. azri vaJas panTeistobis Sesaxeb, rogorc cnobilia

sabolood ar aris gaziarebuli (24; 131-140; 18; 37-51).

Zalzed sayuradReboa vaJas prozis tician tabiZiseuli

daxasiaTeba. rogorc miuTiTeben, `vaJas poeziis originalurobam da

saxeTa daZabulobam misi prozis `Cveulebrivi~ da dinjad mimdinare

metyveleba daCrdila. albad amiTac aixsneba, rom vaJa-fSavelas dideba

da saxeli jer kidev ar aris dakavSirebuli mis prozaul TxzulebebTan:

vaJas proza sagangebo yuradRebis sagnad aqamde ar gamxdara;

yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis `gamoyenebas~ Tu cdiloben vaJas

msoflmxedvelobis cxadsayofad, Torem Tavis Tavad vaJas prozas

namdvili literaturul-kritikuli analizi ar Rirsebia~ (24; 207).

Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom aseT viTarebaSi didi esTeti, faqizi

literaturuli gemovnebis tician tabiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani

aRtacebas gamoxatavs jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi vaJas proziT

mogvrils da mouwodebs literaturismcodneebs vaJas prozis seriozul

____________________________________ 1 Tumca aseTi gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi t. tabiZe ramdenadme ewinaaRmdegeba Tavis Tavs, roca akakis `raWis

erisTav rostoms~ homerosis eposidan amoRebulad miiCnevs (44; 84).

99

kvlevisaken. igi wers: `vaJa-fSavelas proza kidev moelis mkvlevars da

es mkvlevari iolad daamtkicebs, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis Semdeg

prozis aseTi ostati ar hyolia saqarTvelos~. swored vaJas proza

aZlevs tician tabiZes utyuar arguments imisTvis, rom ganacxados: àq

ukve aSkaraa, rom vaJa weris maneriT realistia~ (43; 26).

rogorc samarTlianad aris miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi,

`vaJa-fSavelas weris maneris Sesaxeb t. tabiZis dakvirvebebma gavlena

moaxdina Semdgomi Taobis mkvlevarTa kvleva-ZiebiT praqtikaze... tician

tabiZis mier wamoWrilma aRniSnulma sakiTxma Rrma mecnieruli

daxasiaTeba pova grigol kiknaZis wignSi `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba~,

sadac avtori mdidar mecnierul da mxatvrul masalis safuZvelze wers

friad saintereso nakveTs wignisa _ `vaJa-fSavelas weris manera~ (16; 143).

tician tabiZis yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti rom gansxvavebiT vaJa-

fSavelas poeziis enisagan vaJas proza daxvewili salitreraturo eniTaa

dawerili. tician tabiZis TqmiT, mwerals aq ara aqvs naxmari àrc erTi

provionciuli gamoTqma~ (43; 26). praqtikulad tician tabiZis es dakvirveba

imas gulisxmobs, rom dialeqtis gamoyeneba poeziaSi mxatvrul-

esTetikuri miznebiTaa nakarnaxevi da amave TvalsazrisiT saWiroebs

daxasiaTebas. vaJas saxelganTqmul moTxrobebs tician tabiZe moixseniebs

rogorc leqsebs prozad. am moTxrobebis mizandasaxuloba, tician

tabiZis azriT, bunebis gacocxleba da mis sulSi Caxedvaa~ (43; 27).

amgvari moTxrobebis gverdiT avtors yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba

fSavis Tanamedrove soflis Tema. am narkvevis mixedviT, tician tabiZes

vaJa-fSavela aSkarad xalxosnebis tipis mwerlad esaxeba. igi wers: àq

naTlad Cans misi sazogadoebrivi ideali, rac ayenebs mas sxva qarTveli

mwerlebis gverdiT, romelTa cxovreba da mwerlobis mizani iyo

mSromeli xalxis siyvaruli da gamoqomageba... vaJa-fSavela sxva mis

Tanamedrove `xalxosnuri~ mimarTulebis mwerlebis idealebiT

cxovrobs~ (16; 28). cota mogvianebiT tician tabiZe Tavis Tavad am

usafuZvlo mosazrebas Tavidanve uaryofs. aqve, amave werilSi, tician

tabiZeE miuTiTebs qarTul mwerlobaSi `mTis skolis~ arsebobaze,

romlis erT meTaurTaganac exateba vaJa. rogorc saTanadod aris

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miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi, qarTul mwerlobaSi araviTari

`mTis skolis~ arseboba ar dasturdeba (16; 145).

`tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT vaJa-fSavela Tavis TavSi aerTebs

Zveli da axali xelovnebis niSnebs. Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi masaliT is

eyrdnoiba Zvels, magram mxatvruli xedviT uaRresad Tanamedrove poetia~

(16; 144). swored amas mowmobs da sxvas arafers tician tabiZis sityvebi:

`vaJam dakarga Tavisi fesvebi da xalxis fesvebSi gaibna, man dakarga

Tavisi xma, rom xalxis xmiT amRerebuliyo. sxva xalxTa cxovrebaSi da

literaturis istoriaSi aseTi mwerlebi ibadebian mwerlobis

dawyebisTanave. es aris xalxis kosmogonia misi miTebiT da TqmulebebiT

STagonebuli poetebi - rogorc homerosia da virgiliusi. maT swamdaT

yvelaferi, rac Cven dRes legendurad gveCveneba. Tu es pirveli rwmena

ar yofiliyo, isini ase uSualod verc imRerebdnen, magram maSin isini ar

iyvnen Cveni skepsisiT datvirTulni. vaJa-fSavelam ki gaiara Tanamedrove

poeziis Sxamiani gza; man icoda me-19 saukunis yvela sawamlavi, magram

masSi mainc sZlia uSualo poeturma intuiciam da gadna xalxSi, gaixsna

mis gulSi, rom Semdeg amdgariyo gamarjvebuli siyvarulis Zlevamosili

simReriT~ (43; 30).

rogrc zemoT iyo miTiTebuli tician tabiZem samiod wlis Semdeg

dawera kidev erTi Zalzed sayuradRebo statia _ `daviT guramiSvili da

vaJa-fSavela~, romelic man `am ori didi mgosnis leqsis am ori didi

poetis Semoqmedebis motivTa, leqsis mxatvruli struqturis

SepirispirebiT daxasiaTebas miuZRvna, riTac `saTave daudo adreul

literaturul tradiciebTan vaJa-fSavelas mimarTebis rkvevas. amiTac

misca poetma erTgvari gezi Semdgomi Taobis mkvlevarebs, raTa maT

warmatebiT ekvliaT es saintereso problema~ (16; 146).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tician tabiZem erT-erTma pirvelTaganma ara

marto daaCqara vaJa-fSavelas popularoba, aramed miuTiTa im uaRresad

mniSvnelovan problemebze, rac vaJas Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa winaSe

imTaviTve dgeba. tician tabiZe aris erTi didi saxeli vaJa-fSavelas

rTuli da Rrma Semoqmedebis kvlevis gzaze, romelic axal impulsebs

aZlevs Semdgom kvleva-Ziebas.

101

baCana

tician tabiZes ekuTvnis werili baCanaze, romelic 1928 wels aris

dawerili, magram am werils arc sadReisod daukargavs mniSvneloba.

mokle biografiuli cnobebis STambeWdavad gadmocemis Semdeg

tician tabiZe axasiaTebs baCanas poezias. baCanas, ticianis TqmiT,

marTalia hqonda interesebi epikuri poeziisadmi, magram faqtia, rom igi

aq nakleb Zlieria. baCana ufro darCa rogorc lirikosi poeti. ticianis

TqmiT `muxa~, `tyvis simRera~, `kesane~, `vina sTqva saqarTveloze~

lirikuli Sedevrebia.

baCanas bevr leqsSi mSromelTa duxWiri cxovrebaa asaxuli. baCana

xalxis wiaRidan iyo gamosuli da xalxis saTqmels advilad

gamoTqvamda. baCanas aqvs interesi bunebis grZnobis gansaxierebisadmi,

mgram igi Tavis Zmas CamorCeba, sayuarReboa misi sagmiro leqsebi,

romlebis mxatvruli Zala imiTia gapirobebuli, rom aq igi xalxurs

eyrdnoba. tician tabiZe sagangebod gamoyofs leqss, romelic baCanam Zmis

sikvdilis gamo dawera. `Cven ar ggvonia, rom qarTul poeziaSi intimuri

grZnobiT am leqss sxva romelime Seedrebodes~, _ wers ticiani (43; 45).

miuxedavd drois moTxovniT gamowveuli garkveuli gadaxvevebisa,

uaRresad sayuradReboa is werili tician tabiZisa, romelic eZRvneba

daviT kldiaSvils. tician tabiZe saTanados miuzRvavs did klasikoss.

misi azriT, daviT kldiaSvilma uCveulo mxatvruli ZaliT gadmogviSala

imereTis wvril aznaurTa agonia (43; 79) TiTqos anegdoturi siuJetebiTa

da umniSvnelo detalebiT gadagviSlis mwerali aznaurTa wodebis

dacema- gadagvarebas, `qalaqis SemoWras sofelSi~.

tician tabiZis azriT, daviT kldiaSvilma Sehqmna iumori, qarTul

mwerlobaSi. tician tabiZe yuaradRebas amaxvilebs mogzaurobis

kompoziciuri RerZis gamoyenebaze qarTul mwerlobaSi. saubaria

`samaniSvilis dedinacvalze~. erTob sayuradReboa rom tician tabiZe

sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas mwerlis mier detalebis mowodebis

did ostatobaze, detalebis mniSvnelobaze realisturi qmnilebisaTvis.

sailustraciod ticians moaqvs bolo scena `samaniSvilis

102

dedinacvlidan~ da wers: `es mosamarTle, dawerili arza, bavSvis

tanisamosi, `kazirokiani~, qudi, Robis dangreva da yovelive davidaraba,

rasac samaniSvili ayenebs Tavis dedinacvals da patara Zmas, mowmobs, Tu

rogor qmnis daviT kldiaSvili wvrilmanebisagan Sedevrebs, es aris

mozaika, raRac bizantiuri ostatoba, rom kenWebisagan koSki aigos~. (43;

82). tician tabiZe agrZelebs: `ruseTSi n. gogolma imave xerxiT, rogorc

daviT kldiaSvilma `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~, poema `mkvdar sulebSi~

daxata memamuleTa ruseTis epopea~ (43; 82). mogvianebiT gr. kiknaZe Tavis

SesaniSnav gamokvklevaSi `gogolisebuli qarTul literaturaSi~

saTanado argumentaciiT aCvenebs, Tu rogor daamkvidres qarTul

mwerlobaSi gogoliseburi xedva ilia WavWavaZem, daviT kldiaSvilma. ra

didi, dauZleveli ostatebi arian isini detalizaciis TvalsazrisiT. am

SemTxveveSi tician tabiZis kvleva aris erTgvari winapiroba amgvari

mecnieruli narkvevis dawerisaTvis (26; 185-201).

tician tabiZis azriT, daviT kldiaSvilisagan `SeuZlia axal

Taobas iswavlos sada metyveleba, xalxuri enis gamoyeneba, lakonuri

frazis mokveTa, viTom umniSvnelo detalebiT monumentaluri suraTis

gaSla da anegdotiT _ eposis Seqmna~ (43; 87).

SesaZloa d. kldiaSvuilis relizmis maRal Rirsebas gaxazavdes

tician tabiZis Sefaseba, romelic bevrs usamarTloTac SeiZleba

moeCvenos: `d. kldiaSvili aris meistorie ulmobeli, gulqva,

ganukiTxavi~ (43; 84).

d. kldiaSvilisadmi miZRvnil werilSi tician tabiZe gakvriT g.

wereTlisa da e. ninoSvilis Rvawlsac exeba mwerlobaSi. k. abaSiZis

kvalobaze t. tabiZec g. wereTels saxavs naturalist mwerlad. t.

tabiZis sityvebiT, `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axal etapze SesamCnevi

xdeba giorgi wereTlis figura. pirvelad man Cauyara saZirkveli

saqarTveloSi naturalizms; pirvelad man igrZno axali sazogadoebriv

ZalTa dajgufeba da misca signali. es aris savaWro kapitalis SemoWra

saqarTveloSi da misgan gamowveuli cxovrebis aforiaqeba.

,,pirvel nabijSi” baxva fulavas saxiT Semodis qarTul mwerlobaSi

axali tipi, romelic mohyveba foTis navsadgurs, `mamida asmaTSi~ ki

mocemulia wvril aznaurTa budeebis dangreva.~ rogorc tician tabiZis

103

msjelobidan TvalnaTliv Cans, kritikosi kargad grZnobs g. wereTlis

rogorc pirovnebisa da mwerlis erT Taviseburebas _ imas, rom Cvens

mwerals aRmoaCnda uCveulo grZnoba Tanamedroveobisa, rom misi

Semoqmedebis Tematikac farTod gagebuli Tanamedroveobaa. gasagebia, rom

azri giorgi wereTlis naturalistobaze Semdgom ar iqna gaziarebuli

samecniero literaturaSi. rac Seexeba egnate ninoSvils, tician tabizis

azriT, mwerals aqvs ara marto alRo, aramed klasTa brZolis Teoriis

Segnebac. guriis magaliTze mwerali Seexo kapitalizmis gamanadgurebel

gavlenas sofelze.

tician tabiZe Tavis saxelganTqmul werilSi `martoobis ordenis

kavaleri~ aRniSnavs, rom n. baraTaSvilTan erTad mamia gurieli aris

martoobis ordenis pirveli kavaleri. (43; 94) TiTqos galaktionamde mamia

gurieli cdilobda eTqva, `rom daviRale me am kuboSi~. masSi iyo raRac,

rac mas ganawyobda am sityvebis saTqmelad, magaram mainc aumRerebeli

darCa balaxvani. `mamia ufro meti vizioneri iyo, vinem mqmneli... mis

nerviulobasa da yvirilSi ar iyo proporacia... es dawyevlaa poetisa.

ramden daumTavrebel simReras vmReriT Cven da ramdens vgrZnobT kidev

dauwyebels... mamiam Tavisi kaxaberic ver gamoitira saSineli tiriliT~

(43; 97). Cven aSkarad vgrZnobT, rom aq winapari poetis sulSi intuiturad

SeWrasTan gvaqvs saqme da imis danaxvasTan, grZnobasTan, rac kvlevis

gziT ar miiRweva. mkvlevarisTvisac poetis amgvari nagrZnobi da

gancdili fasdaudebelia.

