yxrwgj - wordpress.com · 2011. 5. 8. · *sl;vd,uf qdzm paom pmtkyfrsm;onf urefawmf...

yxrwGJ

b0wuúodkvfpmay

149? 37 vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/

Myanmar Cupid Library

pmrl cGifhjyKcsuf trSwf [381 ^ 99 (4)] rsufESmzHk; cGifhjyKcsuf trSwf [1211 ^ 2004 (11)]

'kwd, tBudrf? 2005? azazmf0g&D

(yxr tBudrf? 1983? ar? b0wuúodkvfpmay)

rsufESmzHk; yef;csD rkwfoHk

tkyfa& 500

wefzdk;

2000 usyf

rsufESmzHk;½kduf a':a&T (02079)? okc yHkESdyfwdkuf

128? 46 vrf;? &efukef/

yHkESdyfol OD;wifarmif0if; (05946)? oif;vJh0if; yHkESdyfwdkuf

1? Adkvf&mñGefYvrf;? '*Hk NrdKUe,f? &efukef/

xkwfa0ol OD;ausmf[if; (0910)? ,HkMunfcsuf pmay

111? 33 vrf;? ausmufwHwm; NrdKUe,f? &efukef/

PDF rSwfwrf;

uGefjyLwmpmpD pm½dkuf - equinox1528 @ mmcp

PDF Design - nnnaing @ mmcp

Myanmarcupid PDF Creator Group rS wifqufonf/

1983 ckESpf trsKd;om; pmayqk bmomjyef (&o) qk&

armifxGef;ol

&Jwdkuf

(yxrwGJ)

A. J. Cronin

The Citadel

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif 1

uRefawmfh &Jwkduf okdYr[kwf

'kwd, tBudrf trSmpm

uRefawmfh &Jwdkufudk b0wuúokdvfpmayrS 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0vdkufNyD jzpfonf/ þtwGuf uRefawmfonf 0rf;omjcif;? MunfEl;jcif;rsm;ESifh pdwfcsrf;ajrhjcif; ponfh aumif;aom a0'emrsm;udk cHpm;&ygonf/ pum;udk vSatmif ajymjcif; r[kwfyg/ trSefwu,f cHpm;&í cHpm;&onfh twdkif; ajymvdkufjcif; jzpfyg\/

Ä Ä Ä

trSeftwdkif; ajym&vQif uRefawmfh &Jwdkufudk 'kwd, tBudrf yHkESdyf xkwfa0oifhonfrSm MumcJhNyD/ &Jwdkufudk odolrsm;u ]'kwd,tBudrf r½kdufbl;vm;} [k ar;Muonf/ &Jwdkufudk 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0&ef twGuf 1989 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 2 &ufaeYuwnf;u b0wuúokdvf vufodkY ay;cJhNyD; jzpf\/ ,if;uJhodkY ay;cJhjcif;rSmvnf; taMumif; &Sdonf/ uRefawmfh bmomjyef pmtkyfrsm;xJwGif &Jwdkufonf b0wuúodkvfrS xkwfa0cJhonfh yxrqHk; pmtkyf jzpfonf/ 1983 ckESpf twGif;u xkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfí csufcsif;atmifjrifrI &cJhaom pmtkyf jzpfygonf/ pmayqk &&SdcJhí atmifjrifonf[k uRefawmf ajymjcif; r[kwfyg/ pmzwf y&dowf tawmfrsm;rsm;u ESpfouf vufcHcJhMujcif;aMumifhom atmifjrifrI &cJhonf[k ajymjcif; jzpfygonf/

wu,fawmh þpmtkyf &Jwdkuf\ aus;Zl;onf uRefawmfhtwGuf BuD;rm;vSygonf/ &JwdkufaMumifh

uRefawmfonf vlodrsm;aom pma&;olwpfOD; b0odkY a&mufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k uRefawmfcH,lrdygonf/ þpmtkyfonf b0wuúokdvfrS xkwfa0ay;cJhonfh yxrqHk; pmtkyf jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm b0wuúokdvf\ aus;Zl;onfvnf; uRefawmfhtay:ü wif&Sdaeonf[k ,lqygonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; &Jwdkufudk b0wuúokdvfrS 'kwd, tBudrf ½kdufcGifh awmif;vmonfhtcg uRefawmf csufcsif; oabmwlcJhygonf/

1983 ckESpfrS 1985 ckESpf umvtwGif; xkwfa0cJhonfh wufpf? uifrDvD? wdkYb0 wdkYurÇm?

wdkYykdifwJhajr? a'gormef tp&Sdaom bmomjyef pmtkyfrsm;onf 'kwd, tBudrf xGufoGm;cJhNyD;NyD/ tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm; qdkvQif wwd, tBudrfyif ½kdufESdyf xkwfa0 cJhMuNyD;NyD/ uRefawmfhtm; vlod trsm;qHk; jzpfoGm;atmif wGef;tm;ay;cJhonfh &Jwdkufusawmh bmjzpfvdkY rxkwfoenf;/

,if;ar;cGef;onf pmzwf y&dowf tawmfrsm;rsm;xHrS xGufvmonfh ar;cGef; jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh

&Jwkdufudk rsm;pGmESpfoufcJhMuaom 1982-1985 ywf0ef;usifrS q&m0efrsm;onf xdkar;cGef;udk trsm;qHk; ar;olrsm; jzpfygonf/ trSefawmhvnf; olwdkYar;MuonfrSm obm0usonf[k xifygonf/ uRefawmfudk,fwkdifvnf; xdkar;cGef;twGuf b0ifrus jzpfcJh&ygonf/ ar;olrsm; auseyf Ekdifavmufonfh tajzudkvnf; uRefawmf ay;EkdifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg/

þMum;xJrSmyif xkwfa0ol tawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; &Jwdkufukd 'kwd, tBudrf ½kdufESdyfvdkonf[k

tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vma&mufí pum;urf;vSrf;Muonf/ okdYaomfvnf; uRefawmf ray;EkdifcJhyg/ wcsKdUuqkdvQif pma&;onfh tvkyf wpfckwnf;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKae&aom uRefawmfhtm; rufavmufonfh pmrlcudkay;í &Jwdkufukd0,fMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; &Jwdkufudk uRefawmf ay;EkdifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg/

uRefawmfESifh b0wuúokdvf Mum;wGif wnfaqmufxm;cJhonfh vlrIqufqHa&; tajctaeudk

rysufjym;apvdkí jzpfygonf/


aemufqHk;wGif uRefawmfonf b0wuúokdvftm; taMumif;pHk ajymjyNyD; aqG;aEG; wkdifyif&onf/

uRefawmftoufESifhukd,f jrJaepOftwGif; &Jwdkufukd 'kwd,tBudrf jrifawGUvdkygonf[k yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymjy&onftxd jzpfcJh&\/ þokdYjzifh 1983 ckESpfu yxrtBudrf xGufcJh&onfh &Jwdkufonf tESpf ESpfq,fausmfrQ ukefvGefoGm;onfhtcg 'kwd,tBudrf xGuf&SdvmcJhavonf/

Ä Ä Ä

&Jwkdufukd yxr tBudrf xkwfa0cJhonfrSm 1983 ckESpfu jzpfí xkwfa0olrSm b0wuúokdvf pmaywkdufyif jzpfonf[k uRefawmf qdkcJhNyD;NyD/ xdkpOfuvnf; uRefawmfonf xGufvmonfh pmtkyfudk Munfhí twdkif;tq rodEkdifavmufatmif 0rf;omjcif;? MunfEl;jcif;ESifh pdwfcsrf;ajrhjcif; paom a0'emaumif;rsm;udk cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfh toufonf ig;q,fausmfrQom &Sdygao;onf/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfhcHpm;rIrsm;onf ,cktcsdefxuf ydkí euf½Idif;NyD; ydkí jyif;xefcJhonf/ bmaMumifh xdkuJhokdY jzpf&ygoenf;/

xdkpOfu uRefawmfonf touftm;jzifh i,fygao;onf/ ,ck a&mufaeonfh tcsdef umvvdk touf

ckepfq,fausmft&G,f r[kwfojzifh w&m;ESifh,SOfí qifjcifEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap &JwdkufESifh ywfoufí uRefawmhfwGif ajymp&mawG trsm;BuD;&Sdaeao;onf jzpf&m

xdkajymp&mrsm;ukd ,ckvdk 'kwd,tBudrf tcgtcGifh oifhvmonfhtcg xyfrHí ajymcGifhjyKapcsifygonf/

Ä Ä Ä

uRefawmf &Jwdkufukd pwif bmomjyefcJhonfrSm 1977 ckESpfwGifjzpfonf/ &Jwdkuf\ rl&if;jzpfaom The Citadel ukd xdkESpftwGif;rSmyif jyefvnfí zwf½IjzpfcJhNyD; 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;ukdvnf; uRefawmhf ZeD;jrifhESifh om;orD;rsm;tm; ajymjyjzpfcJhonf/

uRefawmf pm pa&;onf/ tu,fíom atmifjrifcJhygu uRefawmfonf t&m&Sdb0ukd pGefYí

pma&;q&m tvkyfjzifh toufarG;awmhrnf[laom &nfrSef;csufESifh jzpf\/ yxrOD;qHk; awmifyHrJhonfh iSufi,frsm; pmrlukd a&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;pmrlwGif yifudk,fa&; 0w¬Kwdk ckepfyk'f ygonf/ xdkYaemuf urÇmausmf pma&;q&m q&m0ef at? a*s? u½kdeif (A. J. Cronin) \ The Citadel 0w¬Kukd &Jwkduf trnfjzifh bmomjyefcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf A Small Woman pmtkyfukd q|rokcbHk trnfjzifh bmomjyefcJhonf/

xkdYaemufwGifrl uRefawmfonf ,if;pmrl oHk;yk'f pmtkyf jzpfvma&;twGuf tm;xkwfonf/ yxr

xkwfa0ol wpfOD;u uRefawmhfpmrl tm;vHk;ukd odyfaumif;onf[k qdkaomfvnf; emrnf r&ao;aom uavmif wpfacsmif;\ pmtkyfukd olrxkwf&J[k qdkonf/ obm0usaom tqdk jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf aemuf wpfOD;xH a&mufoGm;onf/ pmay 0goem&Sifrsm;\ pmtkyfwkduf[k a


uRefawmfonf olajymorQudk Nidrfí em;axmifum jyefvmcJhonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif uRefawmfonf vufxJwGif toifh ygvmonfh acwfwpfacwf\ aMu;rHkjyif (c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;rsm; pkpnf;rI) ESifh awmifyHrJhonfh iSufi,frsm; pmrlESpfckudk pmayAdrmefokdY ydkYcJhonf/ uHprf;onfh oabmjzifh ydkYcJhjcif;jzpfí arQmfvifhcsufawmh rxm;cJhyg/ bmomjyefpmrl ESpfyk'fukdrl tdrfokdYjyef,lvmcJhonf/

þtawmtwGif; pma&;q&m qdkolwpfOD; a&mufvmNyD; bmomjyef tvkyfrsm;tyfonf/ aq;

aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpf\/ uRefawmhftzdkY aiGaMu;vnf; txdkuftavsmuf&ojzifh vufcHívkyfukdifay;cJhonf/ olYukdvnf; rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wifcJhonf/ xdkYaemufwGifrl uRefawmf\ &Jwdkuf ESifh q|rokcbHk pmrlrsm; taMumif; pum;pyfrdMu&mrS xdkpmrlrsm;ukd olzwfNyD; tqifajyatmif BudK;pm;ay;rnf[k ajymonf/ uRefawmfh pmrlrsm;udk olYvufokdY tyfvdkufygonf/

pmrlrsm; olYvufxJa&mufoGm;onfrSm vaygif; tawmfMumcJhNyD jzpfaomfvnf; tajzxGufrvmyg/

olYtdrfodkY oGm;íar;onfhtcgwdkif; olYZeD;u &Jwdkuf0w¬K tvGefaumif;onf[k ajymavh &Sdaomfvnf; oluawmh EIwfqdwfum ukyfukyf½kyf½kyf vkyfaeonf/ wpf&ufwGifrl olu ]&Jwdkufudk ,lcsifwJhvlawmh &Sdw,f q&m? 'gayrJh olu &Jwkdufukd jrefrmrIjyKcsifaew,f? Zmwfaumif q&m0efae&mrSm owif;pmt,f'Dwm tpm;xdk;NyD; jrefrm0w¬K vkyfvdkuf&if odyfudk aumif;rSmyJvdkY ajymw,f? pmtkyfudk xkwf&ifawmh olYemrnfeJYyJ xkwfr,fwJh? tJ'g q&m oabmwl&if pmrlcudk ig;&mavmuf ay;r,fvdkYajymaew,f}

uRefawmf oabmrwlEdkifcJhyg/ uRefawmf &Jwdkufukd bmomjyefcJhjcif;rSm xdk0w¬KxJrS Zmwfaumif

tif'½l;\ p½kdufukd ESpfoufvGef;í jzpfonf/ r[kwfwmajymae vkyfaevQifrcHcsifaom pdwf? rawmfrw&m; jyKaeonf[k xifvQif rESpfoufonfh pdwf ponfrsm;ukd oabmusvGef;í jzpf\/ ]&Jwdkufukdawmh b,folY emrnfESifhrS ay;rxkwfEkdifbl;? 'Dpmtkyfu uRefawmfhtoufvdk jzpfaevdkYyg} [k uRefawmfu jyefajymonfhtcg olu ]wpfaxmifavmuf ay;r,f qdk&ifaum q&m vufcHEkdifrvm;} [k jyefar;onf/ ]oHk;axmif ay;&ifawmifrS olrsm; emrnfESifhawmh txkwf rcHEkdifygbl;} [k uRefawmfu tajz ay;vkdufonfhtcg &Jwdkufudpöonf NyD;jywfoGm;cJhavonf/

Ä Ä Ä

wpf&ufwGif uRefawmfonf &Jwdkufpmrludk ykdufí pmayAdrmefrS pmwnf;csKyf a':tkef;MunfxH a&mufoGm;onf/ pmrludpöukd ajymjyonf/ a':tkef;Munfu ]q&mh&JU awmifyHrJhonfh iSufi,frsm; pmrlukd 0,fzdkY uRefrwdkYqHk;jzwfxm;NyD;NyD? acwfwpfacwf\ aMu;rHkjyifukdawmh zwfaewkef;yJ? 'Dpmrl &Jwdkufuawmh xlw,f q&m? txufu pmtkyfawGudk pD;yGm;a&;qefqef xkwf&r,fvdkY ñTefMum;xm;awmh vkyfzdkY odyfrvG,fbl;} [k &Sif;jyonf/

uRefawmfonf awmifyHrJhonfh iSufi,frsm; pmrltwGuf 0rf;omonfhpdwfjzifh jyefvmcJhonf/

uRefawmftjrJwap oGm;aeusjzpfaom yef;qdk;wef;pmtkyf ta[mif;qkdifrsm;qDodkY ajcOD;vSnfhcJhonf/ þwGif uRefawmfESifh w&if;wESD; &SdcJhaom pmtkyform; ukd0if;wif(uG,fvGef) ESifh qHkrdonf/ olu uRefawmfhvufxJrS &Jwdkufpmrlukd ,lMunfhonf/ olESifh cifrifaom xkwfa0olwpfOD;xH jyMunfhcsifonf[k ajymonf/ wpfvavmufyJ MumrSmyg[kvnf; tckdiftrm uwday;onf/ &Jwdkufpmrlonf ukd0if;wifvufokdY a&mufoGm;cJhygavawmhonf/

xdkYaemuf ESpfvausmf oHk;veD;yg;cefYwGif b0wuúokdvfpmaywkduf ydkif&SifESifh awGU&\/ olonf

pum;enf;ol jzpf\/ wdkwdkESifh vdk&if;udkom ajymwwfol jzpfonf/ ]&Jwdkufpmrludk ol xkwfrnf? &JwdkufESifh twlay;vdkufonfh q|r okcbHkukdvnf; olBudKufojzifh xkwfrnf? a&SUqufívnf; uRefawmfESifh wGJNyD; tvkyf vkyfvdkonf} ponfjzifh ajymonf/


b0wuúokdvfpmayonf &Jwkdufpmtkyfudk 1983 ckESpfwGif yxrwGJ 'kwd,wGJ ESpfwGJcGJí xkwfa0cJhonf/ ]b0wuúokdvf\ &J&ifhpGefYpm;aom ajcvSrf;} [k ajymvQif rrSm;Ekdifyg/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfh uavmifonf pmaye,f twGif;ü ajcwpfzufcszdkY prf;w0g;0g; vkyfaeonf[k qkdEkdif½HkrQom &Sdao;onf/ ]armifxGef;ol} [laom trnfjzifh a&SUodkYpmapmifwGif c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;? jr0wD? aiGwm&D ponfwdkYwGif pmayaqmif;yg; twdktxGmrsm;rS wpfyg; tjcm; bmpmtkyfrS rnfrnf&& rxGufao;yg/ uHaumif;axmufrí 1980 ckESpfwGif armifxGef;ol trnfjzifh awmifyHrJhonfh iSufi,frsm; pmtkyfxGufcJhaomfvnf; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzpfcJhonf[k rqdkEkdifyg/ ,if;tajctaewGif &Jwkdufudk wif0Hhaom b0wuúodkvf\ owådonf uRefawmhfb0wGif ordkif;wif&rnf[k uRefawmfxifonf/

xdkYaemuf q|rokcbHk(q|r okc&dyfNrdKif)? uifrDvD? wufpf? &SmyHkawmf? tusOf;pH? a'gormef ponfh

bmomjyef0w¬Krsm; xGufvmonf/ pmzwf y&dowfuvnf; vufcHonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrsm;onf &Jwdkufpmtkyfudk taMumif;jyKí ay:xGufvmcJhaom pmtkyfrsm; jzpfavonf/

wu,fawmh uRefawmfonf pma&;q&mb0udk vdkcsifaeoljzpf\/ tu,fí &Jwkdufom

ratmifjrifygu uRefawmfonf jyify yk*¾vdu vkyfief;&Sif wpfOD;xHü uRefawmf atmhESvHk;emonfh vcpm; vkyf&OD;awmhrnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; &Jwdkufonf uRefawmf vdkcsifaeaom b0ukd &&Sda&;twGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftul jyKcJh\/ ,if;uJhodkY taxmuftuljyKa&;twGuf t"du yHhykd;ay;cJholrSm b0wuúokdvfjzpf&m b0wuúokdvf\ aus;Zl;w&m;ukd tjrJwap qifjcif ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf uRefawmhftwGuf ]rrSm;} [k ,lqygonf/

