yaadi culture, fimi style magazine

YAADI CULTURE, FIMI

STYLE MAGAZINE

February 2013 Volume 2, Issue 2

BLACK HISTORY

MONTH SPECIAL

Youth,

unemployment

and the Jamaican

society

HONOURING THE PAST ….

…. INSPIRING FUTURE

Visit our website @ http://yaadiculturefimistyleja.webs.com and our Online Magazine; yaadiculturefimistylejam1

Table of

Contents Features Features

YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI STYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINE YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI YAADI CULTURE, FIMI STYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINESTYLE MAGAZINE

Doctaz Doctaz Doctaz Doctaz AdviceAdviceAdviceAdvice

3

4

5

11

18

Youth, unemployment

and the Jamaican society

Ole time people did say

Georgette McGlashen

“FROM A BIRD’S VIEW”

Deidre Douglas

Thoughts from an educated mind

Deidre D. Douglas

“From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “


A New Dawn for Local Youths, or is

it?

A man’s life does not consist in the abundance of his

possessions.

St. Luke 12:15

We are the creators of our own destinies, or so I once heard. And I think it was Plato

who said knowledge is innate, it exist pre and post, thus it is really an individual

responsibility to tap into our mental framework and access that we which to wish

explore. But how many of us can accept this when we are the ones struggling to

make ends meet, to pay bills on time and to avoid repossessions and or evictions on

a daily, weekly and monthly basis? It is 2013 birdwatchers, and some say that “13”

isn’t as unlucky as some superstitious would have us believe. 13 is the number of

new beginnings, so this is the green light to go out on a limb, spread your wings

and fly away, my nestlings. The limits you have set better be high, because every-

body needs to be going hard this year.

Education is the first order on the menu. “Labour for learning before you grow

old, for learning is better than silver and gold. Silver and gold will vanish

away, but a good education will never decay”. A gem many learnt in basic or

Pre-School. Rev. Thwaites, our present Minister of Education hinted it also in

a speech he made very soon after taking up office where he said, “Let’s do it

right, from the beginning”, referring to investing in Early Childhood Educa-

tion. The seeds planted, better be good seeds, because the early stage of a

child’s life is when the most lasting impressions are made. Behaviours are de-

veloped and values are zeroed in on just by what happens in and around these

children’s immediate environments. Here are some questions for Generation

Y: Even with the limited resources, can more be done? Are the relevant aspects

being focused on? What are the sacrifices that one or all are willing to make

for lasting positive change in this society?

Ole Time Ole Time Ole Time Ole Time People People People People did say…did say…did say…did say…by by by by Georgette McGlashen

Jamaica was the first

country to impose economic

sanctions against the

apartheid regime of South

Africa in 1957.

Facts you should know:


The Power Of The

Jamaican Proverb

One of the ways in which you can distinguish yourself as a bona fide Jamaican, or at

least a real yaadi, or even someone who at least has some solid Jamaican connections, is

by the casual integration of Jamaican proverbs in your regular speech.

It gives the user a certain amount of

linguistic and cultural power, especially if the

person for whom it is intended has no clue of the

meaning, or just has an inkling that they are being

talked about, without fully understanding what is

being said. Trust mi... dat sweet.

So test yourself and see how many Jamaican

proverbs you remember. of course there are as

many variations of the proverbs themselves as

there are proverbs, so you might find a version and

your Jamaican friend will want to tell you that

"A no so it go".

A no every kin teet a laugh :This is advice

to be mindful of persons who on the

surface seem as if they are in your corner,

happy with and for you, when in fact they

could be stabbing you in the back, and

generally working against you.

1

A no fi want a tongue meck cow no talk : The

reasons for certain actions are not always

immediately obvious, or seemingly logical.

Very often used when one has more information

about a situation, than is prudent to disclose. A

cow, like human beings, has a tongue. That is

therefore not the reason the cow does not talk.

There is more to it that meets the eye, or than

seems logical or obvious

2

3 A noh every chain yuh hear a rolling calf : Things

are not always as they seem, and so it is unfair to

make generalizations

based on knowledge of an individual, group of

persons or situations. Two things, persons or

situations that have the same outward appearance,

may in fact be very different.