104

Sio aragvispireli

aqve unda SevexoT ticianis kidev erT werils, romelic eZRvneba

Sio aragvispirels. saqme isaa, rom Sio aragvispirels tician tabiZe

miiCnevs axali qarTuli mwerlobis bolo warmomadgenlad.

tician tabiZis azriT, Sio aragvispirels etyoba gavlena mopasanisa

da meterlingisa. man literaturaSi Semoitana axali fsiqologiuri

novelis Janri (43; 53). Tumca t. tabiZe aqve dasZens, rom adreul S.

aragvispirels aklia siuJetis mkveTroba da sityvis ekonomia. am

SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria Sio aragvispirelze mopasanis gavlenis gulveba.

ticiani bevrad ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs im novelebs, romlebSic

uSualod qarTveli glexobis cxovrebaa aRwerili, romlesac mwerali

kargad icnobs. kritikosi sagangebod gamoyofs novelebs: `miwaa~, `yvelai

davkarge~, moTxrobas `giuli~.

mTavari Tema S. aragvispirelis novelebisa aris siyvaruli,

romelic mxolod xorcieli vnebaa da sxva araferi. mwerali xSirad

mimarTavs gamanadgurebel ironias. zogierT moTxrobaze, mag. `anton

zurabiCze~ poeti xedavs stanislav pSibiSevskis gavlenas.

qarTuli soflisa da glexobis didi codniTaa dawerili moTxroba

`deda mariami da xataura~. ufro ukeTesia `Cemo Svindav~.

Sio aragvispirelma scada erTxel dramatuli Txzulebis dawera,

magram am SemTxvevaSi man marcxi ganicada, saubaria `Sio Tavadze~.

`siuJetiTac da maneriTac es drama dawerilia moris meterlinkis `mona

vannas~ gavleniT. t. tabiZe fiqrobs, rom Sio aragvispireli Cans ar

icnobs scenas. `gaWianurebuli dialogebi kidev ufro amZimebs

STabeWdilebas~ (43; 59) .

t. tabiZes didad moswons Sio aragvispirelis sul bolodros dawerili

romani `gabzaruli guli~. gansakuTrebiT ticians is xiblavs, rom

aq mweralma daZlia skepticizmi siyvarulis grZnobis mimarT. `rac

avtorma manamde siyvarulis utkbiles grZnobas Seuracxyofa miyena,

erTad gamoisyida namdvili solomon mefiseuli qebaTa qebiT~ (43; 60). es

romani tician tabiZes Sio aragvispirelis Sedevrad miaCnia.

105

amrigad, erTob farToa tician tabiZis literatorisa da

kritikosis interesebis wre. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs misi

liteaturul-kritikuli werilebi da eseebi axali qarTuli mwerlobis

iseT did warmomadgenlebze, rogorebic arian ilia WavWavaZe, akaki

wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, baCana, daviT kldiaSvili, Sio aragvispireli da

a.S.

aq am werilebSi `maxvilgonivrulad mignebuli StrixebiT ikveTeba~

did xelovanTa, me-19 saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebiTi portretebi. t. tabiZis bevri dakvirveba,

migneba aSkarad cildeba kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebs da saTaves iRebs

saxelovani poetis nagrZnobsa da gancdilSi, rasac uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis sayrdenad.

marTalia, zogi ram SeiZleba moZvelebuli iyos, zogic sakamaToa

t. tabiZis nafiqr-naazrevSi, magaram ZiriTadaT misi mosazrebebi

sadReisodac ar kargaven Tavis did mniSvnelobas, aqtualobas da

gamodian safuZvlad Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis gzaze.

106

T a v i IV

tician tabiZis mokle narkvevi

`axali qarTuli literatura~

tician tabiZis kritikul-literaturuli narkvevebi, rogorc iTqva,

imiT ipyrobdnen yuradRebas, rom maTSi igrZnoboda ara mxolod

literaturis kritikosi, aramed da, upirveles yovlisa, literaturis

istorikosi, romelic romelime mwerlis an calkeuli nawarmoebis

Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxolod misi SefasebiT ki ar ifargleboda, aramed

am mwerals ganixilavda qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis WrilSi, Tu ra

imemkvidra man wina drois mweralTagan da ra siaxle Semoitana, rasac

Cveni mwerlobis Semdgomi ganviTareba unda ganesazRvra. rogorc gairkva,

tician tabiZes amgvari xedva ara marto calkeul mweralze daweril

statiaSi da werilSi aRmoaCnda, aramed mas Seuqmnia XIX saukunis

qarTuli literaturis istoriis mokle kursi.

tician tabiZes aRniSnuli narkvevi dauweria 1929 wels, dauweria

igi mas rusul enaze. tician tabiZes, rogorc Cans, am narkvevis dawerisas

is azri amoZravebda, rom mometebulad rusulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis,

konkretulad sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebisaTvis, waredgina

aRniSnuli saukunis mdidari qarTuli literatura.

rogorc Cans, es Canafiqri srulad ver ganxorcielebula

TandaTanobiT literaturuli atmosferos damZimebis gamoc 30-ian

wlebSi, magram moxerxebula am narkvevis dastambva erevanSi somxur

enaze. kerZod tician tabiZis megobars saxelovan somex poets eRiSe

Carencs, romelic xSirad stumrobda Tbiliss da tabiZeebis ojaxs,

tician tabiZis narkvevi somxurad uTargmninebia a. RurbanianisTvis da

1931 wels erevanSi dastamba kidec wignakis saxiT. saqme isaa, rom eRiSe

Carenci am dros iyo somxeTis saxelgamis direqtori. TbilisSi g.

leoniZis saxelobis literaturis muzeumSi aRmoCnda tician tabiZis am

naSromis rusuli Savi avtografi. moxda avtografisa da somxuri

Targmanis Sejereba da narkvevis rusuli teqstis da misi qarTuli

107

Targmanis wignad gamocema 2008 wels lado minaSvilis redaqtorobiT da

misi vrceli narkveviT. amdenad, 2008 wels qarTvel sazogadoebas

saSualeba mieca narkvevis daweridan 90 wlis Semdgom pirvelad gaecno

igi da Tavisi warmodgenebi tician tabiZis kritikul-eseistur

memkvidreobaze kidev ufro gaemdidrebina da gaefarToebina.

sadisertacio naSromis am TavSi miznad visaxavT lado minaSvilis

gamokvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT mokled davaxasiaTod tician tabiZis

aRniSnuli narkvevi da ZiriTadad vaCvenoT misi mimarTeba tician tabiZis

danarCen literaturul-kritikul memkvidreobasTan.

tician tabiZe jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda, 20 wlisa

simbolizmiT gatacebis pirvelsave wlebSi Seecada warmoedgina qarTuli

poeziis ganviTarebis erTgvari suraTi. am dros Tavisi nafiqri tician

tabiZem gaamJRavna cisferyanwelTa saprogramo werilSi `cisferi

yanwebiT~, romelic daistamba `cisferi yanwebis~ pirvel da meore

nomerSi 1916 wels.

mainc rogoria tician tabiZis koncefcia am droisaTvis, rogor

esaxeboda mas am dros qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis gza. tician

tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad fiqrobs, rom jer ar aris Seswavlili

ukanaskneli saukunec ki qarTuli mwerlobisa, rogori iyo misi

ganviTareba, rogori damokidebuleba hqonda rusul mwerlobasTan, anda

Zvel qarTul xelovnebasTan, romelsac hqonda rogorc Tavisi saxe,

stili, agreTve Tavisi filosofia. es is droa, rodesac arsebobs

mxolod da mxolod k. abaSiZis `etiudebis~ ori tomi da aleqsandre

xaxanaSvilis qarTuli sityvierebis istori, romlis meore tomi (qarTul

enaze) XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobas exeba.

arsebuli viTareba tician tabiZes aZlevs imis safuZvels, rom

ganacxados `amitom Znelia xelmZRvaneloba kritikulad srulad

Seuswavleli masaliT~ (42; 63).

am winamZRvris gaTvaliswinebiT tician tabiZe sqematurad ase

warmoadgens qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas: Zveli qarTuli mwerloba

iwyeba rusTaveliT da mTavrdeba besikiT. SeiZleba es istoriulad

marTali ar iyos, SesaZloa rusTavels winamorbedebic hyavdes da besikis

Semdegac ar momkvdariyos Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis suli magram

108

ticianisaTvis es ar aris mniSvnelovani (42; 63-64). àq mxedvelobaSi

misaRebia maTi Semoqmedebis intensivoba. am or poetSi saqarTvelom

Sekriba mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli energia. rusTvelma uaryo bizantiuri

esTeTika... rusTavelis leqsi, rogorc aduRebuli foladi, rogorc

pirveli simRera Tavaweuli eris beber bizantias ver daenaTesaveba.

rusTavels piri aRmosavleTisaken aqvs~ (42; 63-64). marto prologi rom

darCeniliyo, ticianis azriT, Semoqmedi kritikosi iqidanac igrZnobda

geniis sunTqvas. rusTvelis Semdeg ticiani udides poetad miiCnevs

besiks. besikis poezia liturgiaa Seyvarebuli gulis. àRmosavluri

orgeazi da avxorcoba besikSi Seyenebulia qarTuli keTilSobilebiT...

misi leqsis kultura, misi riTmis simdidre, mWreli epiTeti, naCdilTa,

niuansebis gamoxmoba, enis musikaluri energiis jadoqroba imas aiyvans

qarTuli simvolizmis mamamTavrad (mamamTavrad, rogorc frangma

simbolistebma aiyvanes ronsari da rusebma T. tiutCevi~, tician tabiZis

gansakuTrebul mowonebas is imsaxurebs, rom `marTalia besiki

cxovrobda saqarTvelos agoniis dros~, igi iyo `kancleri imereTis

mefis solomonis da daiRupa diplomatiuri misiis asrulebis dros~,

magram mas gayofili hqondao politikisa da poeziis sferoebi (42; 64-65).

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda ùkanaskneli texili qarTuli

politikuri cxovrebis, romelmac gansazRvra mTeli Semdegi yofna~.

saqarTvelom dakarga saxelmwifoebrioba, TandaTan ganmtkicda ruseTis

gavlena qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. `Zveli qarTuli suli jer

mZlavrobs, magram aRdgomis magier iferfleba. saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

gamodis poetebi, romlebic evropuli klasifikaciiT romantikosebi

arian, safuZveli, ticianis daxasiaTebiT, maT qarTuli aqvT, xolo

meores mxriv, qarTvel romantikosebs etyobaT gavlena evropeli da rusi

mwerlebis. baironis, Satobrianis, puSkinis, meore mxriv, qarTveli

poetebis, yvelaze ufro ki besikis. qarTulma gavlenam maT SemoqmedebaSi

mainc sZlia ucxo gavlenas.

`mxolod Soreuli elviT gaiars aq melanqolia. rom warmoidgenT

baironis amboxebas, mis usazRvro sevdas da demonizms, leopardisa da

mickeviCis pesimizms da misticizms, mixvdebiT rom T-di gr. orbeliani,

al. WavWavaZe da n. baraTaSvili sxvadasxva polusis xalxia... al.

109

WavWavaZeSi tiris Zveli aSuRi, misTvis mgrZnobeloba sjobs `yovlT

TvisebaT ciT movlenilTa~, `loTebSi~ is iZleva Sedevrs, romelic rCeba

qarTuli nadimis ritualis aucilebel sagnaT

visac Tan gqondeT neba gulisa,

eZebeT sitkbo siyvarulisa.

es gamoZaxilia saukuneebSi qarTuli sulisa. gr. orbeliani

samudamod darCa datyvevebuli saiaTnovas guldamwvari sityvebiT. mis

poezias ise araferi ar axasiaTebs, rogorc `lopianas muxambazi~. `n.

baraTaSvolSi gamokrTis besiki... mTeli wyeba misi pirveli leqsebis am

niSnis qveS midis. misi pesimizmi ganelebulia qarTuli suliT, cisken

iswrafvis, miwas mainc ar Sordeba~ (42; 65). tician tabiZe erTgvarad eWvs

qveS ayenebs nikoloz baraTaSvilis romantikosad aRiarebas. aq tician

tabiZe gaxazavs garkveul mimarTulebis artaxebSi did SemoqmedTa

moqcevis SeuZleblobas, iseve rogorc arc romantizmis gansazRvreba ar

aris srulyofili. Tavi da Tavi tician tabiZisaTvis mainc isaa, rom n.

baraTaSvilsac kavSiri aqvs Zvel poeziasTan (42; 66).

tician tabiZis azriT, arsebiTad icvleba viTareba 60-iani

wlebidan. 60-ian wlebSi gamarTuli e.w. TaobaTa brZola, mas ufro

kulturaTa brZolad esaxeba, brZola Zvel qarTul da axal rusul

ideologiebs Soris. `qarTuli poeziis yvavils dauwyes Secvla rusuli

xorbliT~... marTalia, am brZolaSi `iyo gamarjveba sruli

`TergdaleulTa~, magram es iyo damarcxeba mTeli Semdegi xelovnebisa.

am dRidan amoiSala qarTul poeziaSi Zveli suli. am `cru rusTavelebma

da liberalebma~ mwerloba gaixades samitingo zalad da poezia gazeTad.