Ä Ä Ä

&Jwdkuf xGufvmonfhtcg pmzwf y&dowfrsm;Mum;wGif tawmfuav; *,uf½kdufcJhonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh pma&;q&mBuD; at? a*s? u½kdeif\ Zmwfvrf;udk BudKufMuonf/ olYZmwfaumifrsm;udk pGJMuonf/ 0w¬K\ OD;wnfcsufudk tvGefoabmusMuonf/ txl;ojzifh 0w¬K\ t"du Zmwfaumifrsm;jzpfaom ]tif'½l; arqef} ESifh ]c&pöwD} wdkYonf pmzwf y&dowf twGuf rarhEkdifp&m vlrsm; jzpfvmcJhavonf/

xdk*,ufonf aq;avmu twGif;&Sd q&m0efrsm;Mum;üvnf; ½kdufcwf vmcJhonf/ vli,f vl&G,f

q&m0efrsm;onf vnf;aumif;? tvkyfoifq&m0efrsm; Mum;wGif vnf;aumif;? aq;ausmif;om;rsm; Mum;wGif vnf;aumif; &Jwkduf taMumif;ukd ajymvmMuonf[kqdkonf/ &Jwdkufudk zwfoifh zwfxdkufonfh pmtkyf[kvnf; tcsif;csif;ajymMu wkdufwGef;Muonf[k qkdonf/

te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS q&m0efwcsKdUuvnf; uRefawmfhxH pmvSrf;a&;Muonf/ wcsKdUu uRefawmfhtm;

q&m0efwpfa,muf[k xifMuonf/ wcsKdUu at? a*s? u½kdeif\ rl&if;0w¬K The Citadel udk vdkcsifí 0,f,l&&SdEkdifonfh ae&mXmersm;udk ajymjyyg[k arwåm&yfcHMuonf/

rtlyifNrdKUrS NrdKUe,fq&m0efwpfOD;\ pmonf tvGefrSwfom;pzG,f aumif;onf[k uRefawmfxifonf/

olu ]q&m[m q&m0ef wpfa,mufrsm;vm;? q&m bmaMumifh 'Dpmtkyfudk bmomjyefygovJ} [k olYpmwGif ar;xm;onf/ NyD;awmh ....

]&Jwkduf 0w¬KxJu tajctaeawG[m t*FvefEkdifiHrSm 1930-31 ckESpftwGif;u jzpfcJhwJh

tajctaeawGyg? tJ'D tajctaeawG[m uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHrSm tckrSvmjzpfaeygw,f? 'DtajctaeawGukd tcsdefrD xdef;odrf;oGm;Ekdifr,fqdk&if odyfaumif;rSmyJ} ponfjzifh a&;xm;onf/ xdkpOfuawmh olonf þtwdkif; a&;cJh\/ ,cktcgwGifrl olYtawG; olYt,ltqESifh olYtjrifrsm;onf rnfodkY&Sdavrnfenf;/ tu,fírsm; ,cktcsdefwGif olonf txl;uk q&m0efBuD;wpfa,muf jzpfaecJhonf&Sdaomf ..../ okdYr[kwf ..../


uRefawmf olYemrnfudk xkwfazmf rajymvdkao;yg/ ,cktcg b,fNrdKU b,f&Gm b,fa'oü a&mufaerSef;vnf; uRefawmfrodyg/ tu,fírsm; þtrSmpmudk zwfrdí uRefawmfhxH [dkwkef;uvdk pma&;cJhonf&Sdaomf ,aeYacwf\ vuf&Sdaq;avmu tajctaeudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;Munfhvdkufcsifygao;onf/

rnfokdYyifjzpfap xdkpOftcgu &Jwdkufonf pmayavmuwGifvnf; *,uf½kdufoifhoavmuf

½kdufcJhonf/ tcsKdUaom pmayynm&Sifrsm;onf &Jwdkufukd BudKufMuonf/ rk'dwmvnf; yGm;Muonf/ þtwGuf uRefawmf 0rf;omMunfEl;cJh&onf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl; wifcJh&avonf/

Ä Ä Ä

&Jwdkufudk ]trsKd;om;pmayqk} &vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf rrSef;cJhyg/ xdkqkudk &&ef &nfrSef;csuf xm;í bmomjyefcJhaom pmtkyfvnf; r[kwfyg/ ,aeYtcsdefxd trsKd;om; pmayqk&&ef &nf&G,fNyD; a&;aom pmtkyf[lí wpftkyfrS r&Sdao;yg/ aemifwGifvnf; &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ pmtkyfrsm; a&;&mü okdYr[kwf bmomjyef&mü uRefawmhfwGif &nf&G,fcsufwpfckwnf;om &Sdonf/ jynfoltrsm; ESpfoufzdkYESifh jynfolwdkYtm; wpfpHkwpfckaom twkdif;twmtxd tusKd;jzpfxGef;apzdkYom jzpfygonf/

rnfokdYyifjzpfap uRefawmhf &Jwkdufonf ]1983 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmayqk bmomjyef (&o) qk} udk

&&SdcJhonf/ þpum;udk qdkjcif;rSm taMumif;rJhr[kwfyg/ &JwdkufESifh trsKd;om; pmayqkwdkY Mum;wGif ajymp&m taMumif;av;awG &SdcJhíjzpfonf/

xdkESpfu trsKd;om;pmayqk a&G;cs,fa&;aumfrwD Ouú|rSm pma&;q&mBuD; ref;wif jzpfonf/

ref;wifonf uRefawmfh tonf;pGJ pma&;q&mwpfOD; jzpf\/ ol\ xdkoHk;ESpf? jyHK;wrJhrJh? NrdKUydkif armifjyHK;csKd? udkzdk;vHk;? Zif'g; tusOf;om;? z½lqdk? *sL;vd,uf qDZm paom pmtkyfrsm;onf uRefawmf tvGefESpfoufcJhaom pmtkyfrsm; jzpfavonf/

1983 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmayqkudk 1984 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 23 &uf (ewfawmfvqef; 1 &uf?

pmqdkawmfaeY) wGif usif;ycJhonf jzpf&m xdkaeYwGif uRefawmfonf q&mref;wifESifh awGUqHkcGifhukdomru pum;pNrD ajymqdkcGifhukdyg &cJhonf/ xdkpOfu q&monf uRefawmf odoifh odxdkufonf[k xifjrif,lqaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh tcsuftcsKdUukd uRefawmfhtm; ajymjycJhonf/

]cifAsm;&JU &Jwdkufukd uRefawmf odyfNyD; owdrjyKcJhrdbl; udkxGef;ol&JU} [k q&mu ajymonf/

]uRefawmfhom;uajymvdkY owdxm;rdwm? zwfMunfhvdkufawmhvnf; tawmfukdaumif;wm awGU&w,f? A[dkrSm 0kdif;NyD; pOf;pm;Muawmh wcsKdUu axmufMuw,f? 'g[m yxrqHk; bmomjyefpmtkyf jzpfaew,fwJh? tpOftvmr&SdcJhayrJh rl&if;pmtkyfESifh wdkufzwfNyD;rS pOf;pm;ygwJh? uRefawmfwdkY rl&if;udk &Smckdif;cJhw,f? aemufqHk; trsKd;om;pmMunfhwdkufu &vmw,f? wdkufzwfMunfhvdkufawmh trSm;t,Gif;uav;awG enf;enf;yg;yg;ESifh tydkuav;awG ygwm awGU&w,f? a,bk,soabmESifh jcHKMunfhvdkufawmh b,fbmomjyefpmtkyfrSmrqdk tenf;tusOf; tustayguf[m &SdrSmyJvdkY uRefawmfu jrifw,f? [kdt&if qkay;cJhwJh bmomjyef pmtkyfawGESifhvnf; EIdif;,SOfoHk;oyfcJhw,f? NyD;awmhrS ay;oifh ay;xdkufw,fvdkY qHk;jzwfcJhMuwmyJ}

]aus;Zl;wifygw,f q&m} [k uRefawmfu jyefajymonf/ ]q&m wpfa,mufwnf;ukdom

aus;Zl;wifwm r[kwfygbl;? wpfzGJUvHk;ukd aus;Zl;wifwmyg? &JwdkufrSm trSm;t,Gif;ESifh tustaygufawG &Sdvdrfhr,fqdkwm uRefawmf odygw,f? uRefawmf q&mhudk 0efcHcsifwm wpfckawmh ajymcGifhjyKapcsifygw,f? wjcm;awmh r[kwfygbl;? tydkuav;awGygw,fqdkwJh udpöyg/}


csrf;omBuD;jrifhvdkpdwfvnf; &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm obm0usaom udpöjzpfojzifh tjypfrqdkomyg/ okdYaomfvnf; ..../

q&m0efqdkonfrSm vlxJuvlyifjzpfonf [laom taMumif;jycsufwpfckwnf;jzifh txdef;todrf;

tuGyftuJr&SdbJ xif&mjrif&m vkyfíum; oifhawmfrnf r[kwfyg/ q&m0efqdkonfrSm trsm;wumxuf ÓPf&nf ÓPfaoG;omrS q&m0ef jzpfvmjcif;[k a,bk,s tm;jzifh cH,l xm;Muonfjzpf&m olYtodolYpdwf"mwfonftjcm;omrefvlrsm;xuf ykdí jrifhjrwfaom? ydkí apwem arwåmESifh u½kPmBuD;rm;aom? vlvlcsif; ydkí ukd,fcsif;pmw&m; xm;wwfaom vlom;wpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif rdrdukd,frdrd wnfaqmufxm;Ekdifatmif BudK;pm;zkdYawmh vdkygonf/ rdrd\ pdwf? rdrd\ qE´? rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufESifh rdrd ywf0ef;usif\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk tpGef;ra&mufatmif xdef;csKyf xm;zdkYawmh tm;xkwf&ygvdrfhrnf/ wu,fawmh q&m0efqdkonfrSm ]twåESifh y&} ukd rQwatmif vkyfzdkYawmh ]todESifh owd} &Sd&rnf r[kwfygvm;/

rnfodkYyif qdkaeMuapumrl wpfcsdefu pmzwf y&dowfjynfolrsm;ESifh pmzwfol q&m0efrsm;ESifh

aq;ausmif;om;rsm;Mum;ü a&yef;pm;cJhaom pma&;q&m q&m0ef at? a*s? u½kdeif\ &Jwdkuf bmomjyefonf 'kwd,tBudrf xGufvmcJhNyD jzpfygonf/ yxrtBudrfwkef;uvdkyif jynfolrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;Mum;ü ]arwåmaygif;ul; wHwm;opf wpfck} xyfrHwnfaqmufEkdkifMuygap[k uRefawmf qE´jyKcsifrdygonf/

armifxGef;ol 23? rwf? 2004/


q&m0ef pma&;q&mESifh pma&;q&m q&m0ef

urÇmwGifa&m jrefrmwGifyg pmayrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkaeMuonfh q&m0efawG trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk trsKd;tpm; cGJvQif q&m0ef pma&;q&mESifh pma&;q&m q&m0ef [lí cGJjcm;&vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmfxifygonf/

q&m0ef pma&;q&mqdkonfrSm aq;ukojcif; tvkyfukd t"duxm;NyD; pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk

taysmfwrf;vkyfolrsm; jzpfonf/ pma&;q&m q&m0efqdkonfrSm pma&;jcif;ukd t"duxm;NyD; aq;ukojcif; tvkyfudk tcgtm;avsmfpGm vkyfolrsm; jzpfonf/

½k&Spma&;q&mBuD; csufaumhonf q&m0efwpfOD;jzpfonf/ csufaumhonf aq;uko&if;rS

vlawGtaMumif;udk ydkíodvmcJhonf/ avmutaMumif;udk ykdí em;vnfvmcJhonf/ þwGif csufaumhonf em;MuyfESifhaq;xdk;tyfudkpGefYum uavmifwHukd udkifcJhavonf/ ]aq;ynmonf uRefawmf\ r,m;BuD;jzpfNyD; pmayrSm uRefawmf\ r,m;i,fjzpfonf} [k csufaumhu ajymcJhonf/ csufaumhonf aq;xdk;tyfESifhem;Muyfudk pGefYum r,m;i,faemufodkY aumufaumufygatmif vdkufcJhavonf/ csufaumh\ 0w¬Krsm;onf aq;ynm\ taMumif;ukdrQru aq;ynmESifh vlwkdY qufoG,fyHk? aq;ynmaMumifh vlYavmuBuD;wGif rnfokdYaom tusKd;tjypfawG &EkdifyHkwdkYukdvnf; a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ csufaumhonf aoonftxd uavmifwHudk ukdifpGJum pmayrsm;ukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhavonf/

xdkYaMumifh csufaumhonf pma&;q&m q&m0ef[k uRefawmf qdkcsifygonf/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; qr®m;quf rGefonfvnf; q&m0efwpfOD;jzpfavonf/ qr®m;quf rGefonf

vef'ef pdefYaomrwf aq;½HkBuD;rS pBuørsm;ay:wGif em;Muyfukd ukdifí acgufwHkYacgufjyefavQmuf&if; vlYtaMumif; ydkrdk avhvmcGifh&cJhonf/ vlYtaMumif;udk odvmcJhonf/ þwGif qr®m;quf rGefonf vlawG taMumif;ukd ydkrdkodcsifvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHwrefXmewGif 0ifvkyfonf/ odoifhoavmuf odcJhyg\/ okdY&mwGif rauseyfao;/ urÇmtESHY c&D;oGm;cJhonf/ qr®m;quf rGef\ rdk;ukyfpuf0kdif; us,fjyefYvmonfESifhtwl olYwGif b0tawGUtMuHKawGvnf; us,fjyefYvmonf/ xdkYaemufwGifrl qr®m;quf rGefonf cGJpdwf"m;ukd pGefYum uavmifukd aumufukdifcJhonf/ ol\ ]vlY tzGJUtaESmif} qdkaom 0w¬KrSm aq;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf\ ½kef;uefrIrsm;? vGrf;armzG,f&mrsm;? qGwfysHUMunfarmp&mrsm;udk zGJUEGJUxm;onfh vSyonfh 0w¬Kwpfyk'fyif/

qDG'iftrsKd;om; tufZ,f rGefoDonf q&m0efwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ yg&DwGif aq;uk&if; olonf

vltrsKd;rsKd;udk awGUcJh&onf/ q&m0eftrnfcHum uav;zsufay;aeolrsm;? aq;vdrfukaeolrsm;? azmufjyefMuaom txufwef;pm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&onf/ þwGif rGefoDonf ]pefrpf&S,f\ yHkjyif} ac: urÇmausmfpmtkyfudk a&;cJhonf/

olwdkYonf aemufydkif;wGif aq;ukonfhtvkyfukd pGefYypfum pma&;q&mb0udk cH,loGm;Muonfh

pma&;q&m q&m0efrsm;jzpfavonf/ aemufwpfa,mufrSm at? a*s? u½kdeif/ at? a*s? u½kdeifonfvnf; rlvu q&m0efwpfOD;jzpfonf/ aemufykdif;wGifrl u½kdeifonf

aq;ynmukd vHk;0pGefYvTwfvdkufum pma&;q&mb0ukd cH,lcJhonf/ u½kdeif\ 0w¬Krsm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomodkY jyefcJhMuzl;NyD/


yxrqHk;rSm ]ESpfavmu} trnfjzifh wifhw,f jrefrmjyefcJhaom The Adventures In Two Worlds

jzpfonf/ vef'efNrdKU [mavvrf;wGif aq;ukaeonfh q&m0efwpfa,muf\ b0udk jynfhpHkpGm a&;xm;onfh 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/

aemufwpfyk'frSm Beyond This Place jzpfonf/ xdk0w¬Kudk xifvif;u ]wpfuRef;pH\ tjyefvrf;}