Youth, unemployment and the Jamaican society ADRIAN DUNCAN


In his Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle says that “happiness, a state we all pursue,

is the full realization of our rationality. In order to be happy, to reach a self-

sufficient, attainable, and final end, we should aim at the good.” Conversely, “the

full realization” of our potential presupposes the successful attainment of more

basic requirements, i.e. necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, and peace of

mind, all of which contribute to a person’s eligibility to be a functioning member

of society.

It would not be far-fetched to say that gainful employment, i.e. Decent Work, is

the medium through which one attains both these basic requirements and, further on, self

actualization. However, according to the International Labor Organization, 70 million young

people2 are actively— -but unsuccessfully— -looking for employment. They represent nearly 40%

of the world’s total unemployed. Unemployment levels for this age group are generally two to three

times higher than for the more senior population. In some countries in Latin America and the

Caribbean, it is as high as five times the rate for adults over age 45. Many of the young people who

are employed find themselves in low paying temporary situations with little or no job security.

CONTD ON PAGE 7

It is 7:30 and it’s another Sunday morning patiently waiting on the

Gleaner so that I can rummage through the classifieds to see if there

are any vacancies available in my field. After skipping through the

numerous stories about debt and death, I finally stumbled on the

highly anticipated classified section, where my untold future opportu-

nities await. Skipping pages and reading the interesting requirements needed for these positions puts

a smile on my face and an even broader one. 12 years post graduation experience along with 7 years

experience using certain required software. I paused and look at this advertisement for quite some

time as I found it astounding to be asking a recent graduate from the University of College for so

many years.


Do you remember just lyming with your friends about topical issues affecting our beloved country?

Here is an avenue for you ...

“Yaad Lyphe” “Yaad Lyphe” The First truly Jamaican Lyming

TV Series

The First truly Jamaican Lyming

TV Series

Riveting and heated

Reggae

Development

DiscussionsDiscussionsDiscussionsDiscussions

Jamaica and Jamaicans’ development

Gender

Religion Jamaican youthsJamaican youthsJamaican youthsJamaican youths DANCEHALLDANCEHALLDANCEHALLDANCEHALL

EDUCATION

The Economy

Literacy The EconomyThe EconomyThe EconomyThe Economy

MUSIC

sex Food

Information Literacy

Culture The Family sex

Sports

Unemployment


I sat for days pondering at the unemployment rate of our island. Yet

still, each advertisement in the weekly newspaper is asking for at least 3

years working experience after the completion of your tertiary education.

Sitting with this educated mind of mine, I started to think that this

stupidness; how are you to get any experience without someone willing to

take a chance and hire you? Being a University graduate student who is expected to “foster

change”, how can I put my classroom knowledge into actions? Without an opportunity how am

I able to help with the development of the work environment?

Youth, unemployment and the Jamaican society ADRIAN DUNCAN

Presently, it seems it is expected that all university graduates will start their own

business. Then again, that is another obstacle as in Jamaica to start any small busi-

ness you need collateral; WHERE ARE WE TO GET THIS? I have seen count-

less Jamaican youths from Colleges and Universities across the island and are

forced to sit at home for years with nothing to do and no opportunity for employ-

ment without experience. The Prime Minister in her New Year speech emphasized

transformation and stressed that the citizens should continue believing in a better Jamaica but how can

this be when we are not putting our intelligent minds to work unremittingly in helping to foster this

transformation she spoke of. I do not believing asking a 24years old University graduate for 5 years

post degree graduate experience is not helping to foster an intellectually driven workforce or even aid

in the fostering of the projected Vision 2030 Strategic Plan that we have.

CONTD FROM PAGE 4

Defining Caribbean Youths

The United Nations’ definition of youth is 15-24 years old. The majority of youth policies in

the Caribbean, however, see youth as beginning at 15 and ending at 30 years

(Alexis 2000). The reason for this extended period of youth in the Caribbean is extremely high rate of

youth unemployment. Youth represents the transition from childhood to adulthood. In the Caribbean

and specifically, Jamaica youth can be defined as individuals spanning between 14 and 30 years.