rusTavelisa da besikis poeziis TviT miznobas imaT upasuxes cnobili

formulebiT. ilia WavWavaZem samudamoT dawyevla `frinveli garegani~ da

`tkbili xmebi~. akaki wereTeli aTas xvrels itovebda poetis

daniSnulebaze. poeti misTvis xan `uzrunveli pepela~ iyo, xan

`garemoebis sayviri~. akaki wereTelma garemoebis sayviriT Zalian bevri

iyvira. yvela es leqsebi bankis opoziciaze da advokatebze darCeba

rogorc politikuri satiris araniWieri nimuSebi (42; 66) am droidano,

110

wers tician tabiZe, TandaTan `magrdeba CvenSi gavlena rusuli

xelovnebisa, romelsac Soreuli kavSiri qonda namdvil xelovnebasTan

da araferi saerTo ar qonia kerZod qarTulTan. Cven uars ar vyofT

`mesamocianelTa~ mwerlebis sazogadoebriv damsaxurebas, magram imaT

samagierod ara aqvT esTetikuri damsaxureba~ (42; 67). tician tabiZes am

Cveni bunebisaTvis ucxo tendenciebidan qarTuli poeziis Semobrunebad

esaxeba mxolod da mxolod `vaJa-fSavelas genialuri buneba. vaJam

gaiara mTeli rigi rusul SkolaTa gavlenisa, magram misma genialurma

bunebam sZlia es Sxami... imaSi iyo Zveli suli da is magiurad iRviZebda,

roca Seexeboda qarTul eposs. vaJa didi protestia Zveli saqarTvelosi

da mTawminda ise aravis ergeboda, rogorc am wminda mTas~ (42; 67). tician

tabiZe vaJas gamonaklisad Tvlis. sazogadod ki `mesamocianelTa ioli

xeliT Semotanili rusuli xorbali amodis rusul qerad. yoveli

rusuli ara Tu Skola, seqciac ki iwvevs Tavis saxes: monaniebuli

aznaurebi, xalxosnebi, nihilistebi... qarTvelma aRorZinebis meTaurebma

samudamod damarxes Zveli saqarTvelos tradiciebi da ukanasknel

dromde Seqmnes ideuri terori warsulis winaaRmdeg. akakis da ilias is

upiratesoba qondaT, rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandaxan naxulobdnen

namdvil poezias. Semdeg maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe da dRes

uimedod gahkivis moqalaqeobrivi arRani kakafonias. yvela uniWo, usaxo,

enablu, visac xeli ar eRleba stanjavs dRes qarTul poezias~ (42, 68).

daaxloebiT ase warmoudgeba Wabuk ticians 1916 wlisaTvis qarTuli

poeziis ganviTarebis magistraluri xazi da am gzidan gadaxvevisa da

erTgvari dacemis momenti. erTaderTi gamonaTebiT _ vaJas geniiT. ai, am

fonze warmoaCenda tician tabiZe simbolistebis mosvlis kanonzomierebas

da `evropis radiusiT~ qarTuli leqsis gamarTvis aucileblobas.

axla ar SeudgebiT tician tabiZis mosazrebaTa kritikas, amis

Sesaxeb bevric iTqva da daiwera qarTul sinamdvileSi. Cven yuradRebas

axla im garemoebas mivapyrobT, rom 1929 wels, e.i. daaxloebiT Tormeti

wlis Semdeg iwereba `axali qarTuli literatura~ _ mokle istoriuli

narkvevi; aq tician tabiZe mTlianad icvlis Tavis Tvalsazriss da ukve

savsebiT marTebulad warmogvidgens XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis

ganviTarebis uwyvet gzas, saTanadodaa gaxazuli mTeli XIX saukunis

111

qarTuli mwerlobis erovnuli Sinaarsi, saTanadod aris aRniSnuli

qarTvel romantikosTa aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol da vaxtang

orbelianebis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis damsaxureba, naCvenebia qarTuli

romantizmis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. Rirseulad arian Sefasebuli

saxelovani samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli. sagangebod

aris xazgasmuli maTi poeziis Rrma moqalaqeobrivi da socialuri

Sinaarsi, is rac ase miuRebeli iyo adreuli ticianisaTvis, saTanado

aqvs miwyuli maTi skolis warmomadgenlebs didi Tu naklebi talantis

SemoqmedT. genialuri vaJa aqac saTanadodaa Sefasebuli da rac mTavaria

ara mowyvetiT, gancalkavebiT mdgomad qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi,

aramed rogorc misi ganviTarebis kanonzomieri mwvervali; xolo erTi

wlis Semdeg daiwereba sayovelTaod cnobili statia `daviT

guramiSvili da vaJa-fSavela~, romelSiac tician tabiZe ukve

konkretulad Seudgeba imis cxadyofas da dasabuTebas, rom vaJa-fSavela

martodmyofi ki ar aris qarTul poeziaSi, aramed Rrmada aqvs fesvebi

CaSvebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi, rom mas hyavs literaturuli winapari

daviT guramiSvilis saxiT da momavalSiac gamouCndebian gamgrZelebelni.

am narkvevSi Cven veraviTar winaaRmdegobas ver vxedavT ticianis

nafiqrsa da nafiqris gamoxatvas Soris. tician tabiZe ara marto

gulwrfelia aseTi mTliani suraTis warmoCenisasa, aramed Sinaganad

dajerebuli Tavis simarTleSi. yovelive aRniSnuli ki imaze metyvelebs,

rom tician tabiZe didi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT savse kritikosi da

mkvlevaria, romelic, rogorc Sehferis didbunebovan adamins, yovelTvis

fiqrobs, erTxel rwmenils amowmebs da roca xedavs adreul Secdomas,

zogjer ymawviluri poziT dapirobebuls, zogjer zogi garemoebis

gauTvaliswineblobiT gamowveuls, ar eSinia da pirdapir aRiarebs da

asworebs mas. maSinac gulwrfelia, roca uSvebs Secdomas da maSinac,

roca mas asworebs.

narkvevis qvesaTaurad tician tabiZe irCevs aseT definicias:

`literaturuli ideebis evolucia saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunidan Cvens

dromde~. erTi sityviT, tician tabiZem XIX sayukunis literatura

warmoisaxa, rogorc ideaTe bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesi.

XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis dasabamad kritikosi 1795 wels

112

acxadebs. misi azriT, esaa `dasasruli feodaluri saqarTvelosi~, roca

saqarTveloSi Seicvala `kulturul-istoriuli orientacia~.

romantikuli poeziis preludiad warmodgenilia aleqsandre WavWavaZis

poezia. xolo 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas tician tabiZe uwodebs `baironuli

erovnuli ajanyebisa da dekabrizmis gamoZaxils~ qarTul yofasa da

literaturaSi. XVIII saukunis dasasrulad tician tabiZes ioane

batoniSvilis epopea `kalmasoba~ esaxeba.

marTebulad aRniSnavs l. minaSvili, rom `tician tabiZe 1832 wlis

SeTqmulebis Sefasebisas Tavis droisTvis did gabedulebas iCens~ (45; 148).

marTlac tician tabiZemde aravis uTqvams adre xmamaRla, rom

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad ajanyebis ideas mxars yvelaze daumorCilebeli

aleqsandre batoniSvili uWerda, romelsac bevri momxre hyavda

saqarTveloSi. igi xan lekTa jarebiT gamoCndeboda, xan sparsTa“. da rom

„wesdeba qarTuli faruli sazogadoebisaTvis dekabristebis masonuri

loJebis yaidaze, ber filadelfos kiknaZis mier iyo Sedgenili“ (45; 20)..

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi didxans gverds uvlidnen SeTqmulebis

WeSmarit saxes, ZiriTadad miiCneoda „fermkrTal SeTqmulebad“

(galaktioni), ukanasknel xans ukve gadafasebulia mosazreba imis Taobaze,

rom 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba Sedarebul iqnas dekabristebis moZraobasTan (g.

gozaliSvili, r. CxeiZe), magram t. tabiZiseuli Sefaseba mainc

originaluria da Tamami. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs marTebulad:

„SeTqmulebis TiTqmis yvela monawile SemdgomSi literaturaSi

dawinaurda. maTgan bevrma daiviwya Tavisi politikuri romantizmi da

rusis jaris rigebSi brZolebis wyalobiT umaRlesi Cinebi moipova.

swored es iyo qarTuli mwerlobis pirveli kadric“ (45; 21).

marTalia, qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi ioane batoniSvilis

„kalmasoba“siRrmiseuli kvlevis sagani jer kidev ar gamxdara da arc

misi adgilia gansazRvruli qarTul mwerlobaSi, magram sruliad

cxadia, rom t. tabiZiseuli Sefaseba Seumcdaria.

rogorc aRniSnaven, XX saukunidan iwyeba XIX saukunis qarTuli

mwerlobis sazRvrebis gafarToebaze fiqri. Tu ilia WavWavaZe XIX

saukunis qarTul mwerlobas 30-iani wlebidan iwyebda da mis pirvel

warmomadgenlad aleqsandre WavWavaZes saxavda, Tu ilias mihyvebodnen k.

113

abaSiZe da al. xaxanaSvili, tician tabiZes v. kotetiSvilis kvaldakval

es TariRi 10-20-ian wlebSi gadmoaqvs da literaturis istorias ioane

batoniSvilis `kalmasobiT~ iwyebs.

marTalia, es Txzuleba franguli enciklopediebis stilSi

Sedgenili mravalmxrivi codniT aRWurvili mecnierul-mxatvruli wignia,

romelSic samecniero masalis siuxve Crdilavs Txzulebis mxatvrul

mxares, magram mecnieruli masalis mniSvneloba drosTan erTad TandaTan

klebulobs da sruliad kanonzomierad win gamodis am Txzulebis wminda

mxatvruli mxare.

es Txzuleba mogzaurobis aRweras warmoadgens: wignis mravalmxriv

da mravalferovan masalas kravs beri iona xelaSvilis mogzauroba

Tavis megobar zurab RambaraSvilTan erTad mTel saqarTveloSi,

saeklesio Sesawiravebis Sesagroveblad. isini Semoivlian saqarTvelos

TiToeul kuTxes, TiToeul sofels da iSleba am mogzaurobis

grandiozuli suraTi:

TxzulebaSi ixateba mTeli panorama XVIII saukunis miwurulis

saqarTvelosi. ar darCenila am drois saqarTveloSi momxdari ase Tu ise

mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac asaxva ar epovos am wignSi.

iona xelaSvili Tavis mogzaurobis dros xvdeba da aRwers

qarTvel didebulebsac, mebatoneebsac, romlebic ymebs hyidian, cxenis

gayidva ki eTakilebaT. moxuc qals Seurcxvenlad arTmeven marCenal

Zroxas. qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi roca momxvdur lekebs gandevnian,

axla TviTon daerevian glexebs da uwyeben Zarcva-glejas.

tician tabiZe Zalian maRal Sefasebas aZlevs ioane batoniSvils _

mTxrobels, gaxazavs misi stilis lapidarulobas, suraTovnebas. tician

tabiZis azriT `kalmasobaSi~ igrZnoba rables oxunjoba da xarxari.

`sulxan-saba orbelinic ki bevrs dakargavs masTan SedarebiT~, _ wers

tician tabiZe (45; 22).

tician tabiZis es azri ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasobis~

literaturul Rirebulebaze ar Seucvlia. sxvadasxva werilSi, sadac am

nawarmoebs exeba igi, yvelgan miuTiTebs am wignis did mxatvrul Zalaze.

rogorc wina Temis gadmocemis dros cxadad gamoCnda poet

114

aleqsandre WavWavaZis Sesaxeb tician tabiZis mosazrebebi, misi mimarTeba

am poetisadmi Cans narkvevSi `axali qarTuli literatura~.

tician tabiZe aleqsandre WavWavaZes qarTuli romantizmis

`mesaZirkvles~ (45; 23) uwodebs. poetis biografiis mimoxilvisas tician

tabiZe saWirod Tvlis sagangebod SeCerdes aleqsandre WavWavaZis mamis

garsevan WavWavaZis pirovnebaze. gverds ar uvlis im garemoebas, rom

garsevan WavWavaZisadmi qarTveli sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ar iyo

erTgvarovani. saqarTvelos aneqsiiT ganawyenebuli batoniSvilebi

garsevan WavWavaZis upatiosno TamaSze, angarebiT bunebaze miuTiTebdnen

da qveynis ubedobaSi masac debdnen brals. bunebrivia es ase ar iyo da

samwuxarod garsevan WavWavaZes misi mcdelobis miuxedavad arafris

Secvla ar SeeZlo. is ver alagmavda ruseTis imperiis mtaceblur

bunebas.

tician tabiZe fiqrobs rigi sxva avtorebis msgavsad, rom

aleqsandre WavWavaZes 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi marTlac ar miuRia

aqtiuri monawileoba, radgan rogorc fxizeli politikosi, fiqrobda,

rom isedac dasustebul saqarTvelos axali SfoTi mxolod uares

mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda. aleqsandre WavWavaZe urCevda SeTqmulT

ganzraxvaze xelis aRebas. bunebrivia ruseTis xelisuflebam isic

mkacrad dasaja, radgan yvelaferi icoda da fiqradac ar mosvlia amis

Sesaxeb marTeblobisTvis ecnobinebina, rac pirdapir dabezReba iqneboda

SeTqmulebisa _ misi megobrebis, naTesavebis da axloblebisa _ swored

amitom daisaja igi.

narkvevis SekumSulobis gamoc tician tabiZe ar iZleva aleqsandre

WavWavaZis vrcel daxasiaTebas. erTi mxriv narkvevis avtori aleqsandre

WavWavaZis poeziaSi xedavs sparsuli poeziis gamoZaxils, amasTanave _

kavSirs besikis poeziasTan. Tumca misi daskvniT, aleqsandre WavWavaZem

mainc Tavisi simRera moZebna da rom zogjer igi besiksac aRemateba.

tician tabiZe, erTi mxriv, aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeziaSi xedavs

hedonistur ganwyobilebebs, amis dasturia misTvis leqsi `muxambazi

laTaiuri~. es azri tician tabiZis Semdegac iqna gameorebuli, magram

argumentTa ararsebobis gamo mainc ver dadasturda.

tician tabiZe calke gamoyofs aleqsandre WavWavaZis leqss `gogCa~,

115

rogorc romantikuli ganwyobilebebis gamomxatvel pesimistur leqss. es

leqsi rom tician tabiZes gansakuTrebiT xiblavda, kargad gamoCnda

somxeTSi mogzaurobisadmi miZRvnil narkvevSi.

rogorc l. minaSvili miuTiTebs, `t. tabiZis dakvirvebebi al.

WavWavaZis poeziaze sayuradReboa da sadReisodac ar kargavs Tavis

Rirebulebas~ (45; 153).