[laom trnfjzifh bmomjyefcJhzl;onf/ tjypfr&SdbJ vlowfrIjzifh jypf'PfpD&ifjcif; cHcJh&onfh vli,fuav;wpfa,muf\ tjzpftysufjzpfonf/

aemufwpfyk'frSm The Northern Light jzpf\/ ]Owå& tvif;} [laom trnfjzifh jrefrmjyefcJhzl;onf/

owif;pmq&mwpfa,muf\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;? atmifjrifrIrsm;? qHk;½IH;rIrsm;udk a&;xm;onfh 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ ,ck ]&Jwdkuf} trnfjzifh armifxGef;ol jrefrmjyefvdkufonfh 0w¬KrSm The Citadel jzpfNyD;

q&m0efwpfa,muf\ b0udk a&;xm;onfh 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ ]&Jwdkuf} 0w¬KxJrS a'gufwm tif'½l; arqefonf aq;ausmif;rS qif;NyD;aemuf a0vjynfe,f

owåKwGif;rsm;wGif oGm;í tvkyfvkyfonf/ aq;uk&if; rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh &efolrsm;ukd awGUcJh&onf/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh qHkcJh&onf/aemufqHk;wGif a'gufwm tif'½l; arqefonf vlemwpfa,mufukd aq;uk&mESifh ywfoufí ukoyHkukoenf;onf aq;aumifpD jy|mef;csufESifh ukdufnDjcif;r&Sd[kqdkum aq;aumifpDwGif tppfcH&onf/ aq;aumifpDu olYtay:wGif pGJxm;onfh pGJcsufudk Mum;emum a'gufwm tif'½l;\ q&m0efrSwfyHkwifvufrSwfukd rodrf;bJ tjypfrSvTwfvdkufonf/

aq;aumifpDa&SUwGif tppfcH&mü a'gufwm tif'½l;u .... ] uRefawmfwdkY aq;ynm&SifawG ajymwmrS

rSefw,f? tjyifuvlawG ajymwm rrSefbl;vdkY xifaeMu&if odyÜHynm[m b,fawmhrS wdk;wufawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? aooGm;awmhrSmyJ? 'Dvdkqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY aq;ynmavmu[m usOf;ajrmif;wJh tzGJUtpnf;uav;wpfckyJ jzpfaeawmhrSmyJ? 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY aq;ynmavmuudk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY tcsdefa&mufNyD? uRefawmfwdkY q&m0efawG&JU rjynfhpHkwJh avhusifhoifMum;rIawGudk jyefpOf;pm;zdkYaumif;NyD? uRefawmf q&m0efjzpfpwkef;u uRefawmf[m vlYavmuBuD;&JU aumif;usKd;xuf qdk;usKd;ukd aqmifEkdifwJhvlwpfa,mufvdkYawmif uRefawmfhudk,f uRefawmf xifcJhw,f? uRefawmf[m a&m*gwcsKdU&JU emrnfudkodw,f? aq;wcsKdUudkodw,f? 'gayrJh 0rf;qGJq&mr&JU ñSyfukdawmif aumif;aumif;rudkifwwfcJhbl;? uRefawmfwdkYq&m0efawG[m vufawGUuk&mrSm awGUcJh&wJh tajccHtcsufuav;awGavmufuvGJvdkY 'Djyif bmrS ydkrodcJhMubl;? olwdkYrSm tcsdefr&Mubl;? ajy;vTm;aeMu&w,f? 'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdY[m q&m0efawGtwGuf bGJUvGefoifwef;awG zGifhoifhw,f? odyÜHynmudk a&SUwef;a&mufvmatmif BudK;pm;oifhw,f? aq;ykvif;xJu aq;ukd wdkufvdkuf&if NyD;wmyJqdkwJh t,ltqudk pGefYoifhw,f? okawoe vkyfief;awGudk vkyfEkdifzdkY tcGifhta&;ay;oifhw,f? tojymaemufukdvdkufwJh ukxHk;awG? rvdktyfwJh cGJpdwfukorIawGukd &yfzdkYtcsdefawmfNyD? aq;ynmukd uRefawmfwdkYwpfawGrS vdkufpm;cGifh&Sdwm r[kwfygbl;? odyÜHenf;us aq;ynmrSm tifrwef ausmfMum;cJhwJh vl0Dywfpcsm[m q&m0efr[kwfygbl;? *smrefydk;rTm;aA'yg&*l tm;vpf[m q&m0efr[kwfygbl;? tdE´d,rSm yvdyfa&m*gukd wdkufzsufcJhwJh [wfzudkif;[m q&m0efwpfa,muf r[kwfygbl;? 'Dawmh q&m0ef rSwfyHkwifpm&if;rSm rygbJ a&m*gawGudk wdkufzsufwJhvlawG[m avmuBuD;rSm trsm;BuD;yg? olwdkY[m vltawG vlnHhawG r[kwfygbl;}

xdkpum;rsm;rSm ]&Jwdkuf} 0w¬KxJrS a'gufwm tif'½l; arqef\ pum;rsm;jzpfonf/ a'gufwm tif'½l;

arqefonf aq;ynmukd vlxkvuf ta&mufydkYcsifonf/ okdYjzifh olonf olYa&SUu q&m0efwdkYESifhrwl? aq;ynmtwGuf vrf;opfcif;ay;onf/


]&Jwkduf} 0w¬Konf aq;ynmwGif vrf;a[mif;ukd avQmufcsifolESifh vrf;opfukd azmufcsifolwdkY\ y#dyu©ukd azmfjyaom 0w¬Kjzpfavonf/

at? a*s? u½kdeifonf aq;ynm taMumif;ukdomru vlawGtaMumif;ukdyg a&;aom pma&;q&m

q&m0efjzpfavonf/

jroef;wifh


jrefrmjyefol\ trSm

(1) 1978 ckESpf ..../

uRefawmfhb0wGif 1978 ckESpfonf rkefwkdif;txefqHk;aomESpf jzpfygonf/ xdkESpfwGif

uRefawmfb,faomtcgurS jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrxm;cJhzl;aom tjzpfwpfckESifh MuHKcJh&onf/ ,if; tjzpfukd taMumif;jyKí wnfwnfNidrfNidrf &Sdaeaom uRefawmfhb0onf ysufcJh&onf/ xdktcg pmzwf&if; pma&;&if;ESifh vlYtvTm toD;oD;rS vlwef;pm; aygif;pHk\ tusifhp½kduf vu©Pmrsm;udk vufawGUusus odjrifem;vnfcGifh &vmcJhygonf/

vlwdkY\ ukd,fcsif;pmw&m; acgif;yg;rIrsm;? &ufpuf,kwfrmrIrsm;? rvdkwpfrsKd; vdkwpfrsKd;

vkyfwwfonfh tusifhrsm;? aiGudkom tav;xm;í vlukd vHk;0 wefzdk;rxm;aom tquftqHjyKrIrsm;? rdrd\ wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif;twGuf wpfzufom; epfemysufpD;atmif MuHpnftm;xkwfwwfonfh opömrJhrIrsm;? ukd,fhxufomvQif rMunfhcsif rjrifcsif jzpfwwfonfh remvdk 0efwdkrIrsm;? tay:uar;vmvQif atmufvlay:yHkcsNyD; atmufuar;vmvQif tay:okdY vufñId;xdk;jyum tjypfrjzpf½Hkuav;rQ tvkyfvkyfNyD; rdrdukd,fusKd;twGufom t"duxm;í vkyfaqmifaewwfonfh tacsmiform; p½kdufrsm;? tay:pD;&vmvQif wpfzufom;tay: tñSmtwm uif;rJhpGmjzifh tjypfr&Sd tjypf&Smí zdzdESdyfESdyf vkyfwwfaomfvnf; rdrdcH&rnfh tvSnfhusvQif aqmufwnf&mr&Ekdifavmufatmif wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;um rdrd\ touft&G,f? rdrd\ *kPf? rdrd\ odu©mudkrS raxmufxm;awmhbJ 'l;axmufí? ajczufí? ½IdufBuD;wiif idka


(2)

a'gufwm tif'½l; arqefudk zefwD;cJholrSm urÇmausmf pma&;q&mBuD; at? a*s? u½kdeif jzpf\/ u½kdeifonf tif'½l; arqefukd zefwD;&mü yDjyifonf? touf0ifonf/ yDjyifvGef; touf0ifvGef; ojzifh tif'½l; arqefonf pma&; q&mBuD; u½kdeif ukd,fwdkifyif jzpfava&mhovm; [kyif awG;xif&onf/

u½kdeifonf olYZmwfaumif tif'½l;arqefESifh xdawGUqufpyfaeaom ywf0ef;usifavmuukd

zefwD;&müvnf; tvGefyDjyifí touf0ifonf/ tif'½l; arqefESifh qufpyf ,SufET,faeaom Zmwfaumif tm;vHk;onf vlqefvSonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; þ0w¬KBuD;udk acwfopf *EÅ0if pmaypm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ pwifxkwfa0cJhaom 1937 ckESpfrS pí ,aeYacwftxd tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf ½kdufESdyf xkwfa0 aeaomfvnf; ta&mif;& wGifus,fqJyif jzpfonf/ wpfcsdefuqdkvQif þ0w¬KBuD;udk tusOf;csKyf jyefvnfa&;om;NyD; tdE´d,EkdifiH&Sd txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;oHk;pmtkyftjzpf jy|mef;cJhzl;avonf/

(3) þ0w¬KBuD;ukd a&;om;cJhaom at? a*s? u½kdeifonf paumhvlrsKd;jzpf\/ paumhwvefEkdifiH um'a&mhpfNrdKU (Cardross) onf ol\ arG;&yfZmwdjzpfonf/ i,fi,fuwnf;u qif;&JcsKdUwJhpGm aecJh&ojzifh b0emcJholjzpfonf/ *vufp*dk wuúokdvf\ aq;ausmif;om;b0wGifvnf; aiGaMu;rjynfhpHkrIaMumifh olYb0rSm oufawmifhoufomr&Sd/ tjrJwap ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;aecJh&onf/ q&m0efjzpfvmjyefawmhvnf; olYb0tprSm ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;ae&qJ jzpfonf/ oabFmq&m0ef tvkyfjzifh tdE´d,EkdifiHbufokdY xGufcJh&\/ taxGaxGa&m*guk q&m0eftvkyfjzifh NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;ESifh a0;uGmvGef;vSaom ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm; &Sd&m t&yfa'owGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&\/

a'gufwmu½kdeifonf aq;uk&if; vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh qufqHcJh&onf/ olonf vlwdkY\

aumif;uGufrsm;? qdk;uGufrsm;ESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd avhvmwwfaom? odjrifem;vnfwwfaom? qifjcifoHk;oyfwwfaom? ukd,fcsif;pmemwwfaom? onf;cHcGifhvTwfwwfaom oabm&SdcJhonf/ ,if;pdwfapwemrsm;onf pma&;wwfjcif;wnf;[laom tEkynm&yfESifh xdawGUaygif;pyfrdonfhtcg atmifjrifaom pma&;q&mwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhavonf/

1930 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmu½kdeifonf vef'efNrdKU taemufydkif;&yfuGufü aq;cef;zGifhí aq;ukae&mrS

usef;rma&;csKdUwJhrIaMumifh tem;,lcJh&onf/ tcsdefjynfhtem;,lae&ojzifh u½kdeifrSm vkyfp&mtvkyfqdkí rnfrnf&&r&SdbJ jzpfaeonf/ xdktcg ]pma&;&vQif aumif;avrvm;} [laom tawG;onf olYacgif;xJodkY 0ifvmonf/ þodkYjzifh Hatter’s Castle 0w¬KBuD;ukd a&;jzpfcJh\/

a&;NyD;aomtcg pmrlukd b,fqDydkY&rnfrod/ vef'efNrdKUay:wGif xkwfa0olawGu trsm;BuD;/

,if;xkwfa0olrsm;u olYvdk pma&;p vlwpfa,muf\ pmrludk *½kwpkdufrS zwfyghrvm;/ xkwfa0olrsm;u todtrSwf jyKEdkifavmufatmif olY0w¬Kpmrlu tqifhtwef; jrifhyghrvm;/ qGJaqmifrI &Sdyghrvm;/ ,if;oHo,rsm;aMumifh olY0w¬Kpmrlukd b,folYqDrS rydkY&J/ aemufqHk;wGif awmf&m acsmifodkY xdk;xm;vdkuf\/

wpfaeYwGif vrf;avQmuf xGufoGm;&mrS paumhvlrsKd; v,form;BuD; wpfOD;ESifh qHkrdMuonf/

olYtaMumif; udk,hftaMumif; pyfrdpyf&m ajymrdMuonf/ u½kdeifu ola&;xm;aom pmrludk rykdYjzpfonfhtaMumif; zGifh[íajymjyonf/ olYpum;Mum;aom v,form;BuD;u ESmacgif;½IHUavonf/


]usKyf xGef,ufaewJh ajrudk cifAsm; jrifw,f r[kwfvm;? pdkufvdkYysKd;vdkYrS jzpfyghrvm;qdkwJh

oHo,0ifzdkY b,favmuf aumif;ovJ? 'gayrJh jzpfrSjzpfyghrvm;qdkwJh oHo,ESifh usKyfxdkifraebl;? vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfaewmyJ? 'grSvnf; usKyf&oifhwJh toD;tESHudk &rSmaygh}

v,form;BuD; pum;aMumifh u½kdeif pdwf"mwf ajymif;oGm;onf/ tdrfa&mufvQif a&mufcsif;

awmf&macsmifwGif a&mufaeaompmrlukd ,lum vufESdyfpuful;½kdufonf/ NyD;awmh vef'efNrdKU&Sd xkwfa0olwpfOD;xH ydkYvdkufonf/ ydkYNyD;awmhvnf; arharhaysmufaysmuf aevdkufonf/

xkwfa0olu u½kdeif\ Hatter’s Castle ukd BudKufonf/ csufcsif;yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ u½kdeif\

Hatter’s Castle onfa&mif;ravmufatmif wGifus,fonfh pmtkyfjzpfvmcJh\/ u½kdeifrSm csufcsif;yif vlodrsm;íxif&Sm;aom pma&;q&mjzpfvmcJhonf/ yxrqHk;0w¬K\ atmifjrifrIaMumifh tm;wufvsuf&Sdaom u½kdeifonf aemufxyfpmtkyfrsm; wpftkyfNyD;wpftkyf a&;cJhonf/ a&;orQ 0w¬Krsm;rSmvnf; vlBudKufrsm;onfcsnf; jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh u½kdeifonf urÇmausmf pma&; q&mBuD;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJh&av\/

u½kdeifpma&;q&mjzpfvmaomtcg olq&m0efb0u MuHKcJh&onfh tawGUtMuHKrsm;? jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh

aemufcHa'orsm;onf olY0w¬Krsm;\ toufaoG;aMumjzpfvmcJhonf/ ol\ The Stars Look Down 0w¬KBuD;wGif ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; tvkyform;rsm;\ oem;p&m b0udk azmfjyonf/ olvef'efNrdKU taemufydkif;&yfuGufwGif ukd,fykdifaq;cef;zGifhí aq;ukopOfu&cJhonfh b0wpfauGUrS tawGUtMuHKrsm;udk tajccHí vef'efNrdKU [mavvrf; (Harley Street) rS udk,fykdifaq;cef;rsm;\ rESpfNrdKUzG,faumif;aom vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;? emrnfBuD;q&m0efESifhrS ukocHvdkMuonfh txufwef;pm;vlYtvTmrsm;\ *kPfwk*kPfNydKifa&m*grsm;? b,folaoao iawrm NyD;a&moabmrsKd; arG;um apwem arwåmacgif;yg;vGef;aeonfh q&m0eftcsdKU\ uvdrfusrIrsm;udk þ0w¬K The Citadel wGif wpfpdwfwpfa'o azmfxkwfxm;avonf/

(4) The Citadel udk uRefawmf zwf½IcJh&aomESpfrSm 1963 ckESpfjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu þ0w¬Kudk bmomjyefvdkpdwf jyif;jycJhzl;aomfvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh rjzpfajrmufcJh/

1978 ckESpfa&mufawmhrS þ0w¬Kudk 'kwd,tBudrf zwfrdcJhjyefonf/ þwpfBudrfwGifrl þ0w¬KBuD;\

tESpfom&udk uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf; rcHpm;bJ ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udkyg ajymjycJhrd&m olwdkYtm;vHk;u jrefrmjyefzdkY 0dkif;í wdkufwGef;cJhMuonf/ þokdYjzifh þ0w¬KBuD;udk uRefawmf jrefrmjyefjzpfcJh\/

jrefrmjyef0w¬Kpmrlukd pmtkyftjzpfa&mufzdkY BudK;pm;onfhtcgwGifrlum; pdwfysufp&m?

pdwfnpfp&mrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&avawmhonf/ txl;ojzifh uRefawmfhvdk rxifr&Sm; omrn pma&;ol wpfOD;\ vuf&mudk xkwfa0oltm;vHk;vdkvdku todtrSwfrjyKcsifMu/ xkwfa0ol wpfOD;uqkdvQif 0w¬Kpmrl wpfxyfBuD;udk Munfhí rwefr&mwpfckudk vkyfvmonfhES,f qufqHajymqdkcJhonf/ aemufwpfOD;uawmh ]uRefawmf u½kdeif&JU pmtkyfawG tm;vHk;zwfcJhzl;ygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfudkawmh emrnfawmif rMum;zl;bl;} [k qdkcJhonf/ aemufwpfOD;uawmh 0w¬Kpmrludk pdwfvdkvuf&zwfonf/ NyD;awmh olBudKufaMumif;vnf; zGifh[ajymonf/ odkYaomfvnf; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0zdkYusawmh rpOf;pm;0Hh/ pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfzkdY t&if;tESD;aiG aomif;ausmfaom acwfwGif þrQxlxJaom 0w¬Kudk olrxkwf&J/


uRefawmfMuH&mr&jzpfum q&m wifhw,fESifh q&m jroef;wifhxH csOf;uyfrdjyefonf/ olwdkYcrsm 0w¬Kaumif;BuD; wpfyk'f jrefrmjyef pmrlb0 a&mufoGm;ojzifh 0rf;omMuaomfvnf; tajctaeu ray;ojzifh pmtkyftjzpf a&mufonftxd rulnDEkdifMu/ þokdYjzifh þ0w¬Kpmrlonf uRefawmhf vufxJwGif oHk;ESpfeD;yg;rQ &ifcGifykdufjzpfcJh&ygonf/ ,ckaomf oHk;ESpfeD;yg;rQ wvnfvnfjzpfaecJh&aom pmrlonf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfvmcJhayNyD/

trSefaomf pma&;q&mBuD; at? a*s? u½kdeifonf jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfESifh pdrf;olr[kwfyg/ u½kdeif\

Adventures In Two Worlds ukd q&m wifhw,fu ]ESpfavmu} trnfjzifh vnf;aumif;? Beyond This Place 0w¬Kukd q&m xifvif;u ]wpfuRef;pH\ tjyefvrf;} trnfjzifh vnf;aumif;? The Northern Light 0w¬Kukd ]Owå& tvif;} trnfjzifh vnf;aumif; jrefrmjyefí pmzwfolxH ydkYay;cJhNyD;NyDjzpfygonf/

,ck pmzwfol\ vufwGif;ü a&mufaeaom pmtkyfonf urÇmausmf pma&;q&m q&m0efBuD; at?