CONTD ON PAGE 8


CONTD FROM PAGE 7

Youth, unemployment and the Jamaican

society ADRIAN DUNCAN

Much has been discussed about the problems plaguing Caribbean youth and subsequent youth

unemployment. Not enough has been discovered about the underlying causes and contributions to the

problems, and remedies that may be suggested to overcome those.

The youth played a critical role in the birth of the politically independent Caribbean, and most of

them continue to manifest tremendous potentialities to overcome hurdles in order to attain high levels of

personal and professional goals. However, factors capable of disrupting the process of positive

attainments exist amongst youth, which in turn, coupled with a number of external factors, impede easy

transition to employment.

Over the last two decades, most Caribbean countries experienced severe eco-

nomic decline and stagnation. This was a result of a loss of their preferential

treatment in agriculture products, depressed market for minerals, losses due to

lack of market diversification, stagnation of the manufacturing sector in the face

of increased competition, and the increasing vulnerability of the tourism sector.

Many countries have been forced to implement structural adjustment and stabilization programs, with

resulting cutbacks in health, education, housing, and social welfare programs. More recently, global

economic recession, debt service obligations and declines in development assistance have severely impeded

economic recovery and growth for most of the Caribbean countries.

Youth Unemployment Rates

Like in most parts of the world, unemployment in the Caribbean is primarily a youth phenomenon.

Across countries in the Caribbean, youth unemployment rates double to quadruple the adult rates.

According to the World Development Indicators, from 1996-98, St. Lucia had the highest unemployment

rate in the Americas and the Caribbean, closely followed by Jamaica (among the countries for which data

were available). Caribbean-wide data indicate that St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and

Jamaica, have the highest youth unemployment rates.


“From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “ “From a Bird’s view “

How else do we expect to pull ourselves and in turn our

nation at large out of its dire state if we are all

going to mope in the lake of “feeling sorry for ourselves”? Remember the

heights of great men, remember the limit being the sky, remember the

ambitions we once had, the values we once placed on hard work and

dedication, remember the times gone when “freeness” was nothing good. We

need to open our eyes young ones, wise up and make educated decisions as if

we are smart individuals with the ambition to live pass the age of eighteen years.

The mental capacity of a man must be far greater than even the smartest has reached

since it is said we only utilize about 10% of our brains. And without a doubt, as small as

some heads are, and as tiny as some brains may be perceived to be, there are quite a

number of folks, young and hearty, using even less brain space for positive, lucrative

growth, personally or otherwise.

Nonchalance won’t get us things that we will value for the rest of our

lives. As the wise owl would say, “If you want good, your nose have to

run”. Working for that which we desire, affords us a sense of

appreciation that cannot be paralleled by always getting gifts, or waiting for someone else to

work for it and then we take it. By the sweat of a man’s brow shall he eat bread, and butter,

and rice, and anything else his heart desires. Work to move into a better neighborhood, or

even to improve the state and status of the ones in which we now reside. Work hard at

accessing knowledge; learn all you can, not just in the physical classroom, but let every place

be a classroom. If knowledge is power, then it isn’t the man with the most material things

that is the richest, but he who has the vastest knowledge, he who understands what he knows

and he who has the wisdom to convert his knowledge and understand-

ing into tangible articles.

Contd fr page 7


Honoring our forefathers

BLACK EMPOWERMENT

2013 FEB

BLACK HISTORY MONTH

Don’t forget all the blood and sweat

that helped paved the way for our

developments today... from slavery

to presidency.

HONOURING THE PAST ….

…. INSPIRING THE

FUTURE


Youth, unemployment and the Jamaican

society ADRIAN DUNCAN

Youth unemployment is likely to be quite underestimated in high unemployment economics

where non-availability of employment over a prolonged period influences “discouraged workers” to

stop looking for work. Youth unemployment in the Caribbean represents 40-60% (except Barbados) of

the unemployed, even though youth comprise 20-30% of the labor force. A document entitled "Youth

unemployment and employment policy" makes the point that youth unemployment is higher than adult

unemployment in almost every country for which figures are available. The Caribbean is no exception

to this trend. A 1997 document commissioned by the International Labor Organization (ILO) says of the

Caribbean that:

The youth cohort looms larger in terms of unemployment. An estimated 404,000 persons or 15%

of the region's labor forces are unemployed. Of this 51% or 203,000 are between the ages of 15-

25. As a result, youth unemployment rates are substantially above the national averages across

the region and average around 40% in the 15-19 age group and 30% in the 20-24 age group.