Zalze sayuradReboa mokle, magram mniSvnelovani dakvirvebebi

tician tabiZisa meore did romantikosze grigol orbelianze.

tician tabiZe gr. orbelianis biografias erTgvarad ganmtkicebuli

tradiciis mixedviT afasebs _ erTi mxriv, politikuri romantizmi,

axalgazrduli gatacebani, meore mxriv, dawinaureba rusul samxedro

samsaxurSi, karieraze zrunva. rogorc ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisze

dayrdnobiT bolo drois gamokvlevebic TvalsaCinod mowmobs, azri gr.

orbelianis pirovnul gaorebaze simarTles ar Seesabameba1. didi

mamuliSvilis, gr. orbelianis tragizmiT aRbeWdili cxovreba meti

sifrTxiliT midgomas moiTxovs da rTuli pirovnebis biografiuli

faqtebis urTierTTan dakavSirebas da mTlianobaSi gaazrebas.

k. abaSiZisagan gansxvavebiT, poema `sadRegrZelos~ tician tabiZe gr.

orbelianis saukeTeso qmnilebad miiCnevs. `aq grigol orbelianma miaRwia

stilis maRali gamomsaxvelobasa da lapidarobas. saqarTvelos bunebis

aRwera sadReisodac ubadloa~, _ wers tician tabiZe (45, 27).

araerTgzis miuTiTebiaT poema `sadRegrZeloze~ rusi poetis

vasili Jukovskis poemis `momRerali rus meomarTa banakSi~ gavlenaze, am

miTiTebas bunebrivia ar Wirdeboda didi mkvlevaris alRo, ramdenadac

adreul variantSi TviTon poeti miuTiTebda `mibaZva Jukovskisa~. magram

Semdeg saboloo variantSi `sadRegrZelo~ ise daSorda rusi poetis

poemas, rom gr. orbelianma es miTiTeba `mibaZva Jukovskisa~ moxsna.

tician tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis, rom saboloo variantSi

gavlena vrceldeba poemis `formalur agebaSi~. tician tabiZis daskvna

______________________________

1 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ap. maxaraZis wigni `qarTuli romantizmi~, Tb., 1982. gv. 143-158, e. maRraZis, grigol

orbeliani, Tb, 1967, gv. 22-37. i. evgeniZis, gr. orbeliani, Tb,1995, gv. 3-75. l. minaSvili, literaturuli

narkvevebi, Tb, 2009, gv. 71-91

116

aseTia: `saerTod poema Rrmad originaluria~1 (45; 27).

didad sayuradRebod esaxeba tician tabiZes gr. orbelianis leqsi

`Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, romelSiac poetis pesimizmi

`awmyosa da warsulis kontrastuli SepirispirebiT Zlierdeba~ (45; 27).

tician tabiZis yuradRebas aseve ipyrobs gr. orbelianis leqsi

`Cems das efemias~, es leqsi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc romantikuli

sevdiT savse epistolaruli lirikis nimuSi. satrfialo leqsebze

msjelobisas t. tabiZe sagangebod gaxazavs am leqsebis konkretuli

SinaarsiT savseobas.

Tu Wabukobis Jams daweril statiaSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ tician

tabiZe didad ar wyalobda gr. orbelianis leqss `muSa boqulaZe~,

romelic `liberaluri azris~ `leqsis samkaulad~ momarjvebis cdad da

60-ianelTa mibaZvad, maT `turnirSi~ CaTrevad miaCnda (42;, 67), `axali

qarTuli literaturis~ mokle narkvevSi tician tabiZe eyrdnoba ilia

WavWavaZis mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, gr. orbelianma `dagvanaxa

pirveli, magram saucxoo da Seudarebeli magaliTi qarTuli uriTmo

leqsisa... da miT dagvimtkica, rom qarTul sityvasac Tavisi

asamaRlebeli xma hqonia, egre saWiro leqswyobis xmovanebisa da

musikisaTvis. man amiT gviCvena, rom qarTuladac SesaZloa uriTmo leqsi,

e.w. `TeTri leqsTwyoba~, romelic xmovanebiT da musikiT aranaklebia

riTmiani leqsisa. misi `muSa boqulaZe~, am mSvenier mwyobrsityvaobis

Seudarebeli magaliTia~ (50; 231).

tician tabiZe Cerdeba gr. orbelianis muxambazebis ciklis

leqsebze. am leqsebSi igi saiaTnovasa da besikis gavlenas xedavs, magram

amasTanave imasac cxadad miuTiTebs, rom am leqsebs poeti axali,

Taviseburi SinaarsiT avsebs da maRalmxatvrulobas aniWebs.

miuxedavad zogierTi koniunqturuli pasaJisa, saerTod narkvevis is

nawili, romelic gr. orbelians exeba, gamoirCeva saintereso

dakvirvebebiT, mignebebiT, romlebic sadReisodac Zalian sayuradRebo

Cans.

___________________________________ 1 dawvrilebiT, gr. orbelinis `sadRegrZelos~ Jukovskis poemasTan mimarTebisaTvis.

ix. j. WumburiZe, XIX saukune, literaturuli narkvevebi, Tb, 2004.

117

tician tabiZe mokled Cerdeba aleqsandre da vaxtang orbelianebze,

maT literaturul Rvawlze. orive mefe erekles SviliSvili iyo, misi

usayvarlesi qalis Tekla batoniSvilis Svilebi. tician tabiZe maT

TavianTi didi gvaris erTgvar ideologebad Tvlis. al. orbelians

kritikosi `patriarqaluri yofis~ mexotbed saxavs da am mxriv

`tendenciursac~ uwodebs. al. orbelianis narkvevs `uwindeli drois

batonymoba saqarTveloSi~ batonymobis gaidealebad miiCnevs da realuri

sinamdvilis warmosadgenad mas upirispirebs ioane batoniSvilis

`kalmasobas~.

vfiqrobT, al. orbelianis Semoqmedebis da kerZod misi aRniSnuli

narkvevis amgvari Sefaseba tician tabiZis epoqiTaa dapirobebuli.

sinamdvileSi al. orbelianis ideali upirvelesad gulisxmobs

Tavisufal, daumonav saqarTvelos. mTeli misi cxovreba mimarTuli iyo

rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. `kalmasoba~ swored imas asaxavs

kargad, ra cud rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi ucxo saxelmwifos

interesebis gabatoneba. Tanamedrove samecniero da mxatvrul

literaturaSi gansxvavebulad warmoCnda al. orbelianis Rvawli (48).

sagulisxmoa v. orbelianis tician tabiZiseuli Sefaseba. tician

tabiZe wers: `vaxtang orbeliani Tavisi winamorbedi ufrosi

romantikosebis maneriT aRwers saqarTvelos warsuls, igi aseve aRsavsea

gardasuli istoriis guguniT, magram mas mainc moepoveba imedis

gamokrTobani... zogjer misi mzera mesianizmiT aris ganaTebuli.

gansakuTrebiT es igrZnoba leqsebSi: `imedi~, `jvari vazisa~, sadac

laparakia imaze, rom saxelovani istoriis mqone xalxi SeuZlebelia

daiRupos~ (45; 31).

tician tabiZis saintereso dakvirvebiT, v. orbelianis Semoqmedeba

erTgvari gaorebiT aRiniSneba. marTalia, igi daibada da aRizarda

romantizmis epoqaSi, magram mas ara aqvs gr. orbelianisa da n.

baraTaSvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli mTlianoba; igi

pirovnulad TiTqos ufro ilia WavWavaZis realistur skolas miemxro,

magram misTvis mainc ucxo darCa 60-iani wlebis socialuri ideebi da

amdenad misi patriotuli lirika garkveulad moklebulia moqalaqeobriv

suliskveTebas.

118

tician tabiZe evropuli romantizmis `gugunsa~ da `baironis

daRvremil pesimizms~, puSkinisa da lermontovis gavlenas aRniSnavs n.

baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebaze, magram amasTan mkveTrad gansazRvravs:

`baironizmis Semotevas, puSkinisa da lermontovis gavlenas

baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi Rrma kvali ar dautovebia. misma adre

momwifebulma geniam ajoba sakuTar TavSi ucxo poetTa gavlenas da

Seiwova ra mRelvare saukunis saerTo dinebebi, Camoyalibda rogorc

organuli da nacionaluri~ (45; 33).

tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi `axal epoqasTan

gadaZaxils~ warmoaCens, `axali adamianis naRvels~ grZnobs, radgan poeti

`xedavs da grZnobs misi warmomSobi klasis daRupvas, sikvdiliswina

agonias. aq gancdebisa da Tavisi epoqis gamoxatvis siRrme erTi nabijiT

win uswrebs movlenebs da sxva cxovrebis moaxlovebas gvamcnobs~ (45; 34).

sainteresod warmoaCens tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis

sociologiur analizs. zogadad literaturaTmcodneoba ar aris

obieqturi socialuri fesvebis Ziebisas. an zedmetad calmxrivia da

`klasobrivi TeoriiT~ damZimebuli, anda sruliad uferuli. tician

tabiZem obieqturi suraTi daxata baraTaSvilis epoqis socialuri

yofisa saqarTveloSi, konkretulad TbilisSi. voroncovis mier kargad

dagegmili da gaTvlili RonisZiebebi _ `Tavadaznaurobis gadarCenis

mcdeloba~ da `mdidruli bal-maskaradebis~, burJua mevaxSeebis,

~nikolozis reJimis~ gadagvarebis gza. am fonze ganixilavs tician

tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis poemas `bedi qarTlisa~:

`n. baraTaSvili aSkarad icavs mmarTvelobis konstituciur formas.

pativs miagebs mefe erekles misi gmirobis, qveynis winaSe damsaxurebisa

gamo, magram mainc ar Tvlis marTebulad, rom erTi adamiani wyvetdes

xalxis beds.

gzadagza poemaSi aRwerilia warsulSi qarTveli qalis gmiruli

xasiaTi da qarafSutoba Tanadrouli qalebisa, im dros, roca

voroncovis mier dagebulma maxeebma, fufunebam da simdidrem yvelaze

adre qalis,, guli Secvala~ (45; 35).

`meranisa~ da `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ tician tabiZiseuli analizi

ar aris originaluri da gansxvavebuli tradiciulisagan.

119

marTebulad aRniSnavs l. minaSvili: `n. baraTaSvilis genialur

`meranze~ saubrisas, tician tabiZes aqcenti gansakuTrebiT gadatanili

aqvs am leqsis winaswarmetyvelur xasiaTze. igi wers: `meranSi~ poetma

iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi sikvdili da sikvdilis garemoebebis

detalebic ki~. aq mniSvnelovani isicaa, rom es sityvebi im kacs ekuTvnis,

romelmac aseve iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi aRsasruli da `sikvdilis

garemoebebis detalebic ki~ (45; 162).

calkeul leqsTagan tician tabiZe kidev exeba `sulo borotos~,

leqss `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ da am SemTxvevaSic saintereso mosazrebebs

gvTavazobs: `sulo boroto~ imdenad aris aRbeWdili xalxurobiT, rom

`xalxuri Semoqmedebis nayofi gegonebao~, _ wers narkvevis avtori (45; 37).

meore leqsSi TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili soflis amaoeba, romelsac

veravin gaeqceva `magram leqsis dasasruls igi mainc poulobs simxnevis

da ase amTavrebs~... aq motanilia bolo strofi leqsisa.

tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis leqsSi `napoleon~ individualistur

ganwyobilebebs xedavs. tician tabiZe am mosazrebiT im mkvlevrebs

eTanxmeba erTgvarad, romlebic n. baraTaSvilis garkveulwilad

individualistad saxavdnen. rac rogorc Semdgomi drois kvleva-Ziebam

cxadyo, simarlTes ar unda Seesabamebodes. amJamad savsebiT marTebulad

leqsi `napoleon~ ganixileba, rogorc Zlieri pirovnebisadmi poetis

gansakuTrebuli interesis gamomxatveli Txzuleba. rogorc miuTiTeben,

`sakuTari Zalebis TviTgancda Zlieri pirovnebis niSania da Zlierebis

gamomxatveli es Tviseba n. baraTaSvilis poeziis dedaZarRvia~ (19; 71-73).

tician tabiZe n. baraTaSvilis romantizmis epoqis yvelaze

dasrulebul poetad Tvlis. man yvelaze TvalnaTliv gamoxata Tavisi

Taobis miswrafebani. am TvalsazrisiTac imis gavlena momdevno Taobis

poetebze uzarmazaria~ (45; 37). es nawili tician tabiZis narkvevisa

gamoirCeva didi Sinagani damuxtulobiT, nagrZnobobiT, TvalnaTliv Cans,

rom genialuri poetis suliskveTebas, swrafvas, ukmarobas Wvrets

moziare sulis Tanaganmcdeli maRali esTetikuri aRqmis faqizi poeti.

mravalmxriv sainteresoa tician tabiZis mier giorgi erisTavis

Semoqmedebis analizi. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile da poloneTSi

gadasaxlebuli Sin dabrunda `polonuri mesianizmiT~ datyvevebuli.

120

Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqtorobam da qarTuli Teatris xelmZRvanelobam

gansazRvra g. erisTavis Semoqmedebis srulad axali gza. Tu adre misi

Semoqmedebis Tematika ar gansxvavdeboda romantikosTa Tematikisagan, Tu

adre isic dastiroda samSoblos beds, misgan daSorebas, poloneTSi

gadasaxlebam masze ganmsazRvreli zemoqmedeba moaxdina.

g. erisTavma iwyo komediebis wera. am Janrs ki qarTuli mwerloba

ar icnobda.

g. erisTavma saTave daudo Tavisi komediebiT realistur Teatrs.

g. erisTavs gamouCndnen mimdevrebi, dramaturgiaSi g. erisTavis

tradiciebi imemkvidres zurab antonovma, ufro mogvianebiT avqsenti

cagarelma, xolo prozaSi es saqme gaakeTes daniel WonqaZem da lavrenti

ardazianma. amas Semdeg mohyveba maTi memkvidreobis mokle daxasiaTeba.

bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZe sagangebo yuradRebas

dauTmobda ilia WavWavaZes, mis Semoqmedebas, sazogadod mis rols

qarTuli mwerlobisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.

tician tabiZis sityvebiT, ilia WavWavaZem `Tavisi gavleniT aavso

mTeli me-19 saukune~ (45; 45).

ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis analizs batonymobis winaaRmdeg

brZolis SemarTebiT iwyebs tician tabiZe, rasac barbare jorjaZesTan

cxare kamaTis garemoebebze msjeloba mosdevs. tician tabiZe

`TergdaleulTa~ da Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa, anu `mamaTa da

SvilTa~ brZolasac exeba da am SemTxvevaSi igi tradiciuli

Sexedulebis farglebSi rCeba. igi eTanxmeba arCil jorjaZisa da sxvaTa

mier ganviTarebul azrs da praqtikulad mas imeorebs. misi azriTac 60-

70-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda or Taobas Soris brZolas, romelic

axalgazrdebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

rogorc es mosalodnelic iyo, ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis

ganxilva ZiriTadad socialur planSi mimarTeba.

Tu adre tician tabiZe ilia WavWavaZis poezias imitom ar

iwynarebda, rom misi azriT, moqalaqeobrivi interesebi ar iyo WeSmariti

lirikis gamoxatvis sagani, axla, narkvevSi igi sagangebod swored iseT

leqsebs axasiaTebs, romlebic moqalaqeobrivi poeziis klasikur nimuSebs

warmoadgenen. ilias leqsebi yuradRebas iqceven mxurvale protestiT,

121

mimarTuliT damkvidrebuli socialuri urTierTobis winaaRmdeg. tician

tabiZis TqmiT, ilia WavWavaZem warsulze romantikul ocnebas

daupirispira momavali saqarTvelos, ganaxlebuli saqarTvelos ideali.

poemebis ganxilvisas avtori calke gamoyofs mZafri socialuri

gamiznulobis àCrdilsa~ da `ramdenime suraTs anu epizods yaCaRis

cxovrebidam~. poema àCrdilze~ saubrisas calke Cerdeba narkvevis

avtori XIX saukunisadmi mimarTul odaze Sromis sufevis Sesaxeb,

romelic misi sityvebiT, `dRemde rCeba samoqalaqo poeziis Sedevrad (45;

47).

batonymobis Temaze Seqmnil prozaul qmnilebebs `glaxis naambobs”

da `kacia-adamians?!~ kritikosi mometebulad Sinaarsoblivi

TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. moTxroba `kacia-adamianma?!~, tician tabiZis

TqmiT, sazogadoebrivi qariSxali gamoiwvia~ (45; 48). am satiruli

moTxrobis dedaazri TviTon moTxrobis saTaurSi ikiTxeba:

`rasakvirvelia es adamiani ar aris, am adamianismagvarma dakarga

yovelgvari Segnebuli mimarTeba cxovrebisadmi da cxovelad gadaiqca~

(45; 48).

òTaraanT qvrivis~ ganxilvisas tician tabiZe ganicdis

gabatonebuli tradiciuli Sexedulebis gavlenas, romlis Tanaxmadac,

ilia 80-iani wlebisaTvis àrcTu Zalian uRrmavdeba socialur Zirebs.

igi ukve mivida klasobrivi morigebis Tvalsazrisamde~ (45; 49). es

Sexeduleba im gavrcelebuli marqsistuli literaturismcodneobis

gamoZaxilia, romlis Tanaxmadac ilia WavWavaZe TiTqos adre adga

klasobrivi brZolis Tvalsazriss da rom TiTqos mogvianebiT man

pozicia arsebiTad Seicvala. Tavisi Tvalsazrisi ilia WavWavaZes arc

arasodes ar Seucvlia. igi mwvave socialur problematikasac erovnuli

TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda yovelTvis WabukobaSic da xanSiSesulic da,

rogorc vaJa-fSavela ambobs, ilia WavWavaZe mTliania, rogorc òqros

zodi~, ilia WavWavaZe fiqrobda, rom ,,gankerZoeba wodebaTa, gancalkeveba

erTi qveynis SvilTa, romelTa cxovreba, interesebi, grZnoba, azri,

miswrafeba, uricxvi simiT aris gadabmuli da gadaxlarTuli,

danaSaulia, Secdomaa. es Secdoma dagmo Zvel erTa istoriam da

daamtkica, rom mxolod yvela wodebis kavSiri gauZlebs ganaTlebis da

122

xalxis dawinaurebis damabrkolebel mizezebs.

umTavresi da iqneb erTaderTi garemoeba, romlis wyalobiTac

daiRupnen da aRigavnen dedamiwis zurgidam mravalni Zlierni da

saxelovanni erni, iyo uTanxmoeba da gansxvaveba wodebaTa Soris~ (51; 376).

tician tabiZe ideuri TvalsazrisiT ar iwynarebs òTaraanT qvrivs~.

misi azriT, idealizirebuli saxeebia giorgi, romelic nacvlad

klasobrivi Segnebis mqone mojamagirisa, ufro uimedod Seyvarebul

romeos Camohgavs, aseve arCili da keso, romlebic gaidealebuli monanie

aznaurebi arian.

samagierod, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT moTxroba narkvevis

avtoris aRtacebas iwvevs. ostatobis TvalsazrisiT, moTxroba

srulyofilebamdea asuli. òTaraanT qvrivis~ Semdeg, aseTi

dasrulebuli Txzulebis Seqmna verc ilia WavWavaZem SeZlo da verc

sxvam. monumenturia oTaraanT qvrivi, rogorc qarTveli glexi qalis

saxe.

rogorc cxadi xdeba narkvevis gacnobidan, ilia WavWavaZis

Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas t. tabiZe sagangebod mainc mwvave socialuri

sakiTxebis Semcvel nawarmoebebze Cerdeba ufro. aq narkvevSi araa

sagangebod ganxiluli poema `gandegili~, rac SeiZleba aixsnas arsebuli

viTarebiT. rogorc Cans, CaiTvala rom aq ar aris dasmuli wminda

socialuri problematika da poema ramdenadme mainc religiur

gamiznulobasac atarebs.

akaki wereTelis Sesaxeb monakveTi mTel narkvevSi gamorCeulia. igi

dasrulebuli, Sekruli, Tanmimdevruli da Rrmaa. vfiqrobT, amis mizezi

isic unda iyos, rom tician tabiZe Tavad grZnobda Tavs Semoqmedebis

adreul etapze àkakis skolis~ warmomadgenlad. quTaisis gimnaziasa da

mTels imereTSi, tician tabiZisa da galaktionis bavSvobaSi xom akakis

leqsi batonobda da misi popularoba ganuzomlad didi iyo. akakis

leqsebi, poemebi da istoriuli dramebi bavSvobaSive SeiTvises, yrmobisas

baZavdnen mas pirvelive leqsebiT, xolo Semoqmedebis Semdgom

periodebSic fiqrobdnen da ikvlevdnen misi Semoqmedebis popularobis

mizezebs. swored es unda iyos imis safuZveli, rom akakize tician tabiZe

wers codniT, gamocdilebiT siRrmiseuli gaazrebiTa da siyvaruliT. ar

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darCenila akakis biografiisa da Semoqmedebis arc erTi mxare, romelic

ar hqondes gacnobierebuli da ganzogadebuli poets.

Cveulebrivad poetis biografiasa da mis aristokratul

warmomavlobas asuraTxatebs tician tabiZe. `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ miaCnia

ara mxolod akakis, aramed XIX s-is 40-iani wlebis saqarTvelos

feodaluri yofis gasacnobad umniSvnelovanes literaturul

dokumentad. akakis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis saidumlo gasaRebad,

glexis ojaxSi aRzrdiloba miaCnia. Tavad akaki afasebda amgvarad da

tician tabiZec aqedan amozrdis akaki Semoqmedebis umTavresi Tvisebis _

xalxurobis, bunebrivobisa da gulwrfelobis madlmosilebas. is rom

akaki `Tavs aridebda wreobanas~, politikur partiebs da yovelTvis

obieqturi rCeboda, maRla idga sulierad viwro karCaketil azrovnebaze,

tician tabiZes aseve misi xalxurobis, bunebrivobis, demokratizmis

nimuSad esaxeba.

tician tabiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba, rom akaki wereTelma

pirvelma qarTul sinamdvileSi daiwyo wera bavSvebisaTvis. akakis

Targmanebi krilovis leqsebisa isea gaqarTulebuli, rom SeiZleba

originalur leqsebadac ki CaiTvalos.

tician tabiZe calke ganixilavs akaki wereTlis dramaturgiul

Rvawls. komediebis weraSi, rogorc tician tabiZe SeniSnavs, akaki

agrZelebs g. erisTavis tradiciebs.

istoriis Rrma codniT gamoirCeva akakis istoriuli dramebi da

poemebi. sagulisxmo dakvirvebad gvesaxeba tician tabiZis azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom akaki Tavis istoriul dramebsa da poemebSi mometebulad

gansasaxiereblad irCevs nacionaluri cxovrebis yvelaze Znel momentebs

_ arabebis batonobis, bizantielTa da sparselTa Semosevis faqtebs.

calke gamoyofs tician tabiZe akakis prozaul Sedevrs _ `baSi-

aCuks~, qarTuli prozis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mas erT did

niSansvetad miiCnevs.

ucxoel avtorebTan paralelebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom

samoqalaqo motivebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT akaki nikoloz nekrasovs

axsenebs. misi politikuri satira iuvenalis leqsebis msgavsad

amaTraxebs sazogadoebis mankierebebs. akakis leqsebi isevea sasimRerod

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momarTuli, ticianis azriT, rogorc beranJes leqsebi, xolo akakis

dramebi rTuli siuJetiT, xasiaTebis daxvewilobiT da weris ostatobiT

stendalis `italiur qronikebs~ mogvagonebs. rac Seexeba moTxroba

`baSi-aCuks~, misi roli qarTul mwerlobaSi utoldeba puSkinis

`kapitanis qaliSvilis~ rols rusuli mwerlobisaTvis.

tician tabiZe Tvlis, rom akakis gavlenam ara marto uzarmazari

zemoqmedeba moaxdina Semdegi drois mwerlebze, aramed akakim skola

Seqmna, magram Zalze Zneli iyo praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo akakis

mowafeebs maswavleblis ostatobamde mieRwiaT.

tician tabiZe amis Semdeg erTgvarad arRvevs qarTvel mkvlevarTa

tradiciul daxasiaTebis gzas da nacvlad 60-ianeli giorgi wereTlis

Semoqmedebis ganxilvisa, e.w. mTis skolis~ warmomadgenlebs r. erisTavs,

vaJa-fSavelas da aleqsandre yazbegs exeba. tician tabiZis azriT,

rogorc inglisSi arsebobda `tbis skola~, ise saqarTveloSic arsebobs

`mTis poetebis skola~. am skolis mamamTavrad SesaZloa ilia WavWavaZe

miviCnioT, radgan `man adreul nawarmoebSi `mgzavris werilebi~ aRwera

mgzavroba fostis `povoskiT~ ruseTidan saqarTveloSi darialis xeobis

gavliT saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, sadac gamoiyvana mTieli Tavisi

dialeqtis SenarCunebiT. mokle dialogebSi ilia WavWavaZem SeZlo

mTielis xasiaTisa da bunebis asaxva ise, rom tipi dasrulebulad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mTielis saubari saqarTvelos bedze Semdgom

sxvadasxva variaciiT meordeba literaturaSi, rac iZleva kidevac imis

sababs, rom ilia WavWavaZe mTis poetTa skolis damwyebad CaiTvalos~ (45;

54).

rafiel erisTavis `samSoblo xevsurisa~ tician tabiZes miaCnia

baraTaSvilis `meranis~ tolfasad. misi azriT, es leqsi aris

`orfesvuli himni samSoblosa da mTebisadmi~.

vaJa-fSavelas literaturul naTlobad tician tabiZe miiCnevs ilia

WavWavaZis gancvifrebas misi leqsebiT: `Tavad ilia WavWavaZem daxara

Tavisi diqtatoruli Tavi axali gigantis winaSe da Sewyvita leqsebis

wera~.

`vaJa-fSavelas simReris Zirebi xalxur SemoqmedebaSia~ _ wers

tician tabiZe, rac imis mizezadac miaCnia, rom Seiqmna mcdari warmodgena

125

mis poeziaze _ TiTqos vaJa-faSvela CamorCa Tanamedroveobaso~. es

sityvebi perifrazia geronti qiqoZis vaJa-fSavelasadmi miZRvnili

werilebidan. tician tabiZe sworad aanalizebs amgvari warmodgenis

Seqmnis mizezs.1

vaJa-fSavelas niWi da nayofiereba gansacvifrebeli iyo da tician

tabiZis TqmiT, misma `mtrebma Seqmnes legenda, TiTqos mas xurjiniT

Camohqonda xalxuri leqsebi da Tavisad asaRebda~.

tician tabiZe miiCnevs, rom vaJa-fSavelas leqsi `naWedia da yvelaze

madliani sagmiro eposisaTvis~. igi ixsenebs, rom `germaneli swavluli

artur laisti, romelic mravali wlis manZilze Seiswavlida qarTul

literaturas, ambobs, rom msoflio poeziaSi ar arsebobs poeti, vinc ise

gamosaxavda da SeigrZnobda mTebs, rogorc vaJa-fSavela~ (45; 58).

epikuri poemis aRorZineba, tician tabiZis azriT, rusTvelis Semdeg

ver SeZles verc romantikosebma da verc iliam da akakim. `epikuri

poemis~ aRorZineba wilad xvda vaJa-fSavelas. mTebSi, sadac is

cxovrobda xeluxleblad SemorCa saqarTvelos istoriuli yofa da vaJa-

fSavela swored am pirvelwyaros daewafa. Tavis poemebSi man aRmoaCina

sruliad axali samyaro, savse xalxuri fantaziiT Seqmnili dev-gmirebiT.

es samyaro savsea koliziebiT, sinamdvile ebrZvis adaTsa da tradicias

da aqedan viTardeba drama. am samyarom SeinarCuna gadmonaSTebi

jvarosanTa moralisa. omi iTvleba erTaderT saTnoebad, aqedan

guladobisa da gmirobis gandideba. am fonze iSleba vaJa-fSavelas

epikuri Semoqmedeba~ (45; 58).

tician tabiZe iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc yuradReba miaqcia vaJas

prozas da CaTvala igi sruliad gansakuTrebul movlenad. tician

tabiZis daskvniT, vaJa-fSavelas proza cxadad mowmobs, rom vaJa-fSavela

weris maneriT realistia. tician tabiZe sagangebod amaxvilebs

yuradRebas vaJas prozis enaze da aRniSnavs, rom vaJas prozis ena gans-

xvavebiT poeziis enisagan, gaTavisuflebulia dialeqturi formebisagan.