a*s? u½kdeif\ taumif;qHk;vuf&mwpfyk'f[k owfrSwfxm;aom 0w¬Kjzpfygonf/ pmzwfolrsm; ESpfoufMuvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfarQmfvifhyg\/

jrefrmjyefol


tydkif; (1)

armifxGef;ol &Jwdkuf


(1)

1924 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv ukefcgeD; aeYwpfaeY\ rGef;vGJykdif;wGif twefi,fEGrf;yg;yHk&aom tif'½l; arqef trnf&Sd vl&G,fwpfOD;onf qGrfqD;e,frS yDEkd;0JvfawmifMum;odkYoGm;onfh rD;&xm;wpfpD;\ wwd,wef;wGJ wpfwJGay:wGif vdkufygvmavonf/ c&D;onfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; rygojzifh &xm;wGJwdkif;vdkvdkyif wdwfqdwfajcmufuyfvsuf&Sd\/ vl&G,fonf &xm;wGJjywif;rSaeí tjyifbuf&Sd awmawmifa&ajr ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;rsm;ukd ai;armMunfh½I&if; tawG;a&vsOfaMum0,f epfarsmvsuf&Sdav\/

tif'½l; arqefonf wpfaeYvHk;vdkvdk c&D;oGm;cJh&ojzifh pdwfa&m ukd,fyg yifyef; EGrf;e,fvsuf

&Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif;a'orS pwifxGufcGm vmuwnf;u &xm;ajymif;í pD;cJh&onfh umvpövDESifh &S½l;pfbl&Düom acwåcPrQ tanmif;tnmajzcGifh &cJhonf/ ol\ c&D;vrf;qHk;a'ojzpfaom awmifykdif;a0vjynfe,fxJ a&mufvmonfh tcsdefxd rD;&xm;ay:üom tcsdefukefcJh&av\/

tvGef ysif;&dNiD;aiGUzG,f aumif;aom c&D;vrf; wpfavQmufvHk;wGif q&m0ef wpfa,mufb0jzifh

olyxrOD;qHk; vufcHvkyfudkif&awmhrnfh tvkyftaMumif;ukdom xyfcgwvJvJ pOf;pm;vmrdav\/ þe,fajr þa'oonf olYtzdkY xl;qef;aom e,fajra'ojzpf\/ awmawmif xlxyfvGef;ojzifh

ajrrsufESmjyif taetxm;u rnDrñGwf&SdvSacsonf/ þuJhokdY vlolta&muftaygufenf;NyD; acgifvGef;vSonfh t&yfa'orsKd;wGif vkyf&rnfh olYtvkyfonf acsmacsmarGUarGUrS &Sdygrnfavm[k awG;awmylyefaerdav\/

rD;&xm;vrf;\ 0J,m wpfzufwpfcsufwGif tpDt&D wnf&SdaeMuaom awmifwef;rsm;onf

jyif;xefpGm&GmoGef;vsuf&Sdaom rdk;t&SdefaMumifh rIef&DrIdif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/ awmifxdyf awmifxGwfrsm;onf ndKrIdif;&Da0vsuf&Sdaom rdk;om;wdrfvdyf\aemuf0,f ykef;uG,fvsuf&SdMuavonf/

vloluif;rJhaeaom awmifapmif;rsm;rSm wdwfqdwfajcmufaoGUvsuf&Sd\/ owåKrsm; wl;azmfxm;onfh

'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;aMumifh awmifapmif;rsm;rSm tusnf;wefvSayonf/ [kdwpfyHk onfwpfyHk tpkvdkuf tyHkvdkuf wnf&Sdaeaom acsmfwHk;acsmfcJrsm;aMumifh om,mvSyrI uif;rJhum ykdí t½kyfqdk;vsuf &Sdavonf/



npfywfaya&vsuf&Sdaom odk;wpftkyfonf acsmfwHk;acsmfcJrsm;ay:0,f vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaeonfudk

awGU&aomfvnf; pm;usufajr[lí rnfrnf&&rjrif&acs/ csKHEG,fydwfaygif;vnf;r&Sd? pdrf;pdkvef;qef;aom opfyiftpteudkvnf; rawGU&Sd/ rIef&DtHkYqdkif;aeaom 0kd;w0g;tvif;a&mifatmufwGif jrifawGUae&onfh opfyifrsm;rSmvnf; ajcmufoa,mif;vsuf&Sdojzifh MuHKvSDao;auG;aom raumif;qdk;&Gm; rSifpmuav;rsm; &yfaeonfESifh wlvSayonf/

rD;&xm;tauGUwGif puf½HkwpfckqDrS xGufay:aeaom eD&Jawmufyonfh tvif;a&mifatmuf0,f

tusÐwHk;vHk;ESifh tvkyfvkyfaeMuaom tvkyform;rsm;wpfpkudk &dyfceJvSrf;jrifvdkuf&avonf/ tvkyform;rsm;\ wpfukd,fvHk;rSm npfywf aya&vsuf &SdNyD; wpfpHkwpfckudk xk½kduf&ef vufrsm;

ajr§mufaeMu\/ tif'½l; arqef\ rsufpdatmufrS jrifuGif;onf csufcsif;aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm; tm;rmef tjynfhESifh vIyf&Sm;aeonfh oP²mefrSmrl ol\ pdwftm½Hk0,f pGJxif usef&pfcJhav\/

tif'½l; arqefonf oufjyif;wpfcsuf &SLvdkufonf/ olYpdwfonf apmapmuESifh rwlawmhay/

ayghyg;wuf



][Jh .... jrif;} jrif;&xm;onf NrdKUwGif;okdY 0ifvmcJhavNyD/ tif'½l; arqefonf NrdKUtaetxm;ukd *½kjyKí Munfhygaomfvnf; jyufjyufxifxif rjrif&acs/

oJoJrJrJ &Gmaeaom rdk;aMumifh jrifhrm;aom awmifwef;awmifpG,frsm;\ atmufajc0,f tpDt&D ukyfukyf½kyf½kyfwnf&Sdaeaom tdrfrsm;ukd cyf0g;0g;omvQif jrifawGU&avonf/

tbkd;BuD; aomrwfonf tif'½l; arqef\ rsufESmudk pl;prf;onfhtaejzifh rMumcP vSrf;í

Munfhaomfvnf; pum;wpfcGef;rS rajymacs/ tif'½l;\ rsufpdxJ0,f tbkd;tdk aomrwf\ yHkyef;rSm 0ifaiG tvGefaumif;onfh q&m0ef

wpfa,muf\ uRrf;usifaom jrif;&xm;orm; yHkrsKd; raygufay/ tbdk;tdk\ cE¨mukd,frSm MuHKvSD ao;auG; vGef;vSacsonf/ aeyHkxdkifyHkESifh 0wfpm; qif,ifyHkuvnf; aoao oyfoyf r&SdvS/ olYudk,frSvnf; jrif;acs;eHY xGufvsuf&Sdonf/ aemufqHk;wGif oluyif pum;pí ajymvmavonf/

]cifAsm; 'Du a&;vdkufwJhpm &ovm;} tif'½l;u EIwfjzifhjyefrajz/ acgif;ndwfjyonf/ ]tif; .... usKyfvnf; xifom;yJ? &vdrfhr,fvdkY} tbkd;tdk aomrwfonf wHawG;wpfcsuf yufceJ axG;xkwfonf/ ol\ awG;xifcsuf rSefuef

oGm;ojzifh auseyf tm;&oGm;[efvnf; wl\/ apmapmuxuf EIwftmoGufvmavonf/ ]aemufqHk;vkyfoGm;wJh vufaxmufq&m0efu vGefcJhwJh 10 &ufavmufuwnf;u vpfoGm;w,f?

trsm;tm;jzifh 'Dvdkcsnf;ygyJAsm? aemufvlvmwJhtxd rapmifhcsifMubl;} tif'½l;u wpfcsufjyHK;vdkufNyD; pHkprf;onfhoabmjzifh .... ]bmjyKvdkY rapmifhcsifMuwmvJ} [kar;vdkufav\/ ]taMumif;wpfckuawmh tvkyfrsm;vdkYxifyg&JU} [k aomrwfu ajymNyD; pum;udk vufprowfbJ

&yfxm;ojzifh ]qdkygOD;? aemuf wpfaMumif;u} [k tif'½l;u axmufay;vdkufonf/ ]tif;av? aemufwpfaMumif;uawmh cifAsm;bmom cifAsm; vkyf&if;ukdif&if; awGUvmrSmygAsm} [k

aomrwfu ajzavonf/ cPrQtMumwGif jrif;&xm;onf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; wpfausmif;a&SUokdY a&mufvmonf/ aomrwfu

vufxJrS MumyGwfjzifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;&Sd tdrfwef;wpfck\ tpGefqHk;rS rD;ckd;wvlvl xGufvmaeaom tdrfwpfvHk;qDodkY ñTefjyonf/

]tJ'g usKyfESifh usKyfq&m a'gufwm ydwfcsfwdkY aewJhtdrfyJ} aomrwf\ EIwfcrf;ay:0,f vQKdU0SufeufeJonf[k ,lq&aom tjyHK;&dyfudk jrifae&avonf/



]cifAsm;taeESifh aemufwpfaMumif; bmvJqdkwm odcsifaeawmhrSmyJ? 'gayrJh rMumygbl;av? cifAsm; odvmrSmyg}

vrf;rBuD;onf þtdrfwef;rSmyif qHk;onf/ jrif;&xm;onf vrf;rBuD;\ wpfzuf&Sd nDnmaom

vrf;oG,f wpfck twGif;odkY csKd;0ifvdkufNyD; tdrf0ifayguf vrf;usOf;uav; twkdif; 0ifum tdrfwpftdrf a&SUwGif &yfavonf/ tdrfa&SU 0if;wHcg;wGif ]b½kdif; *dk;0g;} [laom qkdif;bkwfuav; wyfxm;onfudk jrif&av\/

aomrwfu jrif;Zufudkowf&if;u ]a&mufygNyD a'gufwm tif'½l; arqef? 'gusKyfwdkY tdrfygyJ} [k

xyfí ajymav\/ tif'½l;onf jrif;&xm;ay:rS ckefíqif;vdkufonf/ olatmufa&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf

tdrfa&SUwHcg;rBuD;onf yGifhvmavonf/ oltdrfxJ0ifoGm;onfhtcg cef;rxJü t&yf&Snf&Snf ydefydefyg;yg; rsufvHk;jymjymESifh touf 50 t&G,fcefY&Sd trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD;udk awGU&onf/ trsKd;orD;BuD;u olYtm;&if;ESD;azmfa&Gaom tjyHK;jzifh qD;BudKvsuf&Sdav\/

]



]'Dvkdyg a'gufwm arqef? a'gufwm ydwfcsf aeraumif;bl;qdkayrJh tBuD;tus,f rrmrcsmjzpfwmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? tdyf&mxJrSm &uftawmfMumMum em;ae&r,fhoabmyg? rMumcif olaejyefaumif;vmrSmyg? 'DudpöESifh ywfoufNyD; t,ltqrvGJapcsifbl;}

tif'½l;onf pdwf½IyfaxG;pGmjzifhyif rpöydwfcsf\aemufrS vdkufoGm;onf/ tcef;i,f wpfcka&SU

ta&mufwGif rpöydwfcsfonf wHcg;udk tomt,mwGef;zGifhvdkuf&if;u wrifvkyf,lxm;onfh &TifjrL;wuf



]uJ .... Mum;NyDr[kwfvm; tuf'Gyf? uRefr &Sifhudk ajymcJhom;yJ? aemufvmr,fh vlopfESifhqdk&if uRefrwdkY uHaumif;rSmygvdkY uRefrajymcJhwm rrSefbl;vm;}

rpö ydwfcsfu 0rf;yef;wom0ifíajymvdkufaomfvnf; a'gufwm ydwfcsf\ rsufESmrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;

tm;wufvmonfh t&dyftoGifxif[yfrvmay/ wnfNidrfpGmjzifh wpfpHkwpfckudk av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;ae[efaygufvsuf&Sdonf/ olonf tif'½l;udkom pl;pkdufíMunfhae&mrS ]at;av? wdkYqDrSm rif; aeEkdifvdrfhr,fvdkY igarQmfvifhygw,f} [k ajymvdkufavonf/

rpö ydwfcsfurl ]bk&m;a& .... &Sif b,fvdkajymvdkufwmvJ} [k a&&GwfvdkufNyD; tm;wHkYtm;em

trlt&mrsKd;jzifh tif'½l;buf vSnfhíMunfhonf/ ]uaeY ol pdwf"mwfusjyefNyD? ol pdwf"mwfus&if 'Dvdkpum;rsKd; ajymwwfw,f a'gufwm arqef?

olvnf; rMumcif tvkyfjyefvkyfEkdifawmhrSmyJ[m? pdwf"mwfusp&m bm&SdvJ? uRefrajymwm r[kwfbl;vm;[if? &Sif rMumcifaeaumif;NyD; tvkyfjyefvkyfEkdifawmhrSmyg}

ajymajymqdkqdkyif rpö ydwfcsfu olYtpfudkyg;ukd cyfzGzGerf;vdkuf&if;u ]&Sifh twGuf npmukd uRefrwdkY

pm;csdefusrS tifeDESifh ydkYcdkif;vdkufr,f} [k ajymvdkufav\/ a'gufwm ydwfcsfurl bmrSjyefrajymacs/ ESrjzpfol\ tajymtqdk trlt&mrsm;udk ESpfNrdKUonfh

vu©Pmvnf; r&Sday/ taumif;yuwd&Sdaeaom olYrsufESm wpfjcrf;ay:0,f cufxefrmausmonfh t&dyftoGifukd txif;om;jrifae&\/ ol\ vuftaumif;jzifh olYtdyf&mab;&Sd pm;yGJay:rS pmtkyfwpftkyfukd vSrf;,lvdkufav\/ pmtkyfrSm ]Oa&mywkdufrS iSuf½kdif;rsm;} pmtkyfjzpfavonf/

atmufxyfokdY jyefqif;vmcsdefwGif tif'½l;\ pdwfrSm aemufusd½IyfaxG;vsuf &SdaecJhavNyD/ olonf ,ck vuaxmufq&m0eftvkyfudk ]vefquf owif;pm} wGif ygvmonfh aMumfjimt&

avQmufxm;cJhrdjcif;jzpf\/ tvkyf&Siftaejzifh rpö ydwfcsfu rdrdxHa&;vkdufonfh pmwGifvnf; a'gufwm ydwfcsf aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeonfukd vHk;0ra&;cJhay/ ,ckaomf a'gufwm ydwfcsfrSm tawmfBuD; rusef;rrmjzpfvsuf&Sdonfudk awGUae&ayonf/

a'gufwm ydwfcsf\a&m*grSm OD;aESmufaoG;aMumjywfa&m*gjzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,f r&Sday/ olonf

vaygif;rsm;pGm tvkyfrvkyfEkdifbJ &SdaevdrfhOD;rnfrSm aocsmae\/ tvkyfcGifjyef0ifEdkifzdkY qdkonfrSmvnf; tvGefcJ,Of;aom udpöjzpfavonf/

tif'½l;onf a'gufwm ydwfcsf\ udpöukd tawmfuav;BudK;pm;í azsmufae&onf/ olonf

vli,fwpfOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf zswfvwfwuf



]uaeYnyJ tvkyf&JU oabmukd &Sifod&awmhr,f? temtqm cGJwmpdwfwmawGuawmh &Sifudk,fwdkif vkyfzdkY rvdkygbl;? a'; *sifuif; vkyfw,f}

]a'; *sifuif; qkdwmu ....} tif'½l;\ pum;rqHk;rD rpö ydwfcsfu ]a'; *sifuif; qdkwm uRefrwdkY&JU aq;pyform;aygh? tifrwef

oabmaumif;wJh aumifuav;yg? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwfvnf; &Sd&Smygw,f? wcsKdUtvkyform;awGqdk&if olYukd a'gufwm *sifuif;vdkYawmifrS ac:Muw,f? a'gufwm ydwfcsfESifh tqifhtwef;wlwlxm;NyD; ac:Muwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? cifvdkYrifvdkY ac:MuwJhoabmyg? tck 10 &ufavmuftwGif;rSmawmh tao;tzGJcGJ&wJhtvkyfESifh tdrfwkdif&ma&muf oGm;NyD;vlemMunfh&wJh tvkyfawGudk olyJ vkyfaewmyJ} [k ajymjyavonf/

tif'½l;onf rpö ydwfcsftm; pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh Munfhaerdonf/ rpö ydwfcsfxHrS Mum;&orQonf

olYtwGuf txl;tqef;awGcsnf;jzpfae\/ ola&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ]&Sifu aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rSefrSefuefuef vkyfoGm;r,fqkd&if uRefruvnf; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rSefrSefuefuef qufqHoGm;rSmyg} [laom pum;udk olYtm;BudKwif owday;ovdkvdk ajymMum;cJh\/ xdkpum;rSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&myif jzpfonf[k ol xifrdav\/

tvGefacgifvSonfh a0ve,f awmifMum;a'oü vkyf&rnfh vufaxmufq&m0eftvkyfonf

acsmacsmarGUarGU ajyajyjypfjypfrS &Sdyghrvm;[laom oHo,onf yxrqHk;tBudrf olYacgif;xJ jyef0ifvmavonf/ odkYaomfvnf; rpö ydwfcsftm; bmwpfcGef;rS jyefajymraeawmhbJ olYpdwfol xdef;csKyfum rpö ydwfcsfajymorQudk NidrfoufwdwfqdwfpGmjzifh em;axmifaecJhav\/

rpö ydwfcsfonf rD;zdkudkausmay;NyD; xrif;pm;yGJ\ xdyfrSae&m,lum oufawmifhoufomjzpfatmif

xdkifNyD;rS olYa&SU&Sd acgif;avmif;uav;ukd wD;vdkufavonf/ touft&G,ftm;jzifh tv,ftvwfcefY &Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;&aom ½kyf&nf oem;urm;ESifh Munfhaysmf ½Iaysmf&Sdonfh trsKd;orD; tdrfazmfonf npm,lvmonf/ tcef;wGif;odkY 0ifvmckdufwGif tif'½l;tm; wpfcsufckd;íMunfhonf/