Specific Social Problems in the Caribbean

Beside the declining economic trends as mentioned already which

limit employment opportunities for the youth, there are a number of social

and cultural factors that not only add to the degrading economic situation

but at the same time create insurmountable deterrent to the development of

a healthy and positive labor force, therefore rendering a multiplier effect on

In the Caribbean, aside from the ever-growing problem of unemployment, there are specific negative

societal conditions, behavior among the youth, and outcomes of unemployment. All these add to the

inculcating cycle of poverty and unemployment, which in turn breeds more poverty and

unemployment for present and future generations. Enumerated below are the major negative societal

conditions, behavior among the youth, and outcomes of unemployment.

Early sexual initiation— - The Caribbean Region is characterized by very early onset of sexual

activity. According to the nine-country CARICOM study, one third of school-going young

people are sexually active. The history of early sexual initiation dates back to the days of

slavery, when there were no other recreational facilities except sex after a hard day’s

Herculean physical labor at the plantation.

CONTD FROM PAGE 8

CONTD FROM PAGE 14


Doctaz Advice Doctaz Advice

Uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous

(benign) tumors that develop in the

womb (uterus), a female reproductive

organ.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors Uterine fibroids are common. As many as 1 in 5 women

may have fibroids during their childbearing years (the

time after starting menstruation for the first time and

before menopause). Half of all women have fibroids by

age 50.

Fibroids are rare in women under age 20. They are more

common in African-Americans and Caribbean natives.

The cause of uterine fibroids is unknown. However, their

growth has been linked to the hormone estrogen. As long

as a woman with fibroids is menstruating, a fibroid will

probably continue to grow, usually slowly.

Fibroids can be so tiny that you need a microscope to see

them. However, they can grow very large. They may fill

the entire uterus, and may weigh several pounds.

Although it is possible for just one fibroid to develop,

usually there are more than one.

Fibroids are often described by their location in the

uterus:

•Myometrial -- in the muscle wall of the uterus •Submucosal -- just under the surface of the uterine lining •Subserosal -- just under the outside covering of the uterus •Pendunculated -- occurring on a long stalk on the outside of the uterus or inside the cavity of the uterus

Symptoms More common symptoms of uterine

fibroids are:

•Bleeding between periods

•Heavy menstrual bleeding

(menorrhagia), sometimes with the

passage of blood clots

•Menstrual periods that may last longer

than normal

•Need to urinate more often

•Pelvic cramping or pain with periods

•Sensation of fullness or pressure in

lower abdomen

•Pain during

intercourse

Signs and tests The health care provider will perform a pelvic exam. This may show that you have a change in the shape of your womb (uterus).

It can be difficult to diagnose fibroids, especially if you are extremely over-weight.

An ultrasound may be done to confirm the diagnosis of fibroids. Sometimes, a pelvic MRI is done.

An endometrial biopsy (biopsy of the uterine lining) or laparoscopy may be needed to rule out cancer.


We won’t all be lawyers and doctors. We won’t all wear nor want

to wear a suit and tie. We however can place prestige on any career.

We after all live in one of the swag states of the world. Trey Songz in

his early days as a Hip Hop/R & B artiste sang in Gotta Make It, “…a

suit and a smile don’t fit me, taking the bus for some miles just gon’

kill me”. But I have lived to personally admire Trey in a fitting suit.

The boy is now a man, who can afford to look good in a suit any day

of the week. As we all know, he was making reference to the kind of

career path he foresaw himself taking. Let us be innovative and make

that which we so desire become a reality. Never settle for your

situation, move past “what is”, and enter into “what should and will

be”.