___________________________________

1 t. tabiZis Sexedulebebis analizs vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb sagangebod exebian l. avaliani

statiaSi, `cisferyanwelebi~ vaJas Sesaxeb, vaJas krebuli II, Tb, 1982, gv. 215-226, i. evgeniZe, wignSi `vaJa-

fSavela~, Tb, 1989, gv. 137-147. sakuTriv t. tabiZis narkvevis am monakveTs vrclad ganixilavs l. minaSvili, ix.

t. tabiZe, axali qarTuli literatura, Tb, 2008, gv. 179-187.

126

`arc erTi dialeqturi gamoTqma, misi ena mogvagonebs klasikosTa

saukeTeso striqonebs~ (45; 59).

vaJas moTxrobebi `ia~, `kurdReli~, `mTis wyaro~, `fesvebi~, `mTani

maRalni~ tician tabiZeSi iwvevs edgar pos ofortebis, bodleris patara

poemebis, turgenevis poeturi prozis asociaciebs, qarTvel mweralTagan,

kritikosis fiqriT vaJa-fSavela SeiZleba Seudardes sulxan-saba

orbelians.

kritikosi arc vaJas sayofacxovrebo moTxrobebs tovebs

uyuradRebod da daskvnis saxiT ambobs, rom es ofortebi Semdeg

gadaizrdeba did tiloSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom vaJa-fSavela cotas

werda prozaSi, misi moTxrobebi ufro metad gadmogvcems soflis yofas,

vidre gaWimuli, tendenciuri moTxrobebi orTodoqsi xalxosnebisa~ (45;

60).

rogorc miuTiTeben, `Tu tician tabiZe 1927 wels daweril

narkvevSi vaJa-fSavelaze dabejiTebiT fiqrobda, rom vaJa-fSavelaze

xalxosnurma mimarTulebam iqonia gavlena da bevri misi moTxroba

aRbeWdilia `xalxosnuri~ suliskveTebiT, ori wlis Semdeg daweril

narkvevSi es mosazreba TviT avtoris mier uaryofilia da rogorc zemoT

warmodgenili daskvna mowmobs, tician tabiZe ukve upirispirdeba kidec

mis mier adre gamoTqmul Sexedulebas~ (45; 187).

aRniSnuli ki imasac mowmobs, rom tician tabiZe yovelTvis

fiqrobs gansaxilvel mwerlebze da arc azris Secvla miaCnia

saTakilod, es mis did pasuxismgeblobazec metyvelebs.

tician tabiZis mosazrebebSi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb SesaZloa bevri

ram iyos sakamaTo, magram isic faqtia, rom bevri misi mosazreba gaxda

axali biZgis mimcemi mkvlevarTaTvis da arc dRes ar kargavs

aqtualobas.

gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT udgeba tician tabiZe aleqsandre

yazbegis pirovnuli cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis ganxilvas.

tician tabiZe Tamamad arRvevs im sqematuri ganxilvis monacemebs,

rac TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda al. yazbegis biografiis gadmocemisas.

ded-mama patara sandros fufunebaSi zrdidnden, magram mama adre

127

gardaecvala, momavali mwerlis xelgaSlil cxovrebas miCveuli ojaxi,

male gaRaribda. qarafSutul cxovrebas miCveulma moskovSi

saswavleblad wasulma veranair warmatebas ver miaRwia, didi valebi

daedo da saswavleblis daumTavreblad dabrunda saqarTveloSi. tician

tabiZes is sasiyvarulo romani, romelic al. yazbegs TiTos hqonda

moskovSi, mainc mometebulad mwerlis fantaziis nayofad miaCnia, raTa

dedisTvis fuli gamoetyuebina. samwyemsurSi yofna tician tabiZis azriT,

Zalian mniSvnelovani periodi iyo mwerlis cxovrebaSi, rac man mere

brwyinvaled gamoiyena Tavisi TxzulebebisaTvis.

tician tabiZe vrclad Cerdeba al. yazbegis avtorobis sakiTxze,

rac savsebiT gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored 20-ian wlebSi,

roca iwereboda tician tabiZis narkvevi, mimdinareobda cxare polemika

al. yazbegis avtorobis Sesaxeb.

tician tabiZes ueWvelad miaCnia rom yazbegis saxeliT cnobili

brwyinvale memkvidreoba swored al. yazbegisaa da ara dimitri yazbegisa.

igi wers: `eWvi ar aris, rom dimitris ar dautovebia dawerili romanebi,

romlebmac Semdeg al. yazbegs Seuqmnes didi saxeli~ (45, 62).

al. yazbegis rogorc mwerlis udidesi damsaxureba tician tabiZis

azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man `Tavis romanebSi gaSala kavkasiis

grandiozuli epopea. veravin saqarTveloSi verc yazbegamde da verc mis

Semdeg ver SeZlo ase farTo tiloebis Seqmna. misi romanebiT pirvelad

Semovidnen qarTul mwerlobaSi mTielebi~ (45; 62).

yazbegis Txzulebebze saubrisas narkvevis avtori paralels

avlebs l. tolstoisTan. igi fiqrobs, rom yazbegis moTxrobebis

zogierTi adgili Tavisi SekumSulobiT mogvagonebs tolstois ,,haji

murats~. didi ilias mere, romelmac daviT guramiSvlis `daviTianSi~

daviT winaswarmetyveliseburi bibliuri simaRleebi dainaxa, kritikosis

did gabedulebiT gamoirCa tician tabiZe, romelmac miiCnia, rom

aleqsandre yazbegi zogjer bibliur simaRleze adis. es maSin, roca igi

aRwers CeCnebis iZulebiT gadasaxlebas TurqeTSi (45; 63).

marTalia, al. yazbegze tician tabiZis msjelobisas zogi ram araa

gasaziarebeli, magaliTad is, rom al. yazbegi ver aRwevs Tavs

gazviadebas, romantikuli brwyinvalebisaTvis igi xSirad scodavs

128

sinamdvilis winaSe, rom al. yazbegi Tavis gmirebs ajildoebs yvelanairi

sikeTiT, mowinaaRmdege gamohyavs pirwavardnil avismqmnelebad da a.S.

zogi ram sadaoa, magram ZiriTadad tician tabiZis dakvirvebebi al

yazbegze, Zalian sagulisxmoa da gasaziarebeli, axali kvleva-Ziebis

pirobaa da safuZveli.

e.w. `mTis skolis~ warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebis ganxilvas

mohyveba sami poetis mamia gurielis, giorgi Waladidelisa da nino

orbelianis poeturi portretebis warmoCena. am sami poetis erTad

dajgufebis piroba isaa, rom isini tician tabiZis azriT, naklebi

talantis mqone poetebi iyvnen da darCnen òrmagi yofierebis

zRurblze~, ramdenadac TavianTi sulieri wyobiT romantikosebi iyvnen,

mis aRsasruls Seeswrnen da ver SesZles mZlavri realisturi skolis

poziciaze dadgoma. sabolood isini rogorc tician tabiZe Tvlis, mainc

romantizmis epigonebad darCnen.

gansakuTrebulia tician tabiZis mimarTeba poet mamia gurielis

pirovnebisadmi. mas didad xiblavs mamia gurielis, guriis ukanaskneli

mTavris memkvidris, tragikuli saxe. fufunebaSi aRzrdilma, romelic

brwyinavda voroncovis salonSi, sicocxle daasrula balaxvanSi, Tavisi

yofili mosamsaxuris ficrulSi. mamia gurielma bolomde saTqmelis

Tqma ver SeZlo, magram `mainc moaxerxa gurulis mxurvale temperamenti

gamoexata~ (45; 65).

yvela avtori, vinc ki mamia guriels axasiaTebs, sagangebod

miuTiTebs mis deklamatorul niWze. did zemoqmedebas poeti Tavis

Tanamedroveebze Turme Tavisi kiTxviTac axdenda. tician tabiZes mohyavs

aseTi faqti: mamia gurieli èrTi saRamos ganmavlobaSi Seuwyvetliv

kiTxulobda zepirad~ mixeil lermontovis `demonis~ sakuTar Targmans.

Turme monusxuli auditoria ìmeorebda mis kvaldakval poemas, imdenad

uTavsebda maT Tavis kiTxvas~ (45; 65).

mamia gurielsave ekuTvnis baironis `Cailod haroldidan~

ramdenime simReris Targmna da ramdenime nawyveti homerosis ìliadadan~.

yovelive aRniSnuli warmogvidgens mamia guriels, rogorc maRali

poeturi kulturis, gafaqizebuli gemovnebis poets.

129

giorgi qoCakiZe (Waladideli) Zalian SekumSulad, magram

STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili tician tabiZis narkvevSi. igi ruseTSi

msaxurobda. `Tavis leqsebSi igi cocxlobda bavSvobis mogonebebiT.

ucxoeTSi mTeli sicocxle SeigrZnobda samSoblos monatrebas da

zogierTi leqsi am ciklisa dawerili namdvili aRmafreniT~ (45; 65). g.

Waladideli qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi darCa ori leqsiT. erTia

axalgazrdobaSi dawerili `facxa~, romelic xalxur kilozea Seqmnili

da xalxi kidec mReris mas, xolo meore leqsia `mogoneba~ (`maxsovs

pirvelad saswavlebelSi~), romliTac aTeuli wlebis manZilze ixsneboda

saskolo qrestomaTiebi da Rrmad CarCa TaobaTa xsovnaSi. am leqsSi

dedis darigeba yrmisadmi, romelic qalaqs miemgzavreba saswavleblad,

didxans kvebavda qarTveli mozardebis zneobas. ticianis azriT, am orma

leqsma giorgi Waladideli daviwyebas gadaarCina.

tician tabiZe cal-calke axasiaTebs im mwerlebs, romlebic

qarTveli `xalxosnebis~ saxelwodebiT arian cnobili. esenia niko

lomouri, sofrom mgalobliSvili da ekaterine gabaSvili. tician

tabiZis TqmiT, xalxosnebi gamoirCnen glexkacobisadmi, maTi bedisadmi

gansakuTrebuli interesiT.

niko lomouri kritikosis azriT, sxvebze ukeTesad TvalsaCinod

gamoxatavs xalxosnur ideebs, sxvebze ukeT icnobs glexkacTa cxovrebas.

rac metad ipyrobs kritikosis yuradRebas, n. lomouri ar aidealebs

glexebs, pirdapir miuTiTebs maT egoizms, umecrebas, yuradRebas

amaxvilebs eqimbaSobisa da crumorwmuneobis savalalo Sedegebze da a.S.

n. lomouris nawarmoebebidan sagangebod gamoyofs `qajanas~ da `als~.

kritikosi arc imas iviwyebs, rom n. lomouris moTxrobebi gamoirCeva

daxvewili qarTuliT.

sofrom mgalobliSvili kargad icnobda samRvdeloebas da misi

moTxrobebis Tematika am mxriv ipyrobs yuradRebaso. tician tabiZe

gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs sofrom mgalobliSvilis damsaxurebas

memuaruli xasiaTis nawarmoebis SeqmniT, romelSic misi azriT, kargadaa

daxatuli Tanamedrove mweralTa cocxali suraTebi.

ekaterine gabaSvili, tician tabiZis TqmiT, sxva xalxosanTagan

gansxvavdeba sazogadoebaSi qalis bedisadmi interesiT. igi xatavs

130

rogorc maRali wris warmomadgeneli e.w. `monanie aznaur~ qalebs, asev

glexobis warmomadgenlebs, udarebs maT erTmaneTs. tician tabiZe

sagangebod gaxazavs ekaterine gabaSvilze ilia WavWavaZis prozis did

zemoqmedebas. konkretulad igi miuTiTebs, rom e. gabaSvilis `magdanas

lurja~ dawerilia ilia WavWavaZis `orTaraanT qvrivis~ aSkara

zemoqmedebiT, magram aucileblad aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom mwerali qali

axerxebs qvrivi magdanas TviTmyofadi saxis Seqmnas.

erTgvarad xalxosnebTan akavSirebs, maT gverdiT aTavsebs tician

tabiZe anastasia erisTav-xoStarias. am mweral qalsac qalis bedisadmi

interesi gamoarCevs. man scadao romanis dawera. romans `molipul gzaze~

xmauriani warmateba hqondao. tician tabiZis azriT, mweralma qalma

gamoamJRavna dakvirvebis unari da garkveuli mxatvruli ostatoba.

xalxosan mweralTa mokle, SekumSuli daxasiaTebas mohyveba

poetebis erTi jgufis Semoyvana literaturis istoriaSi. eseni arian

grigol abaSiZe, parmen caxeli, gandegili, dutu megreli da ioseb

daviTaSvili. maTi erTad dajgufebis piroba isaa, rom erTgvarad

lagdebian ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis garSemo, am ori didi

xelovanis mZlavr zemoqmedebas ganicdian.

grigol abaSiZes tragikuli bedis mqone poetad Tvlis ticiani.

frangi poetis moris rolinas msgavsad, man sicocxle suliT avadmyofTa

saxlSi daasrulao. gardaicvala da dakrZales igi peterburgSi. tician

tabiZis TqmiT, es poeti gamoirCa deklamatoruli niWiT, saocari

mexsierebiT, Tumca moklebuli iyo sakuTar hangs, hbaZavda akakis da im

frang poetebs, romlebsac bevrs Targmnidao.

parmen caxeli (TvalWreliZe) adre did imedebs iZleoda. erTgvarad

did vaJasac ki upirispirebdnen, magram bolos akakis epigonad darCa.

parmen caxelmac Tavisi cxovreba ubedurad daasrula, yaCaRebma mokles

Tavis mamulSi.

dominika erisTavi (gandegili) gamoirCeoda niWierebiT akakis

mowafeebs Soris, marTalia, man axali mimdinareobebis gavlenac ganicada

magram mainc sabolood akakis epigonobas ver gascdao, _ askvnis tician tabiZe. tician tabiZe sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad scnobs glex poets ioseb

daviTaSvils. tician tabiZisTvis isaa faseuli, rom ioseb daviTaSvilma

131

gauZlo yovelgvar gaWirvebas, SimSils, usaxlkarobas. mxolod 36 weli

icxovra, magram saxelis mopoveba mainc moaswro. tician tabiZisTvis

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom ioseb daviTaSvils yuradReba

miaqcies, mis dasaflavebaze sityvebi warmoTqves ilia WavWavaZem da akaki

wereTelma. am faqtma gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo glexi poetisadmi

xalxis interess. iliasaTvis da akakisaTvis swored is iyo

mniSvnelovani, rom ioseb daviTaSvili glexebis wridan iyo gamosuli. es

pirveli SemTxveva iyo qarTul mwerlobaSi, rom glexobis dardze,

satkivarze, survilebze TviTon glexkaci gvesaubreboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom tician tabiZe savsebiT samarTlianad giorgi

wereTlis 60-ianelad miiCnevs, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis

TanamebrZolad, mis Semoqmedebas mainc 80-90-iani wlebis literaturul

procesebis fonze ganixilavs, rogorc Cans, tician tabiZisTvis ufro

mniSvnelovania giorgi wereTeli erTgvarad poziciaSecvlili, romelic

erTgvar simpaTiebs amJRavnebs social-demokratebis, pirveli qarTveli

marqsistebis mimarT. rogorc miuTiTeben, g. wereTeli Tanadroulobis

grZnobiT aRbeWdili, siaxlis kvalSi Camdgari moRvawe iyo (45, 196).

tician tabiZe drois moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad g. wereTlis da n.

nikolaZis radikalizms ufro iwonebs, vidre ilias pirovnul simyares

da interesebis ucvlelobas.