]'Dudkvmprf; tifeD} rpö ydwfcsfonf aygifrkefYwpfcsyfukd axmywfokwfí yg;pyfxJokdY xnfhvdkuf&if;u tifeDbufodkY

vSnfhum ]'D[m a'gufwm tif'½l; arqefyJ} [k rdwfqufay;onf/ tifeDurl rvIyfr,Suf pum;wpfcGef;rS jyefrajymbJ NidrfoufpGmjzifh tif'½l;\ yef;uefxJokdY

tom;wHk;wpfwHk; xnfhay;aeonf/ rpö ydwfcsf\ yef;uefxJwGif tom;wHk;wpfwHk; a&mufaeNyD/ olr\ a&SU&Sd zefcGufxJwGifvnf; EGm;EkdYwpfykdifhcefY xnfhxm;onfukd awGU&\/

rpö ydwfcsfonf olr\ a&SU&SdzefcGuf wpfvHk;xJokdY opfoD;&nf avmif;xnfh&if;u tif'½l;

pm;yHkaomufyHkukd tuJcwfaejyefonf/ ]aeYv,fpmukd uRefrodyfrsm;rsm; rpm;&Jbl; a'gufwm? uRefrtaeESifh tpm;taomufukd owdxm;NyD;

pm;ae&w,f? wjcm;aMumifhawmh r[kwfygbl;? aoG;aMumifhyg? 'DaoG;twGufyJ uRefrrSm EGm;EkdYukdvnf; rSefrSefaomufay;ae&w,f}

tif'½l;rSmrl t&omodyfNyD;r&SdvSaom trJom;zwfudk 0g;vdkuf? a&ESifharQmcsvkduf vkyf&if;u

pdwfroufrom jzpfaerdav\/ olYtaejzifh vlolta&muftayguf enf;vSaom þt&yfa'ovdk



awmifMum;a'orsKd;wGif tpm;taomufaumif;aumif; pm;aomufoGm;EkdifzdkY arQmfvifhírjzpfaMumif; aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmaygufem;vnfaerdav\/

rpö ydwfcsfonf aemufxyf pum;wpfcGef;rS xyfrajymawmhbJ olr\ npmudk t&omcHí

pm;aomufaeavonf/ aygifrkefYwpfcsyfudk axmywfxyfíokwfum wjrHKUjrHKU0g;&if;u yef;uefxJrS tom;udk vufpodrf;í EkdYzefcGufudk ukefatmifaomufNyD;aomf ukvm;xkdifudk ausmjzifh tomt,mrSDxdkifvdkuf\/

MuHKvSD ao;auG;vSaom olr\ udk,fcE¨monf tpm0ifoGm;ojzifh aeomxkdifom&SdoGm;yHk&\/ 0rf;Adkuf

tawmfwif;oGm;NyDjzpfí olr\ rsufvHk;tpHkrSmvnf; auseyfESpfodrfhonfh toGifudk azmfjyvsuf&Sdayonf/ rpö ydwfcsfonf tif'½l;tm; xrif;pm;yGJü MumMumxkdifí pm;aomufaeapcsifaom qE´&SdaeyHk&\/

tif'½l;om MumMumxdkifíaernfqdkygu olrtaejzifh tif'½l;\ tjyKtrl pdwfaeoabmxm; ponf ponfrsm;udk olr\ enf;jzifholr avhvmod&SdEkdifatmif BudK;pm;csifonf qE´&SdaeyHkvnf;&\/ olronf tif'½l;\ vlae[efxm;udk rsufjcnfrjywf tuJcwfvsuf&Sdavonf/

tif'½l;\ udk,fvHk;ukd,fxnfrSm ydefydefyg;yg; oG,fvsvsjzpfonf/ tom;ta&u cyfndKndKjzpfí

rsufESmoG,fonf/ yg;½dk;ESifh ar;½kd;usyHkrSm ajyjypfojzifh Munfhíaumif;onf/ ol\ rsufvHk;rsm;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfNidrfav;eufNyD; tjrJwap pl;prf;&SmazGaeaomtMunfhudk azmfjyvsuf&Sd\/

tm;vHk;jcHKíMunfhvdkufygrl tif'½l;\ rsufESmonf ÓPfynmxufjrufí oGufvufcsufcsmaom

toGiftjyifESifh r[kwfvQifrcHcsifwwfaom trltusifh&SdaMumif;udk ododomomBuD; azmfjyvsuf &Sdayonf/ rpö ydwfcsfonf tif'½l;\ Zpfjrpfudk *CeP rod&ao;aomfvnf; vlyHkyef;ESifh tom;ta&mifudk

jrif½HkrQESifh tif'½l;onf paumhaoG;ygonfh vli,fwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; odaeav\/ rnfokdYyifjzpfapumrl rpö ydwfcsf tESpfoufqHk;aom tif'½l;\ t&nftcsif;wpfckrSm oHk;&ufMumrQ

odkavSmifxm;cJhaom tom;udk csufjyKwfauR;&mü rESpfoufonfh vu©Pm wpfpHkwpf&mrjybJ tvG,fwulESifh pm;aomufaeEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;yifjzpfonf/ tif'½l; qdkonfh vufaxmuf q&m0efonf tpm;taomufudk cHkrifonfh vu©Pm &Sdaomfvnf; tpm;aMu;rsm;rnfhol wpfOD; rjzpfEkdif[k tuJjzwfum auseyf0rf;omvsuf &Sdav\/

]'Dvkyfief;rSm &SifESifh uRefr rMumcif emrnf&vmrSm aocsmygw,f} [k pdwfcs,HkMunfaom

avoHjzifhajymonf/ ]ukokdvfuH vkdufzdkYawmh enf;enf;vdkvdrfhr,f} [kvnf; qkdjyefonf/ olr&ifqkdifae&onfh tcuftcJrsm;? 'ku©rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? tif'½l; vkyfukdif&rnfh tvkyf\ oabmobm0ESifh tajctaet&yf&yfukd vnf;aumif; om,mnif;aysmif;í El;nHhodrfarGUaom avoHjzifh ajymjyaeav\/

]tvGef pdwf½Iyfp&mawmh aumif;ygw,f a'gufwm&,f? &Sifuawmh tckrS a&mufvmwmrdkY

b,fodyghrvJ? a'gufwm ydwfcsfu rrmrcsmjzpfvm&wJhtxJrSm olYvufaxmufawGu pdwfapwemraumif;awmh aiGu t0ifr&Sdawmhbl;? txGufcsnf;yJ jzpfvmcJh&w,f? &Sif ,HkrSmawmif r[kwfbl; odvm;? uRefrav owåKwGif;refae*smESifh t&m&SdawGtm;vHk;u auseyfatmif renf;BudK;pm;cJh&w,f? wu,fawmhvnf; uRefrwdkY&wJh0ifaiGu olwdkYukdrSDNyD; &aewmr[kwfvm;} [k pdwfysufvufysufjzpfaeonfh yHkyef;rsKd;jzifh ycHk;ukd wpfcsufwGefYum &Sif;jyaeavonf/

]'&if;zD;NrdKUrSm vkyfukdifaeMuwJh pepfyHkpHudkawmh &SifrMumcifawGUvmrSmyg? vkyfenf;vkyf[efu

'Dvdk&Sdw,f? ukrÜPDrSm pm&if;0ifq&m0efoHk;OD; &Sdw,f? tJ'D oHk;OD;xJrSm a'gufwm ydwfcsfu 'DNrdKUrSm vmNyD;



tvkyfvkyfaewm ESpfaygif;oHk;q,favmuf &SdaeNyDqdkawmh 0gt&ifhqHk;? vkyfouft&ifhqHk; q&m0ef wpfa,mufqkdwm arhxm;vdkYr&bl;? uRefrajymcsifwmu ukrÜPDpm&if;0if q&m0efBuD;awGtaeESifh vufaxmufq&m0efawG b,fESa,mufyJxm;xm; olwdkYBudKufoavmufxm;Ekdifw,f? Oyrm a'gufwm ydwfcsfu &Sifhudkxm;w,f? a'gufwm eDudku olYukd,fol q&m0efvkdY trnfcHxm;wJh 'ifeDqdkwJhvlukd xm;w,f? tJovdk xm;MuayrJh vufaxmuf q&m0efawG[m b,fawmhrS ukrÜPDpm&if;0if q&m0efBuD;awG jzpfrvmEkdifbl;? jzpfvmEkdifzdkYvnf; tvm;tvmr&Sdbl;? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpfayghav? tvkyf&JUoabmu 'Dvkd? ukrÜPDu olwdkY&JU owåKwGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;awGrSm vkyfukdifaeMuwJh tvkyform;awG&JU vkyfcawGxJu tcsKd;us owfrSwfxm;wJh EIef;twdkif; aiGjzwfxm;w,f? tJ'DaiGESifh ukrÜPD pm&if;0if q&m0efBuD;awGudk olwdkYukoay;&wJh vlem ta&twGuftvdkuf tcaMu;aiG jyefay;w,f}

olru pum;udk jzwfxm;vdkufNyD; tif'½l;tm; pl;prf;onfhtaejzifh Munfhum tuJcwfjyefonf/

tif'½l;uawmh at;at;aq;aq;yif/ ]uRefawmf b,fvdk vkyfukdif&r,fqdkwm oabmaygufygNyD} tif'½l;\ pum;udk oabmus[efjzifh rpö ydwfcsfu wpfcsuf&,fvkdufonf/ ]tajccHoabmudk em;vnf&if NyD;wmygyJ? &SifhtaeESifh tvkyftwGuf odyfNyD; pdwfylp&m

aomua&mufp&m rvdkygbl;? &SiftjrJowd&aezdkYu ig[m a'gufwm ydwfcsf&JU vufaxmuf? ig[m a'gufwm ydwfcsftwGuf tvkyfvkyfaewmqdkwJh tcsufyJ? 'g[m ta&;tBuD;qHk;ESifh t"dutusqHk; tcsufwpfcsufyJ? &Sifhbufu ig[m a'gufwm ydwfcsftwGuf tvkyfvkyfae&wmyJ qdkwJhtcsufudk rarhbJ uRefrESifh wGJNyD; vkyfoGm;zdkY odyfta&;BuD;w,f? tJovdkqkd&if tm;vHk; tqifajyvdrfhr,f qdkwm &Sif,HkMunfxm;yg}

tif'½l; arqefuawmh rpö ydwfcsfajymorQudk a&iHkEIwfydwfvkyfum em;axmifonf/ tif'½l; qdwfqdwfNidrfNidrfESihf olajymorQ em;axmifaeonfukd awGU&aom rpö ydwfcsfonf auseyf

tm;&vsuf&Sdonf/ olrtaejzifh ajymcsiforQukd tdwfoGefzmarSmuf pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd ajymvkduf&ojzifh rsm;pGmrS pdwfvufayghyg;oGm;[ef wlavonf/

rpö ydwfcsfonf em&Dudk vSrf;MunfhvdkufNyD; olr\ vufxJrS vufokwfy0gukd pm;yGJay:&Sd cGufay:okdY

vSrf;wifvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf xkdif&mrS xvdkufavonf/ ]*vdkif'g; &yfuGufxJu tdrftrSwf ckepfrSm vlemwpfa,muf&Sdw,f? ig;em&Dxdk;NyD;pavmuf uwnf;u

vmyifhxm;w,f? tckcsufcsif;yJ tJ'Dvlemukd oGm;NyD;Munfhvdkufyg} ,ckwpfBudrf rpö ydwfcsf\ EIwfzsm;rS xGufvmaomavoHrSm apmapmutoHrsKd; r[kwfawmhay/

tvkyf&Sifu tvkyform;tm; trdefYay;onfh toHrsKd;aywnf;/



(2)

tif'½l; arqefonf rqdkif;rwGyif vlemtdrfokdY xGufvmcJhav\/ olYpdwfonf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ayghyg; vef;qef;vsuf&Sd½Hkru wpfpHkwpfckaom taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufvm&onfhES,f pdwfoufom&m&vsuf &Sdayonf/

a'gufwm ydwfcsf\ b½kdif;*dk;0g;tdrfokdY ola&mufoGm;NyD;onfhaemuf em&Dydkif;twGif;rSmyif olESifh rpö

ydwfcsfwdkYMum;wGif ay:aygufvm&ef tvm;tvm&Sdaeonfh y#dyu©jzpfzG,f&m tajctaerS tckduftwefYrQ vGwfajrmufcGifh &vmonfhtwGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfvsuf&Sdav\/

tif'½l;onf olvkyf&rnfh tvkyf\ tvm;tvm raumif;yHkudk em;vnfp jyKvmcJhNyDjzpf\/

rpGrf;roefb0 a&mufae&SmNyDjzpfaom olYtxufrS q&m0efBuD;twGuf q&m0efBuD;\ ESrjzpfol bavm0if; ydwfcsf pDrHcefYcGJorQudk olvdkufem aqmif&Gufay;&awmhrnfh tjzpfudkvnf; cefYrSef; od&Sdvm&NyDjzpf\/

ol&ifqdkifae&onfh tajctaeum; xl;qef;aom tajctae yifwnf;/ olpdwful;jzifh arQmfrSef;

xm;cJhonfh tajctaersKd;ESifhum; rsm;pGm uGmjcm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap ,ck avmavmq,fwGifawmh olvkyf&rnfh tvkyfudkom t"duxm;í pOf;pm;&rnf[k

ol,lqonf/ olYtvkyfwGif wm0efauszdkY ta&;BuD;onf[k olcH,lonf/ tjcm; udk,fa&;ukd,fwmudpö[lorQukd tao;tzGJrsm;tjzpfom oabmxm;oifhonf[kvnf; olxifavonf/

tif'½l;onf apmapmu MuHKcJh&onfh udpöukd csufcsif;yifarhypfvdkufum ,ckvufiif; vkyf&awmhrnfh

tvkyf twGufom pdwfapmvsuf&Sd\/ olonf &Tifvef; wuf



þvkyfief;tm;vHk;ukd olwpfOD;wnf;u wm0ef,lí vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfh tajctaeESifh &ifqkdif ae&onfjzpf&m pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI'Pfudk tjyif;txefcHpm;ae&onfrSm qef;onf[k rqdkomawmhay/

olYtaejzifh wu,f ezl;awGU 'l;awGU vlemESifh awGUcgrS ol\ pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI? ol\ tawGUtMuHK

enf;yg;rI? vufawGU vkyfief;cGifwGif tqifoifh rjzpfao;aom ol\tjzpf paom ol\ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd pdwfxJuodum olYudk,fol tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvsuf&Sd&av\/

vlemtrsKd;orD;\ a,musfm; 0DvsHonf ab;em;rS&yfum olYtm;Munfhvsuf &Sdonf/ olonf vlemudk

taotcsmprf;oyfMunfhonf/ þvlem zsm;aejcif;rSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sday/ vlemu olonf rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmif acgif;udkufaeygonf[k qdkonf/ vlem\tylcsdef? vlem\

aoG;ckefEIef;ESifh vlem\vQmwdkYuvnf; rao;i,faom a&m*gwpfrsKd;rsKd; pGJuyfaeaMumif; azmfjyaeayonf/ okdYqkdvQif vlemü rnfonfha&m*g pGJuyfaeavoenf;/ tif'½l;onf vlemtm; aemufwpfBudrf xyfí prf;oyfjyefonf/ pepfwusESifh aphaphpyfpyf

prf;oyfae&if;uvnf; olYpdwfudk ttm;rxm;bJ qifjcifpOf;pm;vsuf &Sdonf/ ]bma&m*gygvdrfh? bma&m*gygvdrfh} [kvnf; olYudk,fol jyefí ar;aerdavonf/

þvlemonf ol\ yxrqHk;vlemjzpfojzifh olukd,fwdkifu pkd;&drfrIvGefuJvsuf &SdaerdcJhonfrSm

trSefyifjzpfavonf/ qdkMuygpkdY/ olYtaejzifh trSm;rSm; t,Gif;,Gif; jyKcJhrdonf&Sdaomf aMumufrufzG,faumif;vSaom tajctaeokdY

qkdkufa&mufoGm;Ekdif\/ tu,fírsm; vlem\ a&m*gtrsKd;trnfukd razmfxkwfEkdifcJhonf&Sdaomf tqkd;qHk;jzpfayawmhrnf/

olonf aphaphpyfpyf xyfrHí prf;oyfjyefonf/ [muGuf r&Sd&avatmif xyfwvJvJ prf;oyf

ppfaq;jcif;udk jyKonf/ okdYygaomfvnf; ,cktcsdefxd vdkcsifaom tajzudk r&ao;acs/ tajzrSef &Ekdifa&;twGuf tjyif;txef BudK;pm; MuHqae&qJyif &Sdao;\/

ol ausmif;om;b0u usufrSwfcJh&onfh a&m*g trnfrsm;ESifh ,if;a&m*grsm;\ oGifjyif

vu©Pmrsm;udk jyefvSef EIdif;,SOfpOf;pm;um tajz&&eftm;xkwfjyefonf/ tajzxGufrvmacs/ wdusaom tajzr&rcsif; tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf prf;oyfaeívnf; rjzpfay/ tajzr&rcsif;

tcsdefMumMumqGJí pOf;pm;ae&efvnf; roifhay/ olonf vufxJrS em;Muyfudk tomt,m acgufvdkufNyD; 0DvsHbufokdY vSnfhvdkufav\/