Be influential people, regardless of age, colour or pocket size. Inspire those who aren’t

as insightful, and dare not try to just fit in. Today many of our fellow brothers and

sisters are just sitting around awaiting the next messiah. Promote hope for your

peers, whether through leading by example or by inspiring them to launch out for

what they want. The crab in a barrel mentality is one which besets us. We need to

care more. As a set of beautiful people, we daily are becoming pretty ugly, fakes,

wolves in sheep garments. Where have the authentic Jamaican love gone? We can’t be

too poor, or too sad to not care about our brothers and sisters. We are one body, one

nation. When a little village or community hurts, a ripple effect generates, but some of

us believe that if we hide in our strategically placed homes, drive our incredibly

expensive, large and tinted cars, and shop in exclusively posh stores, we are set apart,

and thus unaffected.

Let us be wise one and all or we will all soon end up fluttering about like headless chickens. In all our

aspirations never forget fundamentals and foundation upon which we have traversed from slave ship to

ownership. So, until next time, one love

Contd from pg. 9


Youth, unemployment and the

Jamaican society ADRIAN DUNCAN CONTD FROM PAGE 8

Forced Intercourse–In a nine-country CARICOM study, almost half reported their first sexual experience had been

forced. The proportion was high for both girls and boys: 48 and 32 percent, respectively.

Non or little use of contraceptives– Despite high level of sexual activity among adolescents starting at a very early age,

use of contraceptives remain fearfully low. Only a quarter of the CARICOM school-going sexually active sample

are reported to use contraceptive and only negligibly more worry about getting pregnant or causing a pregnancy.

Adolescent and undesired pregnancy— - As a natural sequence, there is an alarmingly high rate of adolescent

pregnancy. About 85 percent of children in

Jamaica and St. Lucia are born out of wedlock.

In Jamaica the University of Technology has established the Technology

Innovation Centre6, a business incubator offering office space and a variety of services to young "

techno-preneurs" (entrepreneurs in the information and communications technology sector).

This is just a small sample of the many government initiatives aimed at engaging and assisting youth.

The business incubation concept is not at all new to the Caribbean region. The idea of actively supporting

fledgling small enterprises was central in the creation of industrial parks with factory shells rented at concessionary rates

to new business owners.

These facilities were not called incubators then. Historically these programmes were in the main aimed at attracting for-

eign investors with the promise of low overheads, relatively cheap labor, tax holidays and other concessions. For the host

country, whose objective was the diversification of economies that were then still predominantly agricultural, the

expected benefit was the jobs created and foreign exchange earned. Local ventures were not expressly excluded but they

were not the primary target of these interventions. What is envisioned in the modern concept of business

incubation is much more than a place where foreign business will be given factory space, pay low cost rent and be

provided with the necessary infrastructure to make the "offshore-ization" of the business venture worthwhile.

Presently, in Jamaica there are no jobs for the vast majority of young persons who are unleashed onto the job market

each year. The focus has to be on helping them to make their own. These are real people, not some fuzzy abstraction. These

are the people who will determine how soon and with what success the region will become a part of the global information

society. These young people need focused help in order to make a success of the business ventures on which they embark

with so much enthusiasm and optimism. They have good marketable ideas. Investing in youth will ensure that the Caribbean

and Jamaica specifically, doesn't get left stranded, drifting aimlessly on the wrong side of the digital divide. The message

therefore has to be, "don't fight the flow." CHANNEL IT!!!!


Truly Jamaican

A fi we ting! A fi we ting! Ting is a carbonated beverage popular in the

Caribbean. It is flavored with Jamai-

can grapefruit juice (from concentrate), and is

both tart and sweet. Ting comes in a green glass

bottle, green plastic bottle or more rarely in a

green and yellow can. Like Orangina, the

beverage contains a small amount of sediment

consisting of grapefruit juice pulp. Ting is

produced in the United Kingdom under license

by Cott Beverages jamaicating.com/. Ting also

now makes Pink Ting Soda, Diet Ting Soda,

and Ginger Beer.

Truly Jamaican

Hol ‘ a ting today.


“Yaad Lyphe”

Are you passionate about…...Are you passionate about…...Are you passionate about…...Are you passionate about…...

Are you interested in a discussion for change?

Then you should be lyming with the

YAADI CULTURE, FIMI STYLE development team and the

Yaad Lyphe Crew

We foster stimulating discussions about Jamaica and Jamaicans’ development with real time

scenarios and relatable examples…..on camera.