80-90-ian wlebSi g. wereTelma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi interesebi

sakuTriv socialuri problematikisaken mimarTa, vidre erovnulisaken.

saboloo daskvniT mainc, g. wereTeli erTgvarad gaorebuli darCa,

sicocxlis bolomde _ erTis mxriv, pativismcemeli iyo siZvelisa,

warsulisa, iyo arqeologi, gamoirCeoda patriotuli gznebiT _ am mxriv

igi aSkarad samocianelobda, meores mxriv ki, rogorc iTqva, marTlia, ar

gaxda marqsisti, magram TanaugrZnobda ki marqsistebs da Tavisi `kvalic~

maT dauTmo.

sayuradReboa, rom k. abaSiZis kvaldakval, tician tabiZec g.

wereTels naturalist mwerlad miiCnevs. tician tabiZis TqmiT, `g.

wereTlis romanebi mTliania da dawerilia naturalisturi skolis

yvela niSan-Tvisebis Sesabamisad~ (45; 72).

132

marTalia, tician tabiZe ar saubrobs da mokle narkvevSi arc iyo

mosalodneli rom CamoeTvala naturalizmis niSnebi. magram faqti isaa,

rom igi dabejiTebiT fiqrobs ase.

g. wereTlis naturalistoba Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebiT ar iqna

gaziarebuli, rogorc marTebuladaa CaTvlili g. wereTeli, imave

kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenelia, romelic Cvens literaturaSi

iliam da akakim daamkvidres, oRondac mxatvruli SesaZleblobebiT,

mwerluri talantiT ver adis igi Tavisi didi Tanamedroveobis ilia

WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis simaRleze.

tician tabiZe kargad xedavs, rom g. wereTlis, rogorc xelovanis

mniSvneloba, ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba Tanadroulobis, dRevandelobis

problemebis droul danaxvasa da gamoxmaurebaSi. tician tabiZis

dakvirvebiT, mis mier danaxuli Tematika imdenad mniSvnelovnad iqna

CaTvlili, rom es Temebi Semdeg araerTgzis `varirebda qarTul

prozaSi~ (45; 72).

tician tabiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs g. wereTlis TxzulebebSi

gansaxierebul tipebze. `pirvel nabijSi~ gamoyvanili tipebi _ ieremia

warba, baxva fulava, dRemde SemorCnen, rogorc sazogado saxelebio, _

aRniSnavs avtori.

calke gamoyofis Rirsad miiCnevs tician tabiZe `rux mgels~ da

`mamida asmaTs~, rogorc g. wereTlis mxatvruli ostatobiT gamorCeul

Txzulebebs.

tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom giorgi wereTelma or mweralze

moaxdina gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba _ erTia egnate ninoSvili, xolo

meore daviT kldiaSvili. es azri garkveviT gavrcelda samecniero

literaturaSi, Tumca bolo dros, savsebiT samarTlianad win aris

wamoweuli didi ilias roli da mniSvneloba ara marto egnate

ninoSvilisa da daviT kldiaSvilis saboloo formirebaze, aramed kidev

ufro TvalsaCinoa gavlena ilia WavWavaZisa TviTon giorgi wereTelze,

rogorc prozaikosze.

tician tabiZec aviTarebs bolo dromde erTob gavrcelebul azrs,

rom egnate ninoSvili aris marqsizmis pirveli warmomadgeneli qarTul

mwerlobaSi, rom marqsistuli organizaciis gamocxadeba oficialurad

133

moxda egnate ninoSvilis dakrZalvis dRes mis saflavze da a.S. am bolo

dros es azri safuZvlianad aris uaryofili samecniero literaturaSi

(18, 216-229).

`axla saTanadod dasabuTebulia, rom egnate ninoSvili rogorc

sazogado moRvawe, xelovani da publicisti, mTliani pirovnebaa da rom

igi didi ilia WavWavaZis gzis gamgrZelebelia rogorc mxatvruli

sityvis, aseve publicistikis sferoSi~ (45; 198).

praqtikulad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis tician tabiZe

sworad miuTiTebs e. ninoSvilis Tematikur mravalferovnebas, socialur

simZafres, masalis Rrma codnas da misi flobis unars. Semdgom drois

kvleva-Ziebam ZiriTadad gaaRrmava da gaafarTova is Tematikuri rkali,

rac Tvis droze moiniSna tician tabiZis narkvevSi.

d. kldiaSvilze msjelobisas Cvens win dgas narkvevis avtori

moxibluli didi mwerlis gamZafrebuli siuJetis grZnobiT. tician

tabiZe gatacebiT uyveba mkiTxvels d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobaTa ambebs.

tician tabiZes gansakuTrebiT is xiblavs, rom `daviT kldiaSvili ar

axdens aqcentirebas ideologiaze~ (45; 77). rac misTvis aris WeSmariti

realizmis niSani. d. kldiaSvilma gviCvenao, Tu rogor angrevs qalaqi

sofels, aznaurTa budeebs.

sagulisxmoa tician tabiZis miTiTeba d. kldiaSvilis iumorze. d.

kldiaSvilis gmirebis drama imdenad Rrmaa, rom sicilis nacvlad

Tvalze cremli gvidgebao, _ aRniSnavs kritikosi. `kalmasobis~ Semdeg,

daviT kldiaSvilma pirvelma aaRorZina saqarTveloSi mxatvruli iumori

da kritikaSi man daimkvidra mciremamulian imerel don-kixotTa

servantesis saxeli~, askvnis tician tabiZe (45; 78).

tician tabiZes axali qarTuli literaturis monakveTSi Semohyavs

kidev erTi mwerali _ Sio aragvispireli. mas ganixilavs igi rogorc

gardamaval epoqis gamomxatvels. rogorc aseTi, epoqis gamomxatveli S.

aragvispireli gamsWvalulia bneli pesimizmiT.

tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom pesimizmi araa Sio aragvispirelTan

ganwyobileba, igi masTan asulia Tvalsazrisis simaRleze. aRsaniSnavia,

rom tician tabiZe Sio aragvispirels ukavSirebs did frang novelists

gi de mopasans, aRniSnavs am ukanasknelis zemoqmedebis faqts pirvelze.

134

praqtikulad, Sio aragvispireli aris qarTul sinamdvileSi

novelis Semomtani da damamkvidrebeli mwerali. es azri, rogorc

aRniSnaven, simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes. `novelis Janrs sxvebic

mimarTaven da mimarTavdnen ufro adrec, magram rogorc Cans, tician

tabiZes novelis klasikuri ganmarteba aqvs mainc mxedvelobaSi da S.

aragvispirels gansakuTrebuli interesi am formisadmi~ (45; 200).

Tu tician tabiZis narkvevis am nawils dakvirvebiT wavikiTxavT,

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sio aragvispireli mainc xelovnuria, roca

ucxoel avtorTa mibaZviT urwmunoebas da pesimizms amkvidrebs qarTul

sinamdvileSi, roca mas seriozuli daeWveba Seaqvs grZnobaTa simyareSi

da gamZleobaSi, roca igi aSiSvlebs siyvarulis grZnobas da mxolod

wamier xorciel vnebas da aRviraxsnilobas xedavs masSi. es rom asea,

gamoCndeba mogvianebiT, roca igi dawers romans `gabzaruli guli~,

romelic TavisTavad himnia, qebaTa-qebaa WeSmariti grZnobisa; `gabzarul

guls~ tician tabiZe `tristan da izoldas~ adarebs siyvarulis

grZnobis Zalisa da gamZleobis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. `gabzaruli

guli~ axali Seqmnili iyo da tician tabiZis aRtacebac gasagebi unda

iyos, Tumca drom garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana tician tabiZis am

SefasebaSi, magram is ki mainc faqtad darCa, rom `gabzaruli guli~,

rogorc S. aragvispirelis erTgvari feriscvalebis aRmniSvneli

qmnileba, mainc sagulisxmo adgils iWers qarTuli literaturis

istoriaSi.

tician tabiZe savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom Sio

aragvispireli Zlieri mxatvaria iq, sadac uSualoa da gulwrfeli,

sadac gatacebiT aRwers ubralo mSromeli xalxis cxovrebas. maT miwier

sixaruls da dards. erTi sityviT, Sio aragvispireli Zlieria iq, sadac

masala uSualodaa mis mier gancdili da gaTavisebuli.

aseTia ZiriTadad tician tabiZis narkvevis struqtura da ZiriTadi

Sinaarsi. es narkvevi didad sayuradReboa im azriT, rom igi saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tanmimdevrulad, sistemuri saxiT Tvali gavadevnoT tician

tabiZiseul XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis,

tendenciebis daxasiaTebas, srul warmodgenas gviqmnis XIX s. yvela

qarTveli mwerlis, didisa Tu SedarebiT naklebi Rirebulebis mwerlis

135

mimarT tician tabiZis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. gvaZlevs mis mokle,

kompaqtur daxasiaTebas. warmodgenas gviqmnis im ZiriTadze, rac tician

tabiZes mniSvnelovnad da aRniSvnis Rirsad miaCnia. tician tabiZis

eseebis da werilebis, misi am SedarebiT vrceli narkvevis Seqmnidan ukve

90 weli gavida, magram isini ar kargaven Tavis SemecnebiT mniSvnelobas

da aqtualobas. tician tabiZis mosazrebebs iTvaliswinebdnen,

eyrdnobodnen da aviTarebdnen qarTveli mkvlevarebi. momavalSic ar

moakldebaT maT interesi da saTanado yuradRebac.

136

d a s k v n e b i

tician tabiZis poeziis siaxlove qarTuli literaturis

tradiciebTan, poetis mimarTeba winapar poetebTan (gansakuTrebiT bolo

periodis) pirdapir migviTiTebs im did kavSirebze, romlebic tician

tabiZes aqvs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobasTan.

tician tabiZem rTuli SemoqmedebiTi gza ganvlo. mkvlevarebi

poetis SemoqmedebiT gzas pirobiTad sam etapad yofen _ 1910-1915

miCneulia momwifebis wlebad, Semdegi safexuria `cisferyanwelobis~

xana, romelic grZeldeba 1926-28 wlamde, xolo misi Semoqmedebis bolo

safexuria klasikur tradiciebTan dabrunebis xana.

tician tabiZis, rogorc poetis Camoyalibebis pirveli safexuri

aRiniSneba, rogorc klasikur poeziasTan ziarebis da misi didi

zemoqmedebis gamoxatuleba. misi adreuli leqsebi da moTxroba-

miniaturebi atareben gr. orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis,

vaJa-fSavelas gavlenis kvals. marTalia, am drois leqsebs da prozaul

nawarmoebebs aklia mxatvruli srulyofa, maTSi bevria epigonuri, magram

mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvT mis cxadsayofad, Tu riT daiwyo tician

tabiZis poeturi gza.

axlis Tqmis dauokebelma Wabukurma swrafvam tician tabiZe da misi

megobrebi klasikurisagan mkveTr gamijvnamde da simbolizmamde miiyvana.

`cisferyanwelTa~ dajgufebam Tavisi dadgineba XIX saukunis qarTul

klasikur poeziasTan da kerZod 60-ianelebis poeziasTan dapirispirebiT

cada.

maT CaTvales, rom 60-ian wlebSi qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis

rusTvelidan momdianre istoriuli gza gawyda. iliam da akakim qarTuli

poeziis yvavilebs `dauwyes Secvla rusuli xorbliT~. mxolod vaJa-

fSavelaSi feTqavs eris suli Tavisi kulturuli atavizmiT.

tician tabiZis SemTxvevaSi dapirispireba 60-ianelebis poeziasTan

mainc ufro Sexedulebebis doneze moxda. erTgvarad gansxvavebulad

warmodgeba saqme TviT poeziaSi. aq tician tabiZes mkveTrad arasodes

gamouxatavs es dapirispireba. rogorc amboben misi poezia erovnul

fesvebze iyo aRmocenebuli. misTvis ucxo iyo nacionaluri nihilizmi.