]olzsm;awmh csrf;pdrfhpdrfh jzpfNyD;rS zsm;ovm;} 0DvsHtm; ar;aejcif; jzpfaomfvnf; olYrsufvHk;rsm;url 0DvsHtm; &ifrqkdif&Jojzifh Murf;jyifay:okdY

pl;pkdufxm;avonf/ 0DvsHu ][kwfw,f a'gufwm? ol tzsm;wufawmhr,fqkd&if csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfvmwwfw,f} [k

pdwfygvufygajzavonf/



0DvsHcrsm tcsdefMumjrifhpGm prf;oyfaeonfukd awGU&ojzifh olYZeD;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefvm[ef &Sdonf/ ]vGefcJhwJh oHk;av;&ufavmufu pzsm;wmyJ a'gufwm? csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfNyD;rS zsm;wmuawmh aocsmygw,f} [k xyfí ajymjyefav\/

olYukd,fol ,HkMunfrI r&Sdao;aomfvnf; ,HkMunfcsuf tjynfht0&Sdaeonfh [efrsKd;jzifh tif'½l;u

acgif;wpfcsuf qwfjyvdkufNyD; ]udpör&Sdygbl;? pdwf odyfrylygESifh? rMumcif aeaumif;oGm;rSmyg? em&D0ufavmufMum&if cifAsm; aq;cef;udk vmcJh? uRefawmfaq;ay;vdkufr,f} [k ajymcsvdkufonf/

tif'½l;onf vlemtdrfrS pdwfysuf vufysufjzpfum acgif;idkufpkdufjzifh jyefvmcJhonf/

toGm;wkef;uvdk oGufoGufvufvuf wufwuf



ygarmu© vif;yavmuqdkvQif qkd'D,rf q,fvDpDvdwf aq;&nfavmuf xda&muf xufjrufaom aq; r&Sdao;[kyif rMumcP xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhzl;onf r[kwfygvm;/

aq;pyfNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKufeuf olYpdwfonf ayghyg;MunfvifoGm;onf/ wpfaeYb,fESpfBudrfaomuf

[laom aq;tñTef;udk a&;í aq;ykvif;wGif uyfvkdufonf/ xdkpOf tckdufrSmyif aq;cef;wHcg;0wGif csdwfqGJxm;onfh acgif;avmif;i,f\ jrnfoHuav;ukd Mum;vdkuf&av\/

aq;cef;wHcg;onf ½kwfw&ufyGifhoGm;NyD; t&yfcyfykyk tvHk;tzef cyfaumif;aumif; rsufESmeDeDESifh

touf 30 cefYvlwpfa,mufonf acG;wpfaumifESifhtwl 0ifvmonfukd awGU&avonf/ acG;rSm ujym;rsKd;jzpf[efwlí teufESifhtndKa&mpyfaeonfh ta&mifrsKd;jzpf\/ acG;onf

tcef;xJa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; &THUtvl;vl;jzpfaeaom olYzifudk tm;jyKí aqmifhaMumifhxdkifcsvkdufum tarmajzvsuf&Sdav\/

olYocifurl a[mif;EGrf;vSNyDjzpfaom csnfuwåDyg 0wfpHkudk0wfxm;NyD; oHcGmcyfjrifhjrifh &SL;zdeyfudk

pD;xm;onf/ wpfxnfvHk; &TJ&TJpkdaeaom tay:tusÐukd ykcHk;xufwGifwifxm;onf/ olonf tif'½l;tm; ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;Munfhonf/ olpum;ajymonfhtcg ,Ofaus;zG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; oa&mfoH? avSmifoH? axhoH? aighoHrsm;jzifh jynfhvQrf;aeayonf/ trlt&mu ,Ofaus;odrfarGU[ef aygufaeaomfvnf; wrifwum vkyf,lxm;&onfh yHkpHrsKd;u rsm;aeayonf/

]'Dtem;u jzwftoGm;rSm cifAsm;aq;cef;jywif;aygufu rD;a&mifxGufaewm jrifvdkufvdkY

EIwfqufcsifwmESifh 0ifvmcJhwmyg? uRefawmfuawmh a'gufwm eDukd t,fvftufpfat&JU vufaxmufq&m0ef zD;vpf 'ifeDygyJ cifAsm? t,fvftufpfat qdkwmudkawmh cifAsm;odvdrfhr,f xifygw,f? vlawGa&m bk&m;ocifyg odaewJh tjrifhqHk; bGJUBuD;wpfckyg}

tif'½l;url oHo,pdwfjzifh 'ifeDtm; pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Munfhaerdonf/ zD;vpf 'ifeDurl

aMurGjym;csyfaeNyDjzpfaom pD;u&ufbl;xJrS pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk xkwfí rD;ñSdum rD;jcpfqHukd Murf;ay:odkY ypfcsvdkufNyD; tif'½l;tyg;okdY wdk;vmonf/ tif'½l;udk wpfvSnfh? pm;yGJay:rSaq;ykvif;udk wpfvSnfh Munfhvdkufao;onf/ NyD;rS aq;ykvif;ukd qwfceJ aumuf,lvdkufNyD; ykvif;ay:ü a&;xm;onfh vdyfpmudk yxrzwfonf/ NyD;awmhrS aq;ñTef;ukd zwfonf/ NyD;awmhrS ykvif;bl;qdkYudk zGifhí erf;Munfhonf/ NyD;cgrSyif ykvif;ukd jyefydwfvdkufNyD; pm;yJGay:okdY jyefcsxm;vdkufav\/

pdwfMurf; udk,fMurf;&Sdrnfh toGifrsKd; aygufaeaom ol\ eD&J&J rsufESmonf odrfarGU El;nHh

vmoa,mifa,mif &Sdvmonf/ ]aumif;ygAsm odyfaumif;? a&mufa&mufcsif; tvkyfawG vkyfaewm ydkNyD; aumif;wmayghav?

r[kwfbl;vm;? cifAsm;[muvnf; wpfcgaomuf pm;yGJwifZGef;ESifh wpfZGef;? oHk;em&D wpfBudrf aomufwJh? rrsm;vGef;bl;vm;As? b,fvdkvJ? wpfaeY oHk;Budrfavmuf aomufckdif;&ifaum rvHkavmufbl;vm;? a&S;enf;t& qdk&ifawmh pm;yGJwifZGef;ESifh aomuf&&if wpfaeYoHk;Budrfu taumif;qHk;yJvdkY qdkxm;w,f r[kwfvm; a'gufwm&JU}

'ifeDu olYpum;udk rqufao;bJ tif'½l;tm; tuJcwfonf/ olYtMunfhwGif wpfpHkwpfckudk

rauseyfonfhoabm? &efvkdonfhoabmudk azmfjyaeayonf/ ]uJav .... qdkprf;ygOD; a'gufwm&,f? ykvif;xJrSm bmawGrsm; pyfxm;ygovJ? teHYuawmh

Ekdufx&DteYHyJ? tif; .... tvGeftHhMozdkYaumif;wJh aq;pyfrsKd;ygyJ? Ekdufx&D&JU t&omu csdKjrjrav;aygh? tpmaMuw,f? &ifacsmifw,f? avvnfw,f? [J .... [J .... [J? uRefawmfajymwm r[kwfbl;vm;



a'gufwm? NyD;awmh qD;&Tifw,f? pnfykdif;ESifh xnfhay;xm;&ifawmifrS ukefatmif aomufEdkifr,f? pmtkyfeDuav;xJrSm bmawG a&;xm;w,f qdkwmaum cifAsm; rSwfrdao;&JUvm;? rSwfrdrSmayghav? a&;xm;wmu bmwJh .... vlemrSm bma&m*g jzpfaew,fqdkwm twdtus tqHk;tjzwf ray;Ekdif&if odkYr[kwf 'Gd[jzpfae&if Ekdufx&Dudkom ay;vdkufygwJh}

aq;cef;xJwGif vTrf;rdk;aeonfuawmh wdwfqdwf Nidrfoufjcif;/ acgifrdk;ay:okdY wajzmufajzmuf

usaeonfh rdk;aygufoHrSwpfyg; tjcm; bmoHrS rMum;&ay/ olYtm; cyfaMumifaMumif Munfhaeaom tif'½l;\ rsufESmudk aphaphMunfhum 'ifeDu oa&mfoH? avSmifajymifoH tjynfhjzifh 0g;vHk;uGJ &,fcsvdkufavonf/

]'geJY pum;rpyf ar;prf;yg&apOD;? pyfpkw,fvdkY rxifygESifh? cifAsm; bmjyKvdkY 'Dt&yfudk vm&wmvJ} tif'½l;\ a'got&Sdefonf wjznf;jznf;csif; jrifhwufvmaeonf/ a'goaMumifh rsufESmrSm eD&JaeNyD;

wpfudk,fvHk; wkef,ifvsuf &Sdonf/ EIwfcrf;udk cyfwif;wif; aphum 'ifeDtm; tajzay;avonf/ ]usKyf vmwm usKyf&JU &nf&G,fcsufESifh usKyf vmwmayghAs? cifAsm;wkdY '&if;zD;NrdKUudk pHjy usef;rma&;

Xmetjzpf jyKjyif ajymif;vJypfcsifvdkY usKyf vmcJhwmyJ odvm;? a&aumif;a&oefY &EkdifwJh t&yfa'orsKd;jzpfatmif vkyfay;zdkY vmcJhwmyJ odvm;}

'ifeDu jyufvHk;aumif; wpfckudk Mum;vdkuf&onfhtvm; wpfBudrfxyfí tm;yg;w& &,fjyefonf/

ol\ &,foHonf tif'½l;tm; apmfum;ovdk jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ tif'½l;onf 'ifeDtm; qGJí xdk;csif Budwfcsif pdwfyif jzpfay:vmav\/

]&,fp&m aumif;vdkufav a'gufwm&,f? [m; .... [m; .... [m;? aumif;yghAsm; aumif;ygh?

odyfaumif; odyfaumif;? cifAsm;&nf&G,fcsufujzifh tvGefaumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ajym&rSmawmh pdwfraumif;ygbl;? 'Dt&yfudk prf;a&wGif;av;jzpfatmif vkyfzdkYuawmh rvG,fbl;cifAs? 'Dt&yfrSm a&aumif;a&oefYudkr&Sdbl;? tckvlawG oHk;aewJh a&awGu a&ykyfa&odk;awGyJ? cifAsm; pufa&wGif;tjzpf ajymif;vJzdkY vkyfwJhtcgrSm 'Da&ykyfa&okd;awGudk oHk;zdkYawmh uRefawmf raxmufcHEkdifbl;? 'Dt&yfu aq;bufqdkif&m vlBuD;rsm;ESifh ywfoufvdkY ajym&&ifawmh a'gufwma&U? 'DawmifMum;rSm &SdaewJh q&m0efawG[m tm;vHk;vkdvdk tpkwftjywfawG zGwfusm;awGcsnf;yJ}

]tJ'Dtpkwftjywf zGwfusm;awGxJrSm cifAsm;vnf; tygt0ifqkdygawmh [kwfvm;} ]tm; .... odyfygwmaygh? taotcsm ygwmaygh} 'ifeDu acgif;wqwfqwfndwfonf/ xdkYaemuf tif'½l;\ rsufESmudk pl;pl;pkdufpdkufMunfhum

Nidrfaejyefonf/ olYrsufESmay:0,f oa&mfavSmifajymifvdkonfh t&dyfvu©Pmrsm; r&Sdawmhay/ olYrsufESmwGif wpfpHkwpfckay: rauseyfaom? pdwfemMunf;aom? &GH&Sm pufqkyfaom toGifrsm;omvQif

xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:vmaeonf/ ,ckwpfBudrf pum;ajymonfhtcg olYtoHonf wnfNidrfvmonf/ pdwfcsOfaygufoH ygaeao;aomfvnf; ajymyHkqdkyHku tav;teuf jzpfvmavonf/

]'DrSm arqef? usKyfem;vnfwmu cifAsm;[m vef'efNrdKUay:uae vlodrsm;wJh q&m0efawGESifh cGJpdwfuk

q&m0efawG aewJh [mavvrf;ukd a&mufzdkYtwGuf tckrS c&D;tp &Sdygao;w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpfayghav? avmavmq,f 'Dt&yf 'Da'oESifh ywfoufNyD; cifAsm; odxm;oifhwJh tcsuf ESpfcsuf &Sdaew,f? usKyfuawmh ajymoifhw,f xifvdkY ajymwmyg? q&m0ef wpfa,muf taeESifh u½kPmw&m; tjynfht0xm;NyD; pdwfapwem jzLjzLpifpif aumif;aumif;rGefrGefESifh ukr,fqdkwJh pdwful;,Of



tdrfrufrsKd;ESifhawmh 'Dt&yfrSm tvkyfvkyfvdkY r&bl;qdkwm cifAsm; awGUvmygvdrfhr,f? 'DNrdKUrSm aq;½Hkvnf;r&Sdbl;? vlemwifum;vnf; r&Sdbl;? "mwfrSef½kduf ud&d,mvnf; r&Sdbl;? tdkAsm .... bmqdkbmrS r&Sdbl;? cifAsm;taeESifh cGJzdkYpdwfzdkY &Sdvm&if vlemudk olYtdrfxJu rD;zdkcef;xJrSm&SdwJh pm;yGJay:wifNyD; cGJ&r,f? cGJpdwfNyD;&if cifAsm;vufukd tkd;cGufyef;uef aq;aMumwJh cGufxJrSm aq;&r,f? a&uvnf; roefYbl;? 'Dt&yfrSm ywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&;qdkwmu tifrwefrS pdwfysufp&maumif;wJh tajctae? aEG&moDa&mufNyDqkd&if 0rf;a&m*gESifh aoMuwJhuav;awG[m ,ifaumifawG usaewmyJ? cifAsm;&JU q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm ydwfcsf[m tvGefawmfwJhvufa[mif; q&m0efBuD; wpfa,mufayghAsm? 'gayrJh cifAsm; odwJhtwdkif;yJ? tckqdk&if olYcrsm tvkyfyifyef;wJh 'PfaMumifh Akef;Akef;vJaeNyD; b,fawmhrS tvkyfjyefvkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfawmhbl;? usKyf&JUq&m a'gufwm eDudkuawmh aiGaemuf waumufaumuf vdkufaewJh 0rf;qGJonfBuD; jzpfaeNyD/}

]tqkwfa&m*guk q&m0efqdkwJh a'gufwm b&rf;0Jvfuawmh pmtkyfxJu [mawGudk

tvGwfusufxm;NyD; jyef&Gwfjywwfwmu vGJvdkY vufawGU bmrS rvkyfwwfbl;? a'gufwm zD;vpf 'ifeDqdkwJh usKyfuawmh twif;tzsif; ajymwJhae&mavmufrSmyJ toHk;usw,f? tJ .... t&ufudkawmhjzifh ig;wpfaumif a&aomufovdk aomufEkdifw,f? cifAsm;&JU aq;pyform; a'; *sifuif;uawmh olcsrf;omzdkY ukeful;aewJh taumifyJ? tJ .... wpfcgwavawmhvnf; zsm;emvmwJh trsKd;orD;awGukd aq;vHk;uav;awGawmh enf;enf;yg;yg; ay;wwfyg&JU? at;av? usKyfuawmh usKyfwdkYqDu vlawGtaMumif; usKyf odxm;oavmuf ajymjywmyg? uJ vma[h? a[mhuif;? wdkYrsm; jyefMupdkY}

'ifeDonf olYacG; a[mhuif;udk ac:um wHcg;aygufqDodkY avQmufoGm;onf/ wHcg;ayguf

a&mufcgrSyif acgif;wpfcsuf iJhapmif;um tif'½l;tm; jyefMunfhvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf pm;yGJay:rS aq;ykvif;ukd wpfcsufrQiJhí Munfhvdkufjyefavonf/

]uRefawmfom cifAsm; ae&mrSm vkyf&&ifawmh *vdkif'g;&yfrSm rMumrMum jzpfwwfwJh

wkdufzdGKufa&m*g(tla&mifief;zsm;)udk owdxm;rSmyJ? zsm;wJh vlwkdif;ukdawmh wkdufzGdKufzsm;vdkY rajymEkdifbl; ayghav? 'gayrJh jzpfzdkYuawmh rsm;aew,f}

wHcg;aygufrS acgif;avmif;onf wifceJjrnfvmonf/ tif'½l; bmrS rajymEkdifrD a'gufwm zD;vpf

'ifeDESifh olYacG; a[mhuif;wkdYonf rdk;a&pdkpGwfvsuf&Sdaom tarSmifxktwGif;okdY wdk;0if aysmufuG,f oGm;Muav\/



(3) tif'½l;onf xdknu wpfnvHk;vdkvdkyif tdyfraysmfcJhay/ rnDrñGwf&SdvSaom om;arG;tdyf&mcif;ay:0,f wvl;vl; wvdrfhvdrfhjzifh tcsdefukefcJh&\/ oloGm;a&muf Munfh½IcJh&onfh *vdkif'g;&yfrS vlemESifh ywfoufí pdwfrat;jzpfaerd\/ vlem\ a&m*gonf wdkufzGdKufa&m*grsm; jzpfaervm;/

nu 'ifeDjyefcgeD; ajymoGm;aom pum;aMumifh olY&ifxJ0,f oHo,0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ pdwfxJwGif

ra&r&mjzpfum a0cGJr&Ekdifatmif jzpfvsuf&Sdaeav\/ vlemudk tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf ppfaq;ygvsufESifh wpfae&m&mwGif cRwfacsmfum ta&;BuD;onfh

a&m*gvu©Pmrsm;udk rjrifrawGUcJhavovm;[k awG;vdkufrdaomtcg ydkíxdwfvefYwMum; jzpfrdav\/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; *vdkif'g;&yfrS vlemukd xyfrHppfaq;vdkonfhaZmjzifh tdyf&mrS tapmBuD;xcJhavonf/

wu,fawmh tif'½l; arqefonf tvGefpdwf"mwf jyif;jy xufoefol wpfOD;jzpf\/

,if;pdwf"mwfonf olYrdcifxHrS tarGqufcHcJhjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ol,HkMunfrd\/ olYrdcifonf paumhwvef awmifay:ol wpfOD;jzpf&m i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0uwnf;u tjrJwapESif;jrLrsm; ydwfqkdif;aewwfaom aumif;uif,HMum;rS xGufjyLvmrnfh aea&mifjcnfukd pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf apmifharQmfcJh&oljzpfayonf/

zdkufzf½Idif;,m;e,frS v,form;wpfOD;rQomjzpfaom olYzcif *Ref arqefonfvnf; tvGefpdwf"mwf