Contact us at email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Tel: 187-356-1467/ 1876-813-2156


THOUGHTS FROM AN EDUCATED MIND THOUGHTS FROM AN EDUCATED MIND

FEBRUARY, the month of reggae legends Bob Marley and Dennis Brown; the month

black people worldwide embrace as their own based on the numerous decades of enslavement

and oppression. The month that numerous black people uses to help to release tensions

brought on as a result of activities and punishment that was forced on their ancestors.

Numerous Jamaicans especially the Rasta community, anticipate this month yearly as

it gives an opportunity to showcase their ancestral spirits, continuity of culture as well as it

gives an opportunity to educate the uneducated on aspects of their culture unfamiliar to them.

Additionally, it helps to remember who we are as a people; that we are strong, resilient and

persistent black people. We embrace true value despite our circumstances. We have been

through the worst and should hold our heads high in gratitude for the work by our forefathers.

-- Dillon Thomas

The Jamaica of Tomorrow… Creative minds

The society we live in is filled with so much young bright minds. It is amazing that such

a small island is filled with so much people of potential. Bright young minds in our high

schools conceptualize new business ventures on a daily basis and as such credibility

must be given to agencies that are helping to foster such development in our nations.

For such a turn over the government need to put proper measures in place

for the future development of these initiatives. There should be an incubation system

established so that there is continued monitoring of these students and their gradual

development as a young entrepreneur. Additionally, having a location to showcase their

unique talents, skills and services will prove beneficial for these business developments.

-- Adrian St. P. Duncan

FEBRUARY IS BLACK


The Valley Foundation is a non-governmental organization started by

UWI staff and students with the mantra that trough collective responsibility and

philanthropic endeavors we can collectively transform Jamaica. Chaired by

Dr. Andre Haughton, includes Dr Kadamawee Knife, Dr. Densil Williams, Krystal

Tomlinson, Duane McIntosh, Nadine Quarrie, Wrenea Samuels, Omar Edwards,

Odayne Haughton and Isha Levy.

ALTURISTIC FEATURE

“I believe in luck the harder I work the more of it I seem to have”, this is just one of the

philosophical stands of Odayne “Staam” Haughton founder and facilitator of the Valley

Foundation. A humble and diligent individual who masks his resilient and determine nature

with his fluid and jovial personality is actively engaged in been the change he wants to see. A

rising son from the west is fittingly enrolled at the University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona

Campus perusing his undergraduate studies in Computer Science with a minor in Management

Studies while enrolled in Officers training with the Jamaica Defense Force (JDF) stills find time

to coordinate the most popular and successful mentorship programme on Campus, the Valley

Foundation Kingston and St. Andrew Mentorship Programme.

This mentorship programme facilitates students attending the UWI Mona

Campus mentoring high school student from inner city high schools in and

around the Mona vicinity. According to Odayne, mentoring has transformed

and molded him, it was what first got him involved in the Cornwall College

Cadet Core and he believes that “each one can help one and in so doing

forming a chain reaction the stimulate and empower young Jamaicans”

essentially laying the platform for growth and development. He has long

been engage in philanthropic activities and had started a mentorship

programme in his community in Rose Heights Montego Bay, and has undertaken a number of fund -

raising initiatives to help families from inner city communities in and around Montego Bay one of his

most recent been the Valley Concert which on all accounts was a successful one.

Although a nationally recognized youth leader he still remains humble and consistently motivate his peer

through his words and action. “I’ve never failed I’ve only found a way that doesn’t work” his Odayne’s

mantra. Speaking to the importance of time management and staying motivated he alluded to the fact that

“nothing great or worthwhile achieving was ever achieved without enthusiasm” and that it was his “zealous

nature” that motivated him and the sense of relieve from providing comfort for individuals in difficult

circumstances. “I think that we automatically liberate others when we let our own light shine and when life

throws lemons at you make lemonade and if we truly appreciate that we are what do then excellence

becomes not an act but really a habit”. YAADI CULTURE, FIMI STYLE Magazine salutes this young

outstanding Jamaican on his mission to clouds of success and stars of glory.

yaadi culture, fimi style magazine

Documents

fimi yaadi culture

jamaican society

good education

georgette mcglashen

good seeds

present minister of

new dawn

early stage