137

tician tabiZes poeziaSi sinamdvile arasodes uaryvia da misTvis

savsebiT zurgi ar uqcevia.

tician tabiZis simbolizmamde misvlac, erTi mxriv, 60-ianelTa

poeziis gavleniTaa asaxsneli, swored ilias, akakis didi zemoqmedebiTi

Zala ubiZgebs mas, gansxavavebuli eZios, gamoirCes. axali daamkvidros.

daaxloebiT 20-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba `miwasTan dabruneba~,

rac mainc da mainc ar unda gasWirveboda tician tabiZes, misi poeturi

bunebac aqeTken iyo midrekili.

tician tabiZis leqsebSi ara marto grZnobaTa didi uSualoba,

mozRvaveba igrZnoba (`leqsi mewyeri~), aramed didi literaturuli

ganswavluloba, kerZod, XIX saukunis qarTuli poeziis Rrma codnac.

tician tabiZis bolo periodis leqsebi yuradRebas iqcevs XIX saukunis

qarTvel poetTa reminiscenciebiT, sazogadod maTi Rrma gancdiT, am

mxriv tician tabiZe gamorCeuli poetia mTel XX saukuneSi.

patriotizmi, qarTlis bedis sakiTxi tician tabiZis poeziis

umTavres safiqralad iqca da gamoxatvis formebis Zieba, poeturi

azrovneba mSobliur wiaRs daefuZna, XIX saukunis saTqmelic xom qveynis

bedis, misi momavlis gansazRvraa. amdenad gr. orbelianis, n.

baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis, vaJas poezia saimedo sayrdeni aRmoCnda

tician tabiZisaTvis.

gr. orbelianis mWevrmetyveluri poezia did zemoqmedebas axdens

tician tabiZeze. siWabukeSi bohemur cxovrebas dawafuli igi xSirad

grZnobs xolme siaxloves lxinis mefe, orTaWalis baRebis xSir

stumarTan _ grigol orbelianTan. gr. orbelianis striqonebi brwyinavs

tician tabiZis leqsSi `maS gamarjveba~ da kidev sxvagan. gr. orbelianis

`sadRegrZelo~ axleburad cocxldeba poemaSi `somxeTSi~.

n. baraTaSvilisadmi tician tabiZis damokidebuleba

mravalsaxovania, tradiciuli. tician tabiZe axdens n. baraTaSvilis

mxatvruli saxeebis simbolizirebas. amgvari saxe simboloebia _ yorani,

udabno, mwiri, demoni...

n. baraTaSvilis intimuroba, lirizmi tician tabiZis STagonebad

darCa bolomde.

ilia WavWavaZis xati mudmivad Tanmxlebia tician tabiZis poeturi

138

azrovnebisa. ilias Semoqmedebis zegavleniT tician tabiZis poeziaSi

batonobs myinvarisa da Tergis mxatvruli saxeebi.

axali epoqis axal moTxovnebTan Tvalis gasworeba, Segueba, ayola

ticianma ilis moSveliebiT cada, Tumca es ver moxerxda, SeuTavsebelni

ver SeTavsdnen verc didi niWis tician tabiZis SemTxvevaSi.

SemoqmedebiTi gzis yvela safexurze tician tabiZe naTlad

grZnobs, ilias didi Zala rogor awveba ,,zvavad Tavze~.

akakis poeturi striqonebi tician tabiZes erTgvarad musikalur

hangad aqvs daxsomebuli da Wabukobisdroindeli gancdiT acocxlebs am

xmas. `sulikos~ hangs, rogroc gauxunar, dauviwyar gancdas cvlis

`cicinaTelas~ cimcimi da gamonaTeba, maradmdevia misTvis akakis Canguri,

akakis personaJebi _ naTela, baSi-aCuki, abduSahili.

sruliad gamorCeulia vaJa-fSavelas saxeli, misi zemoqmedeba

poetze.tician tabiZes zogi ram genialur vaJa-fSavelasTanac aaxlovebs.

gansakuTrebiT am mxriv unda aRiniSnos poeturi gamomsaxvelobis

sisadave da didi uSualoba.

vaJas deka da Rvia simbolur datvirTvas iZenen ticianis poeziaSi.

vaJa-fSavelam bevrwilad gansazRvra tician tabiZis Semoqmedebis xasiaTi.

vaJa Seucvlel simaRled darCa ticianisaTvis.

vaJa-fSavelam ramdenime werili _ ese uZRvna XIX saukunis

qarTvel mwerlebs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs nawyveti _

ilia WavWavaZe, ori brwyinvale werili vaJa-fSavelaze, erTi werili

eZRvneba vaJas umcros Zmas _ baCanas da warmoadgens misi SemoqmedebiTi

gzis saintereso ganxilvas. vrceli, Zalze sayuradRebo werili uZRvna

tician tabiZem did qarTvel realists daviT kldiaSvils, aseve vrceli

werili eZRvneba S. aragvispirels, misi Semoqmedebis ganxilvas.

garda amisa calkeuli sayuradRebo dakvirvebebi da mosazrebebi

XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa Sesaxeb gabneulia sxva werilebSic.

sayuradReboa, rom am werilebSi avtoria ara marto kritikosis

TvaliT Wvrets masalas, aramed literaturis istorikosis TvaliT,

ramdenadac yvela es werili gamoirCeva sayuradRebo dakvirvebebiT am

mweralTa. adgilis gansazRvrisaTvis qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi,

imaze miTiTebiT, Tu ra imemkvidra am mweralma da ra siaxle Semoitana

139

Cvens mwerlobaSi. amgvari midgoma principis doneze ayvanili poziciaa

Cveni avtorisa, rac sainteresod gamJRavnda kidec 1929 wels daweril

narkvevSi axali qarTuli literatura.

tician tabiZis werilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saTqmelis

SekumSuloba, Tezisuri forma. TiTqmis yoveli fraza, mzadaa

gaSlisaTvis.

erTi Rirseba tician tabiZis kritikuli werilebisa isaa, rom

ticiani didi erudiciis, farTo horizontis avtoria. igi qarTuli

mwerlobis Sefasebas xSirad axdens msoflio literaturis konteqstSi,

miuTiTebs paralelebze, msgavseba-gansxvavebebze, evropeli da rusi

avtorebis gavlenaze.

tician tabiZis werilebsa da eseebSi cxadad ikveTeba did

xelovanTa, XIX saukunis did warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebiTi

portretebi. tician tabiZis bevri dakvirveba, migneba aSkarad scdeba

kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebs da saTaves iRebs nagrZnobsa da gancdilSi,

rasac Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebisTvis aqvs didi mniSvneloba.

SeiZleba tician tabiZis werilebSi zogi ram sakamaTo, zogi

mosazreba miuRebeli iyos, magram ZiriTadad misi werilebi arc

sadReisod kargaven mniSvnelobas, aqtualobas da Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis

safuZvlad iqcevian.

tician tabiZem 1929 wels rusul enaze dawera axali qarTuli

literatura, mokle narkvevi.

rogorc Cans narkvevi daiwera ZiriTadad im mizniT, rom

rusulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis waredgina XIX saukunis qarTuli

mwerloba Tavisi maRaleTikuri SinaarsiT, mravalferovnebiT.

Tu XX saukunis 10-iani wlebisTvis Jurnali `cisfer yanwebSi~

dabeWdil erTgvar saprogramo werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ tician tabiZe

upirispirdeboda 60-iani wlebis did warmomadgenelTa poetur pozicias,

maT poezias qarTuli mwerlobis magistraluri xazidan gadaxvevad

Tvlida. Tu tician tabiZis azriT, samocianelebma `qarTuli poeziis

yvavils dauwyes Secvla rusuli xorbliT~, riTac daSordnen qarTuli

poeziis bunebasac da saerTod WeSmariti poeziidanac Sors idgnen, 1929

wels daweril narkvevSi tician tabiZe mTlianad, radikalurad icvlis

140

Tavis Tvalsazriss. igi ukve savsebiT marTebulad XIX saukunis qarTul

poezias warmogvidgens, rogorc uwyveti ganviTarebis bunebriv gzas. aq

saTanadodaa gaxazuli mTeli XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis erovnul

Sinaarsi, saTanadodaa aRniSnuli qarTvel romantikosTa al. WavWavaZis,

gr. orbelianis, n. baraTaSvilis damsaxureba, naCvenebia qarTveli

romantizmis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. Rirseulad arian Sefasebuli

saxelovani samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, sagangebod

aris xazgasmuli maTi poeziis Rrma moqalaqeobrivi da socialuri

Sinaarsi, is rac adre miuRebeli iyo ticianisaTvis. saTanado aqvs

miwyuli maTi skolis warmomadgenlebs, didi Tu naklebi talantis

SemoqmedT.

genialuri vaJa rogorc adreul eseSi, aqac tician tabiZis maRal

Sefasebas imsaxurebs, magram Tu adre igi gancalkevebiT mdgomad

aRiqmeboda qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi, axla kanonzomieradaa

CarTuli qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, rogorc erTi misi

mwvervali.

tician tabiZis narkvevi mTlian warmodgenas gviqmnis XIX saukunis

yvela qarTveli mwerlis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavd misi Seqmnidan didi drois gasvlisa narkvevi ar kargavs

Tavis SemecnebiT mniSvnelobas, aqtualurobas. tician tabiZis

mosazrebebs momavalSic ar moakldebaT saTanado yuradReba da interesi.

141

gamoyenebeuli literatura

1. abaSiZe k., etiudebi XIX s. qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. prof.

d. gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT da Sesavali weriliT. Tb., 1970

2. abulaZe m., tician tabiZis poezia, wignSi tician tabiZe, Tb., 1999

3. abulaZe miriani, tician tabiZis poezia, Tb., 1961 w.

4. avaliani l., giJi drois qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 2005

5. avaliani l., vaJa-fSavela cisferyanwelTa TvalTaxedviT, wignSi,

vaJas krebuli, II, Tb., 1982

6. avaliani l., literaturuli werilebi, Tb., 1992

7. andRulaZe l., rusTaveliT aRdgenili siamaye, Tb., 2008

8. asaTiani g., Tanamdevi sulebi, Tb., 1983

9. asaTiani g., saukunis poetebi, Tb., 1988

10. afxaiZe S., maxsovs maradis, Tb., 1980

11. axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1972

12. gamsaxurdia z., vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tb., 1991

13. gegeWkori g., tician tabiZe, Jurn. `kritika~, 1991,MMN# 4

14. gomarTeli a., qarTuli simbolisturi proza, Tb., 1997

15. doiaSvili T., musikaluri azrovneba da poeturi enis

Taviseburebani, `kritika~, 1991, #4

16. evgeniZe i., `vaJa-fSavela~ (cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis

sakiTxebi), 1989

17. evgeniZe i., grigol orbeliani, Tb., 1995

18. evgeniZe i., narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, I, Tb.,

2000

19. evgeniZe i., narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, II, Tb.,

2003

20. virsalaZe e., XIX s. qarTveli romantikosebi da xalxuri poezia,

n. baraTaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1968

21. kapanaZe s., tician tabiZis proza, werilebi, narkvevebi,

avtoreferati filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero

xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1997

22. ingoroyva p.,nikoloz baraTaSvili (narkvevi) wignSi, nikoloz

142

baraTaSvili, Txzulebani, Tb., 1963

23. kiknaZe gr., ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc xelovani ilias krebulSi, t.

I, Tb., 1998

24. kiknaZe gr., vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, Tb., 1957

25. kiknaZe gr., vaJa-fSavela, almanaxSi `sjani~, #6, Tb., 2005

26. kiknaZe gr., metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1957

27. kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb.,

1978

28. kldiaSvili s., leqsebi iyo misi sagzali, wignSi, tician tabiZe,

wiTeli mixakis legenda Tb., 1985

29. laisti a., saqarTvelos guli, Tb., 1963

30. manwkava i., ilia WavWavaZe, krebulSi ilia emigrantTa TvaliT, II,

Tb., 1996

31. maRraZe e., grigol orbeliani, Tb., 1967

32. maxaraZe a., qarTuli romantizmi, Tb., 1982

33. minaSvili l., saxelovani poeti axali da uaxlesi qarTuli

literaturis istorikosis ampluaSi, wignSi, tician tabiZe,

axali qarTuli literatura, Tb., 2008

34. minaSvili l., literaturuli narkvevebi, Tb., 2009

35. mirianaSvili T., pirze momdgarsa sityvasa, gaz., ,,literaturuli

saqarTvelo’’ 1990

36. miSvelaZe r., uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb., 1998

37. nadiraZe k., rac leqsad ver vTqvi, Tb., 1984

38. nikoleiSvili a., meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis

narkvevebi, II, 1997

39. orbeliani gr., Txzulebani, sruli krebuli, Tb., 1959, a.

gawerelias da j. WumburiZis Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiT da

SeniSvnebiT, 1959

40. sigua s., modernizmi, Tb., 2008

41. siraZe r., istoria mkiTxvelis fenomenisa da saxismetyvelebiTi

periodizacia, `sjani~, 2005, #6

42. tabiZe t., cisferi yanwebiT, Jurn., `cisferi yanwebi~ quT., 1916,

#2

143

43. tabiZe t., Txzulebani 3 tomad, t. 2, werilebi literaturasa da

xelovnebaze, Tb., 1966

44. tabiZe t., leqsebi, proza, werilebi, Tb., 1985

45. tabiZe t., axali qarTuli literatura, red. l. minaSvili, Tb.,

2008

46. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, krebuli, Semdgenlebi

i. evgeniZe, l. minaSvili da j. WumburiZe, Tb., 2003

47 Ciqobava arn., ilia WavWavaZeE da qarTuli enis erTianobis

sakiTxi (ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 140 wlisTavis gamo),

Jurnali ,,sabWoTa xelovneba’’ 1978, #6

48. CxeiZe r., aleqsandre orbeliani,1996

49. caiSvili s., maradiuli saxeebi, Tb., 1981

50. WavWavaZe i., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p.

ingoroyvas redaqciiT, t. III, Tb., 1953

51. WavWavaZe i., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p.

ingoroyvas redaqciiT, t. IV, Tb., 1955

52. Wilaia s., miSvelaZe r., ciskariZe v., Tofuria a. da sxva, uaxlesi

qarTuli literaturis istoria, naw. II, Tb., 1990

53. WumburiZe j., XIX saukune, literaturuli narkvevebi, Tb., 2004

54. xelaia m., 99 esse, Tb., 1986

55. xinTibiZe a.,ilias kalami, saqarTvelos literaturaTmcodneobis

akademiis Sromebis krebuli, #4, Tb., 2007

56. jamburia k., me didi myavda winamorbedi, gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 1989 w. maisi

57. Ло́сев А. Ф., Эстетика Возрождения , M. Mысль, ст. 1978

58. Цурикова Г ,Халдейские Города, в книге Тициан Табидзе, 1971

59. Encyclopedia Britannica Essay, Volume B. Chicago, London, Toronto, 1959

xatia sevardnaze xix saukunis qartul mwerlobastan tician … · 2014. 9. 8. · rogorc miutiteben,...

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