MuHhckdifolwpfOD;yif jzpfavonf/ vHkYv 0D&d,uvnf; aumif;í tvkyfudk jznf;jznf;rSefrSefESifh pepfwusvkyfudkifwwfol wpfOD;jzpf\/ okdYaomfvnf; uHraumif; taMumif;roifhojzifh olydkifajrudk jzpfxGef;atmifjrifonftxd rvkyfEkdifcJh&Smacs/ yxr urÇmppfBuD; NyD;cgeD;tvdk aemufqHk;ESpfwGif &D,dk rife&Dbufü jzpfyGm;onfh wkdufyGJwpfckü usqHk;oGm;onfhtcg ol\v,f,mvkyfief;wpfckvHk;onf z½dkz&Jjzpfvsuf usef&pfcJhav\/

ZeD;jzpfol *sufqD arqefonf cifyGef;onfxm;cJhaom v,f,mvkyfief;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifEkdif&ef

wpfESpfeD;yg;rQ ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;cJh&&Sm\/ EkdYpm;EGm;rarG;jrLa&; jcHwpfjcHtjzpf jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf tvGefrSyif tqif;&J tyifyef;cHí vkyfukdifcJh&&Smavonf/



xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om;aygufprQom &Sdao;aom om;jzpfol tif'½l; arqeftm; pmusufcsdef tjynfht0&apvdkojzifh jcHvkyfief;wGif bmwpfckrS rvkyfckdif;cJhay/ EGm;EkdYydkY&mrSmyifvQif olrukd,fwkdif wpftdrf0if wpftdrfxGuf vkdufydkYcJh\/ aemufqHk;wGif ESpfumv twefMumrQcHpm;cJh&aom acsmif;qdk;a0'emonf ydkíqdk;&Gm;vmNyD; ½kwfw&uf 0ifa&muf pGJuyfvmaom tqkwfa&m*g a0'em\ zdpD;rIudk tjyif;txefcH&um uG,fvGefcJh&&Smav\/

tif'½l; arqef\ txD;usef b0onf oltouf q,fh&SpfESpft&G,fwGif tpjyKcJhav\/ xkdtcsdefwGif

olonf pdefYtif'½l;wuúodkvf\ yxrESpf ausmif;om;wpfOD; jzpfaecJhavNyD/ wpfESpfvQif aygifav;q,frQom &aom paumhvm;&Spf ynmoifqk 0ifaiGrSwpfyg; tjcm;0ifaiGqdkí wpfyJedrQyif r&SdcJhay/ oltm;udk;tm;xm; jyKcJh&onfh wpfckwnf;aom u,fwif&SifrSm uG,fvGefavNyD jzpfaom paumhtrsKd;om; qm tif'½l; *vif; wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;xm;onfh ]paumh ynmoifp&dwfaiG axmufyHha&;tzGJU} omvQifjzpfayonf/

ynmoiftzGJU\ axmufyHhaMu;ay;yHkuvnf; wpfrsKd;jzpf\/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;í ynmoifp&dwf twGuf

tcuftcJ jzpfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS c&pf,meftrnf ] tif'½l;} ygolrsm;onf wpfESpfvQif aygifig;q,fxuf rydkaomaiGudk ig;ESpfwdwd acs;,lcGifh&onf/ ,if;acs;aiGukd ausmif;rSxGufí tvkyftudkifESifh jzpfvmonfhtcgusrS t&pfuspepfjzifh jyefvnfay;qyf&avonf/

*vif; ynmoifp&dwfaxmufyHha&;tzGJUrS &onfhacs;aiGjzifhyif tif'½l; arqefonf pdefY tif'½l;

wuúokdvfü qif;&JcsKdUwJhpGmjzifh ynm oifMum;cJh&NyD;aemuf 'ef'DNrdKU&Sd aq;ausmif;okdY qufvuf wufa&mufcJh&\/

ausmif;rS xGufonfhtcg ynmoifacs;aiGudk jyefvnf ay;qyf&rnfh wm0efu &Sdaejyefojzifh olonf

tcaMu;aiG tjrifhqHk; &Ekdifonfh vufaxmuf q&m0eftvkyfukd vufcHcJhNyD; awmifykdif; a0vjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd þa'oodkY ,ckvdk vma&mufcJh&jcif; jzpfavonf/

ol&&Sdrnfh vpmrSm wpfESpfvQif aygif 250 jzpf&m aq;ausmif;rS xGufp q&m0efwpfOD;tzdkY

trsm;qHk;&onfh vpmaiGjzpfayonf/ olYtaejzifh vpmaiGudk rufarmíom þa'ookdY vmcJh&jcif;jzpf\/ trSefwu,f olvkyfcsifonfh tvkyfrSm tD'ifbm&mNrdKU aq;½HkBuD;rS aq;cef; wm0efcH q&m0ef tvkyfomjzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; aq;cef;wm0efcH\ vpmrSm ol,ckvkyfaeonfh vufaxmuf q&m0eftvkyfrS &rnfhvpmaiG\ q,fyHkwpfyHkomvQif csD;jr§ifh axmufyHhaiGtjzpf &rnfjzpfojzifh rdrdvkyfcsifaeaom xdktvkyfudk rsufpdrSdwfí pGefYvTwfcJh&jcif;jzpfavonf/

,ckqdkvQif olonf '&if;zD;NrdKUü tvkyf0ifae&ayNyD/ ,aeYreuf tdyf&mrS apmapmpD;pD;xum

,refaeYnu ppfaq;cJh&onfhvlemtwGuf aomursm;aeojzifh rkwfqdwfukd uysmuoD &dwfum t0wftpm; tvsiftjref vJae&avonf/

olonf tifeDjyifay;aom eHeufpmudk uwdkufu½kdufpm;um olYtcef;qDokdY ajy;jyefonf/ olY

vufqGJtdwfxJrS om;a&tdwfjym;uav;ukd xkwf,lonf/ þtdwfjym;av;xJwGif [ef;wm; a&TwHqdyfuav; &Sdavonf/

pdefY tif'½l; wuúokdvf0,f aq;cef;aq;0g;ukorI ynmrS txl;cRefqHk;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;

[ef;wm; a&TwHqdyfudk ESpfpOf csD;jr§ifhonf/ tif'½l; arqefonf txl;cRefqHk;aom ausmif;om;wpfOD;tjzpfjzifh ,if;a&TwHqdyfudk &cJh\/ oltjrwfEkd;qHk;ESifh twG,fwmqHk;aom ypönf;wpfckudkjyyg[k qkdvmygrl þa&TwHqdyfudkyif jy&ayvdrfhrnf/ olykdifypönf;rsm;xJwGif rnfonfhypönf;ESifhrS EIdif;,SOfír&avmufatmif jrwfEkd;aomypönf;aywnf;/



tif'½l;onf [ef;wm;a&TwHqdyfudk ol\taqmifypönf;wpfckozG,f rSwf,lxm;cJhonf/ ol\ tem*wfumvtwGuf vrf;jyozG,f ,lqxm;cJhonf/ pdwftm;i,fvmNyDqkdvQif þa&TwHqdyfudkMunfhí tm;wufcJh&\/

okdYaomf .... ,aeYreuf a&TwHqdyfuav;ukd xkwf,lí Munfhonfhtcg ,cifuvdk *kPf,l0ifh



uHtm;avsmfpGmyif xdkaeYreufu vlemrrsm;vSay/ eHeuf 10 em&DcGJcefYwGif vlemukefoGm;ojzifh

csufcsif;yif *sifuif;oGm;a&mufMunfh½I ukoay;ae&aom vlempm&if;udk,lNyD; aomrwf\ jrif;vSnf;jzifh vlemMunfhxGufcJhonf/ jrif;vSnf;udk tdrftrSwf ckepf? *vdkif'g;&yfodkY tvsifqHk;armif;apavonf/

rdepf ESpfq,fcefYtMumwGif tif'½l;onf trSwfckepftdrfrS jyefxGufvmonf/ olYrsufESmrSm

jzLzyfjzLa&mf jzpfvsuf &Sdavonf/ EIwfcrf;udk wif;usyfpGm aphxm;onf/ olYrsufESmonf pdwfrcsrf;ajrhjcif;wkdYudk azmfjyvsuf &Sdayonf/

vlempm&if;wGif ygonfhtwkdif; trSwfckepfaetdrfESifh ESpftdrfausmf&Sd trSwf 11 tdrfokdY oGm;onf/

trSwf 11 tdrfrSaeí vrf;rBuD;udk jzwful;um trSwf 18 tdrfokdY oGm;jyefonf/ trSwf 18 tdrfrS wzefvrf;axmifhukd csKd;auGUum &uf'aem&yfuGuf twGif;okdY0ifí raeYurS *sifuif;Munfhxm;aom vlemESpfOD;ukd 0ifMunfhonf/ wpfem&DcefYtwGif;rSmyif vlem ckepfOD;rQ Munfh½IcJhNyD;avNyD/

olMunfh½IcJhonfh vlemckepfOD;teuf *vdkif'g;&yf tdrftrSwf ckepfrSvlemtygt0if ig;OD;onf

wdkufzGdKufa&m*g jzpfaeMuonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f&m rvdkawmhay/ vGefcJhaom 10 &uftwGif;u þvlemrsm;udk *sifuif;u wm0ef,lMunfh½Iukoay;cJhonf/ vlemrsm;tm; *sifuif;ay;cJhonfhaq;rsm;rSm temwjcm; aq;wjcm;jzpfaeayonf/

vGefcJhaom nutjzpfrSm vlemtm; prf;oyfppfaq;&mü tvGJvGJ trSm;rSm;jzpfcJh&í pdwfaomu

rat;½HkrQomjzpfonf/ ,aeYeHeufwGif awGU&onfhudpörSmrl aMumufrufzG,f aumif;onfh tajctaersKd; jzpf\/ wdkufzGdKufac: tla&mifief;zsm; a&m*gonf vlwpfa,mufrS wpfa,mufodkY ul;pufp jyKvsuf&SdaeayNyD/ q&m0efwpfa,muf taejzifh rao;i,fvSonfh wm0efBuD; wpfckjzifh &ifqkdif ae&ayNyD/

olonf txdwfwvefY jzpfaompdwfjzifh þvlemrsm;udk vSnfhvnf Munfh½INyD;aomf tdrfokdY

jyefvmcJhav\/ aeYv,fpm pm;csdefwGif rpöydwfcsfESifh qHkrdMujyef&m rpö ydwfcsfu ig;aMumfwpfyef;uefukd tif'½l;a&SUü

csay;NyD; ]a'gufwm ydwfcsftwGuf aMumfxm;wm vufzsm;ESifhawmif rwkdYvdkY &SifhtwGuf xm;vdkufw,f} [kajymonf/ tif'½l;url rpöydwfcsf\ pum;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;Ekdifay/ avmavmq,f ol&ifqkdifae&onfh wdkufzGdKufa&m*gjyóemtwGuf ylyefvsuf&Sdojzifh wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfyif csay;orQudk pm;aeavonf/

xdkjyóemESifh ywfoufí rpöydwfcsfudk tm;udk;ívnf; &Ekdifrnf rxifay/ tu,fí

zGifhwkdifyifyguvnf; rpöydwfcsfxHrS tultnD tMuHÓPf &csifrS&ayvdrfhrnf/ &onfhwdkifatmifvnf; olYtwGuf taxmuftul jzpfcsifrS jzpfayrnf/ rpöydwfcsfxHrS ukd,fxdvufa&muf tultnDrsKd; &zdkYqdkonfuawmh arQmfvifhírjzpfEkdifonfh udpöwpfckom jzpfavonf/

aemufqHk;wGif þjyóemudk a'gufwm ydwfcsftm; zGifh[ajymNyD; tMuHÓPfawmif;cHjcif;omvQif

taumif;qHk;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufav\/ ol a'gufwm ydwfcsftcef;odkY wufoGm;aomtcg wpfcef;vHk; cef;qD;rsm;csxm;onfudk awGU&\/

a'gufwm ydwfcsfrSmrl acgif;udkufojzifh tdyf&mxufwGif rSdef;ae&Smonf/ tqrwefudkufaeaom acgif;ukdufa0'emaMumifh rsufESmrSm½IHUrJhvsuf&Sdavonf/

tif'½l;0ifvmonfudk jrifaomtcg olYteD;wGif 0ifíxdkif&ef rsufESm&dyf rsufESmuJjyonf/

tif'½l;onf a'gufwm ydwfcsf\ teD;wGif uyfí xdkifcsvdkuf&if;u ,ckvdk tcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif jyóemudk ajymjyygu pdwf'ku©a&mufatmif vkyfovdk jzpfaervm;[k awG;um ajymrxGufbJ jzpfaejyefav\/



olonf rdepf tenf;i,fMumrQ xdkifaeaomfvnf; olajymcsifonfhudpöukd rajymEkdifbJ

csDwHkcswHkjzpfvsuf&Sd\/ aemufqHk;jyefawmhrnf[k txwGif ajymjzpfavawmhonf/ ]uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm ul;pufa&m*gwpfck jzpfvmNyDqdk&if b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ a'gufwm? b,fvdkvkyf&if

taumif;qHk; jzpfrvJ} a'gufwm ydwfcsfu csufcsif;tajzray;acs/ twefMumrQ rsufvHk;rsm;udkrSdwfum pOf;pm;aeonf/ ]at;uG,f? tJ'Dvdk[mrsKd; jzpfvm&ifawmh vkyf&ukdif&wm rvG,fvSbl;? jzpfvmwkdif; tcuftcJawGESifh

MuHK&wmcsnf;yJ? wdkYqDrSm aq;½Hku r&Sdawmh a&m*gjzpfaewJh vlemawGudk oD;jcm; cGJxm;zdkYuvnf; rjzpfEkdifbl;? wpfckawmh&Sdw,f? ul;pufa&m*g jzpfvmvdkY rif;taeESifh rEkdifreif; jzpfvmr,fh tajctaersKd; &ifqkdifvm&&ifawmh wdkeD*vefu a'gufwm *&rfzfqD zkef;qufNyD;ajymjyaygh? wdkeD*vefNrdKUu 'Duae 15 rdkifavmufa0;w,f? a'gufwm *&rfzfuawmh c½kdifusef;rma&; t&m&SdyJ? 'gayrJh ....}

a'gufwm ydwfcsfonf ajymvufp pum;ukd rqufao;bJ twefMumrQ&yfaeao;onf/ NyD;rS ]usKyf

pkd;&drfaewmu a'gufwm *&rfzfuvnf; rifhtwGuf odyfNyD; tultnD&r,fhvlawmh r[kwfbl;} [kajymavonf/

tif'½l;onf atmufxyf {nfhcef;qDodkY uysmu,m qif;vmcJhNyD; csufcsif;yif wdkeD*vefokdY

zkef;qufonf/ w,fvDzkef;ukd ukdifíwpfzufrSxl;oHukd em;pGifhaeckdufwGif olYtm; rD;zdkwHcg;0rS &yfMunfhaeaom tifeDtm; vSrf;jrifae&onf/

][Jvdk [Jvdk? tck pum;ajymaewm b,folvJ? a'gufwm *&rfzfygvm; cifAsm} ][Jvdk a'gufwm *&rfzfESifh pum;ajymcsifwm b,folvJ} wpfzufrStoHrSm a,musfm;wpfOD;\ toHjzpfonf/ wpfpHkwpfckaomtaMumif;aMumifh pum;ukd

owdxm;íajymaeyHk ay:avonf/ ][kwfuJh? tck pum;ajymaewm '&if;zD;NrdKUuyg? a'gufwm arqefyg? uRefawmf a'gufwm ydwfcsf&JU

vufaxmufq&m0efyg? uRefawmfhqDrSm wdkufzGdKufa&m*g jzpfaeygw,f? tck avmavmq,f a&m*gonfvlemig;OD; &Sdaeygw,f? a'gufwm *&rfzfudk,fwkdif tjrefqHk;vmNyD; Munfhay;apcsifygw,f}

w,fvDzkef;vdkif;u raumif;ojzifh atmfíajym&onfjzpf&m tif'½l; arqef\ toHrSm {nfhcef;xJ0,f

us,favmifpl;&SpGm xGufay:vsuf&Sd\/ wpfzufrS toH&Sifonf twefMumrQ Nidrfqdwfaeonf/ NyD;rS ]uRefawmf 0rf;enf;ygw,f a'gufwm

arqef? a'gufwm *&rfzf r&Sdygbl;? ta&;BuD;wJh tvkyfwm0efESifh qGrfqD;ukd oGm;aeygw,f} [kajzavonf/

toHonf apmapmuvdk rmqwfqwf r[kwfawmhay/ El;nHhodrfarGUNyD; aysmhaysmif;vmonf/

pum;ajymyHkuvnf; cyf0J0JESifh a0ve,fom; pum;ajymoHrsKd;jzpfonf/ ]a'gufwm *&rfzf b,faeYjyefa&mufygrvJ} tif'½l;u atmfí ar;avonf/



]b,faeYjyefa&mufr,fqdkwmvnf; twdtus rajymwwfygbl;cifAsm} ]'Dvdkqkd&if uRefawmf wpfckavmufajymyg&ap? wpfqdwf aus;Zl;jyKNyD; em;axmif ....} tif'½l; pum;rqHk;ao;rD wpfzufrS w,fvDzkef;csoHMum;vdkuf&\/ rcHcsd rcHomjzpfaerdaom

tif'½l;onf olYpdwfxJ&SdorQudk ajymcsvdkufrdav\/ ]b,fenf;ESifhrqdk tckpum;ajymaewJhvl[m *&rfzfudk,fwdkifyJ jzpfr,f} olonf rausrcsrf;pdwfjzifh apmapmueHygwfudk jyefvSnfhonf/ wpfzufrS vHk;0rxl;awmhay/

a'gyGyGESifh aemufwpfBudrf xyfvSnfh&ef [efjyifaeckdufwGif rdrdxHodkY avQmufvmaeaom tifeDudk jrifvdkufojzifh apmifhaeav\/

tifeDrSm touf 40 cefY&SdNyD; tvGef oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; oyfoyf&yf&yf aewwfol jzpfonf/

,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm ajymqdk qufqHwwfaom trltusifhvnf; &Sdavonf/ ]uRefr rajymbJraeEkdifvdkY ajymjywmygaemf? 'DvdktcsdefrSm a'gufwm *&rfzf[m wdkeD*vefrSm

b,fawmhrSr&Sdbl;? tckvdk rGef;vGJykdif;qdk&if qGrfqD;oGm;NyD; a*gufoD;½kdufaewmrsm;w,f} tif'½l;\ a'goonf aygufuGJavawmhonf/ ]uRefawmfvnf; xifygw,f? apmapmu uRefawmfESifh pum;ajymoGm;wJhvl[m olukd,fwkdifjzpfrSmyg} tifeDu jyHK;avonf/ ][kwfcsifvnf; [kwfrSmaygh a'gufwm? ol qGrfqD; roGm;vnf; qGrfqD;oGm;w,fvdkY

vdrfNyD;tajymckdif;wmukd uRefrMum;cJhzl;w,f} tifeDonf arqeftm; &if;ESD;cifrifaom tjyHK;jzifh Munfhae&if;rS ]uRefromqdk&ifawmh a'gufwm

*&rfzfESifh tquftoG,f&zdkYtwGuf wefzdk;&SdwJh tcsdefawGudk tukefrcHEkdifygbl;&Sif} [kajymum xGufoGm;av\/

tif'½l;onf vufxJrS w,fvDzkef;udk jyefcsdwfxm;vdkufNyD; pdwfxJrSvnf; a'gufwm *&rfzftm;

usdwfí usdefqJ&if; ol\vlemrsm;xH 'kwd,tBudrf xyfoGm;jyefonf/ vlemrsm;xHrS jyefvmonfhtcg naeykdif;aq;cef;zGifhcsdef a&mufaeayNyD/ wpfem&DcGJcefYrQ aq;cef;xJxdkifum tvkyfESifh eyef;vHk;&jyefavonf/

tcef;u cyfusOf;usOf;? vlemu tjynfhrdkY wpfcef;vHk; teHYrsKd;pHkvsuf&Sdonf/ acR;eHYrsm;onf

rcHr&yfEkdifatmif &SdvSacsonf/ tvkyform; vlemrsm;xJwGif 'l;emol? xdckdufrdí 'Pf&m&vmol? ESmap;acsmif;qdk; jzpfol ponfjzifh

a&m*grsKd;pHk jzpfonf/ olwdkY\ ZeD;? om;orD;rsm;rSmvnf; acsmif;qdk;í? tat;rdí? taMumtqpfrsufí? acgif;ukdufí ponfjzifh aeYpOfESifhtrQ jzpfwwfonfh tao;tzGJ a&m*g a0'emrsm;udk vmí ajymjyjcif; jzpfayonf/



tif'½l;onf vlemrsKd;pHk a&m*grsKd;pHkudk prf;oyfukoay;ae&vQif tvGefaysmfonf/ yifyef;onf[lí rxifrSwfay/ ae'Pf? av'Pf? rdk;'Pfukd cHxm;&ojzifh ndKarmif;armif; tom;ta&ESifh tvGef½kd;om;í A[kokw enf;yg;Mu&Smaom þtvkyform;rsm;tm; aq;uko ay;ae&jcif;onf olYt&nftcsif;? olYt&nftaoG;udk wdk;wufvmatmif vkyfay;aejcif;yif jzpfonf[k olcH,lxm;onf/ wu,fawmh olwdkYwpfawGtm; prf;oyfaejcif;? ukoay;aejcif;onf oltvkyfoifaejcif;yif jzpfonf r[kwfygvm;/

odkYaomfvnf; ,aeYnaeydkif;wGif olYtvkyfwGif olpdwfr0ifpm;Ekdifavmufatmif jzpfvsuf&Sd\/

reufydkif;u MuHKawGUcJhonfh jyóemudkomvQif pdwfu pGJvsuf&Sdojzifh a&m*g tao;tzGJrsm;ESifh tcsdefukefae&onfh rdrd\tjzpfukd onf;rcHEkdifatmif jzpfvsuf&Sdayonf/

vlemtwGuf aq;pma&;&if;? vlem\ &ifbwfudk prf;oyf&if;? b,fvdkae b,fvdkxdkif aq;udk

b,fvdkaomuf[k tMuHay;&if;uyif wdkufzGdKufa&m*gonfrsm;ukdom owd&aerdonf/ wpfcsdefvHk; xdkudpöudkom pOf;pm;awG;awmaerdonf/ wpfpHkwpfckawmh rvkyfí rjzpf/ vkyfrS jzpfayawmhrnf/

bmvkyf&rnfenf;/ ]'Dudpöukd tpazmfay;wm b,folvJ? olyJ? yHkyef;uawmh tawmfcsOfp&maumif;wJh ieJyJ? wu,fudk

pufqkyfp&m atmhESvHk;emp&m aumif;wJh taumifrsKd;yJ? 'gayrJh ighbmvkyf&rvJ? olYqDudkyJ oGm;&rSmyJ? olESifhyJ wdkifyifNyD; vkyfrSjzpfrSmyJ}

vlemukefcsdefwGif ukd;em&DcGJavNyD/ aemufqHk;vlem tcef;xJrS xGufoGm;vQifoGm;csif; olonf usOf;ajrmif; ydwfavSmifaeaom

tcef;wGif;rS xGufvmcJhonf/ olYrsufvHk;rsm;onf wpfpHkwpfckudk ydkifykdifEkdifEkdif qHk;jzwfxm;NyD; jzpfaMumif; azmfjyvsuf &Sdavonf/

]'DrSm *sifuif;? a'gufwm 'ifeD b,frSmaeovJ} aemufxyf vlem0ifvmrnfukd aMumufaeonfhtvm; aq;cef;wHcg;udk uaomuarsmydwfí

aomhcwfaeaom *sifuif;onf tif'½l;tm; tvefYwMum;armhMunfhonf/ olYrsufESmay:0,f pkd;&drfjcif; ruif;aom trlt&mukd jrifae&avonf/

]a'gufwmhtaeESifh tJ'Dvludk qufoG,fzdkY roifhbl; xifw,f? tJ'Dvludk rpö ydwfcsfu vHk;vHk;

oabmrusbl;} tif'½l;u wdkwdkjywfjywfyifjyefar;onf/ ]rpö ydwfcsfu bmaMumifh oabmruswmvJ? qkdprf;ygOD;} ][m .... tJ'Dvlu qufqHa&;raumif;bl;? tawmf½kdif;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? 'DwpfcsufESifhyJ vlwdkif;u

olYudk oabmrusMuwm? rpö ydwfcsfuvnf; 'gaMumifhyJ rBudKufwmyJ} *sifuif;onf olodorQudk ajymjyae&if;u arqef\ t&dyftuJudk wpfcsufrQ MunfhvdkufNyD;

qufajymonf/ ]a'gufwmhtaeESifh odrSjzpfr,fqdk&ifvnf; uRefawmfajymyghr,f? olu trSwf 49 csufyJvfvrf;u

rpöuf qD;*g;qDrSm tcef;iSm;aeygw,f}



tif'½l;onf tdrfrS xGufvmcJhjyefav\/ olYtaejzifh ,aeYwpfaeYvHk; em;&ao;onfr&Sd/ yifyef;vSNyDjzpfaomfvnf; wm0efodrIpdwfaMumifh

yifyef;&rSef;rodacs/ wdkufzGdKufvlemrsm;\ jyóemonf olYycHk;xufwGif 0efxkyf0efykd;BuD;wpfckozG,f ydvsuf&Sdonf/ csufyJvfvrf;odkY a&mufí 'ifeDwpfa,muf tdrfwGif&SdaeaMumif; odvdkuf&onfhtcg pdwftawmf ayghyg;oGm;onf/ tdrf&Sif rpöuf qD;*g;uyif olYtm; 'ifeDxHydkYay;avonf/

'ifeDonf olYukd jrifvdkufonfhtcg tHhtm;oifhoGm;yHk &\/ odkYaomfvnf; tHhtm;oifhonfh t&dyf

vu©Pmudk rjyacs/ olYtm; pl;pl;&J&J Munfhí ]b,fvdkvJ? tckcsdefxdawmh cifAsm; vlrowfcJhao;bl; r[kwfvm;} [k ar;vdkufav\/

z½dkz&J EkdifvGef;vSaom {nfhcef;\ wHcg;0wGif cyfilil&yfaerdaom tif'½l;\ rsufESmonf 'ifeD\

ar;cGef;aMumifh &JceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; xGufvmonfh a'goudk tjyifrxGufatmif BudK;pm;í csKyfwnf;xm;avonf/

]cifAsm; raeYuajymoGm;wm rSefw,f? jzpfaewJh a&m*gu wdkufzGdKufa&m*gyJ? tJ'Da&m*grSef;

csufcsif;rodwJhtwGuf uRefawmfhudk,fuRefawmf aoewfESifh ypfowfNyD; aozdkYawmif aumif;aew,f? tckqdk&if uRefawmfhqDrSm wkdufzGdKufjzpfaewJh vlemig;OD;awmif&Sdaew,f? b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwm tcktcsdefxd pOf;pm;aewkef;yJ? pOf;pm;vdkYvnf; r&ao;bl;? uRefawmf c½kdif q&m0efBuD;qD zkef;qufao;w,f? pum;awmifrS rajym&bl;? uRefawmf tckvmwm[m cifAsm;qDu tMuHÓPf vdkcsifvdkYyJ}

'ifeDonf rD;zdkteD;ü&Sdaom olxdkifaeonfh ukvm;xkdifudk tenf;i,fa&TUvdkufNyD; yg;pyfrSaq;wHukd

rcRwfbJ tif'½l; ajymorQudk em;pkdufaxmifae&mrS pdwfysufonfh trlt&mjzifh vufwpfzufukd ajr§mufí,rf;vdkuf&if; ]cifAsm;uvnf;Asm? txJ0ifxdkdifzdkY aumif;ygw,f} [k ajymvdkufonf/

csufcsif;yif wdk;í pdwfr&Snfovdk jzpfoGm;um ]tkdAsm .... cifAsm;uvnf; txJ0if xdkifprf;ygOD;?

y&ufpbDaw;&D;,ef; tvSLcHbkef;BuD;vdk taygufrSm rwfwwfBuD; &yfraeprf;ygESifh? MunfhvdkY raumif;ygbl;? vmprf;yg? txJudk 0ifprf;yg? bmaomufrvJ? t&ufaomufrvm;? tif; .... cifAsm;yHku t&ufaomufr,fhvl r[kwfygbl;} [k a&&Gwfaeav\/

tif'½l;onf 'ifeD\ zdwfac:csuft& vdkufavsmonfh oabmESifh 0ifí xdkifaomfvnf;

rsufESmxm;ukdrl rjyifacs/ cyfwif;wif; cyfwnfwnfyif vkyfxm;onf/ &if;ESD; cifrifvdkonfh trlt&mudkvnf; rjybJ olYbmomol pD;u&uf wpfvdyfukd xkwfí rD;ñSdavonf/

'ifeDuvnf; cyfrSefrSef cyfat;at;yif/ olYajcaxmufem;wGif 0yfaeaom olYacG;a[mhuif;tm; ajcrESifh

xdk;qGae&if;u wpfpHkwpfckukd tav;teuf pOf;pm;aeonf/ arqef pD;u&ufwpfvdyf ukefcgeD;rSyif acgif;udkarmhí pm;yGJwpfvHk;qDodkY ar;aighjyvdkufNyD; ]cifAsm; Munfhcsifpdwf&Sd&if [kd[mudk oGm;Munfhygvm;} [k ajymvdkufavonf/

pm;yGJay:wGifum; rdkufu½kdpukwf wpfvHk;&Sdonf/ taumif;pm; Zpfpf trsKd;tpm;jzpf\/

rSefcsyfuav;rsm;vnf; toifh&Sdaeonf/ tif'½l;onf rSefwpfcsyfudk aumuf,lí rdkufu½dkpukwfxJokdY xdk;oGif;vdkufNyD; pdwfygvufyg Munfhrdavonf/ ul;pufa&m*grsm;udk jzefYjzL;Ekdifonfh bufwD;&D;,m; ydk;rTm;rsm;onf rSefcsyfay:0,f wvIyfvIyf w&G&GESifh tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkufygwum;/



]udk,fhrSm &Sdwmuav;ESifh MuHzefNyD; vkyfxm;wmyJAsm? vkyfxm;wmuawmh w,fNyD; pepfrusygbl;} [k 'ifeDuvSrf;ajymavonf/ tif'½l;u a0zefrnfudk pkd;&GHUíajymjcif; jzpf[efwl\/

]uRefawmhf[mu aphaphpyfpyfvkyfxm;wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;Asm? jzpfuwwfqef; oabmyg?

uRefawmfhrSm "mwfcGJcef;vnf; &Sdwmr[kwfbl;? wpfckawmh &SdoayghAsm? usKyfu q&m0efwpfa,muf jzpfaew,f r[kwfvm;? usKyfwdkY&JU vuf&Sd pepfBuD; atmufrSmawmh cifAsm;wkdY uRefawmfwdkY[m q&m0efqdk&if bmrqdktukef vkyfwwfae&r,fvdkY cH,l&r,f r[kwfvm;? tJovdk qdk&ifawmhvnf; wpfrsKd;aygh? tck cifAsm; jrifcJhwJhtwdkif;yJ? ykd;awGuawmh bufwD;&D;,m;ydk;awGyJ? omrefrsufpdESpfvHk;ESifh Munfh&ifawmifrS jrifEkdifvdrfhr,f xifwmyJ? usKyfuawmh udk,fvkyfcsifwmrjzpfwkdif; 'Dykd;awGudk aygif;tkd;xJ xnfhNyD; jyKwfypfaewmyJ}

'ifeD vkyfukdifxm;orQwGif pdwf0ifpm;aeNyD jzpfaom tif'½l;u ]cifAsm;rSma&m wdkufzGdKufvlem

r&Sdbl;vm;} [kar;av\/ ]av;a,muf&Sdw,f? cifAsmh vlemawGESifh wpf&yfuGufwnf;yJ? 'Dydk;awGu *vdkif'g;&yfuGuf&JU

a&wGif;awGxJu vmaewmyJAsm} tif'½l;onf tHhMovGef;í yg;pyfta[mif;om;jzifh 'ifeDtm; ai;Munfhaerd\/ olYwGif ar;p&m

ar;cGef;awG wpfyHkwpfacgif;BuD; &Sdvmonf/ 'ifeD\ vkyfaqmifcsufonf wpfpHkwpfckaom twkdif;twm txdawmh tajz&aeNyD[k cefYrSef;rdojzifh 0rf;omtm;& jzpfaerdav\/ trSefawmhvnf; 'ifeD\ awGU&Sdxm;csufrsm;onf rMumrD ul;puf jyefYyGm;wwfaom uyfa&m*gwpfck usa&mufawmhrnf[k twdtus ajymEkdifavmufatmif aocsmaeNyDjzpf&m tb,frSmvQif 0rf;rombJ aeEdkifygrnfenf;/

]cifAsm; odwJhtwdkif;yJ a'gufwm arqef} 'ifeD\ toHrSm rvdkwrmoHaygufvmonf/ ]yg&mwdkufzGdKufuawmh 'Dt&yfrSm tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovdk ul;pufjyefYyGm;aewm MumygNyD? tJ ....

wpfaeYus&ifawmh .... tJ'D wpfaeYqdkwmuvnf; tjrefqHk;a&mufvmrSmyg? wpfaeYus&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkY cifAsm;wdkY rEkdifreif; jzpfavmufatmif jyefYyGm;vmrSm aocsmaew,f? t"du cRwf,Gif;csufu wjcm;r[kwfbl;As? ajratmuf rdv’m>yefawGyJ odvm;? 'DNrdKU&JU tedrfhydkif;usaewJh a&wGif;awGxJudk rdv’m>yefu tnpftaMu; tykyftpyfawG pdrfh,dkNyD; 0ifaewm MumvSNyD? uRefawmf a'gufwm *&rfzfudk ajymcJhwJhtBudrf[mvnf; renf;awmhbl;? 'Dvlu ysif;vnf;ysif;w,f? zsif;vnf; zsif;w,f? apwemvnf; r&Sdbl;? wm0efudk odyfa&SmifwJhvl? bmrS tm;udk;avmufwJh vlrsKd;r[kwfbl;? tdkAsm &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if tvum;taumif? aemufqHk;wpfBudrf zkef;qufwkef;u uRefawmfolYukd bmajymcJhw,f xifovJ? cifAsm;ukd vlcsif;awGU&if vufoD;ESifh qGJxdk;r,fvdkY ajymcJhw,f? uaeY cifAsm; zkef;qufawmh tawGUrcHbJ a&Smifaewm[m tJ'gaMumifh jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f}

]'Dtwdkif;om qdk&ifawmh 'Dudpö[m odyfNyD; t½kyfqdk;wJhudpöyJAs} [k tif'½l;u nnf;onf/ 'ifeDurl

ycHk;ESpfzufudk wGefYvdkufavonf/ ]*&rfzfqdkwJhvlu aumifpDudk bmjyóemrS rwif&Jbl;? wifjyvdkufvdkY aumifpDvlBuD;awGESifh

tqifrajyjzpf&if olY&JU vpmudk tavQmhcH&rSm tjzwfcH&rSm odyfaMumufw,favAsm} ESpfa,mufom; NidrfqdwfaerdMujyefav\/



tif'½l;uawmh qufí pum;ajymvdkao;\/ 'ifeD\ tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh tajymtqdkrsm;tay: apm

yxrwgj - wordpress.com · 2011. 5. 8. · *sl;vd,uf qdzm paom pmtkyfrsm;onf urefawmf...

Documents