zimbabwe - food and agriculture organization · length of the zambezi escarpment in northern...

Rome, 2014

Zimbabwe

GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2015

COUNTRY REPORT

FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the world´s forests and theirmanagement and uses through the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). This country reportis prepared as a contribution to the FAO publication, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015(FRA 2015).The content and the structure are in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines given byFAO in the document Guide for country reporting for FRA 2015 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-au190e.pdf).These reports were submitted to FAO as official government documents.

The content and the views expressed in this report are the responsibility of the entity submitting thereport to FAO. FAO may not be held responsible for the use which may be made of the informationcontained in this report.

FRA 2015 – Country Report, Zimbabwe

3

TABLE OF CONTENTSReport preparation and contact persons...............................................................................................................................41. What is the area of forest and other wooded land and how has it changed over time? ................................................. 52. What is the area of natural and planted forest and how has it changed over time? ..................................................... 213. What are the stocks and growth rates of the forests and how have they changed? .....................................................264. What is the status of forest production and how has it changed over time? .................................................................435. How much forest area is managed for protection of soil and water and ecosystem services? ..................................... 506. How much forest area is protected and designated for the conservation of biodiversity and how has it changed overtime? ................................................................................................................................................................................... 557. What is the area of forest affected by woody invasive species? .................................................................................. 588. How much forest area is damaged each year? ............................................................................................................ 619. What is the forest area with reduced canopy cover? ....................................................................................................6510. What forest policy and regulatory framework exists to support implementation of sustainable forest managementSFM? .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6611. Is there a national platform that promotes stakeholder participation in forest policy development? ............................ 6812. What is the forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use and how has it changed over time? .................. 6913. How does your country measure and report progress towards SFM at the national level? ........................................ 7214. What is the area of forest under a forest management plan and how is this monitored? ........................................... 7415. How are stakeholders involved in the management decision making for publicly owned forests? .............................. 7616. What is the area of forest under an independently verified forest certification scheme? .............................................7717. How much money do governments collect from and spend on forests? .....................................................................7918. Who owns and manages the forests and how has this changed? ..............................................................................8119. How many people are directly employed in forestry? ................................................................................................. 9220. What is the contribution of forestry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? .................................................................... 9821. What is forest area likely to be in the future ...............................................................................................................99


4

Report preparation and contact personsContact personsThe present report was prepared by the following person(s)

Name (FAMILYNAME, first name)

Institution/address Email Tables

Muchichwa Joseph Forestry Commission [email protected] N/A

Mvududu Antony S Border Timbers [email protected] N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Introductory TextPlace an introductory text on the content of this report

(Optional)

Desk Study?

Check "yes" if this survey is a Desk Study, "no" otherwise

Desk Study? no


5

1. What is the area of forest and other wooded land and how has it changed over time?Documents for this question:

• Guide for country reporting FRA 2015• FRA 2015 Terms and Definitions

1.1 Categories and definitions

Category Definition

Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than10 percent or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantlyunder agricultural or urban land use.

Other wooded land Land not classified as "Forest" spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters anda canopy cover of 5-10 percent or trees able to reach these thresholds ; or with a combined coverof shrubs bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly underagricultural or urban land use.

Other land All land that is not classified as "Forest" or "Other wooded land".

...of which with tree cover(sub-category)

Land considered as "Other land", that is predominantly agricultural or urban lands use and has patchesof tree cover that span more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees ableto reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. It includes bothe forest and non-forest tree species.

Inland water bodies Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs.

Forest expansion Expansion of forest on land that, until then, was not defined as forest.

...of which afforestation(sub-category)

Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was notdefined as forest.

...of which naturalexpansion of forest (sub-category)

Expansion of forests through natural succession on land that, until then, was under another land use(e.g. forest succession on land previously used for agriculture).

Deforestation The conversion of forest to other land use or the longterm reduction of the tree canopy cover below theminimum 10 percent threshold.

...of which humaninduced (sub-category)

Human induced conversion of forest to other land use or the permanent reduction of the tree canopycover below the minimum 10 percent threshold.

Reforestation Natural regeneration or re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on landalready in forest land use.

...of which artificialreforestation (sub-category)

Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land already in forest land use.

1.2 National data

1.2.1 Data sources

References to sourcesof information

Variables Years Additional comments

http://www.fao.org/3/a-au190e.pdf

http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/ap862e/ap862e00.pdf


6

1 Millington, A., and Towsend,J. (eds.) 1989. Biomassassessment. Woody biomassin the SADC region.Earthscan Publication Ltd.London. UK

Definition and Land usecover

1985 N/A

2 Kwesha, D. & Dreiser, D.1997, Vegetation mapping inZimbabwe – VEGRIS

Land use types 1992 N/A

3 Timber Producers Federation.Zimbabwe Timber IndustryStatistics Annual Reports2000 - 2007

Area of Commercial TimberPlantation

1990, 2005 N/A

4 VeGRIS 2008 Land use types 2008 Update of the 1992 data,unpublished

1.2.2 Classification and definitions

National class Definition

Dense Savannah Woodlands This type of woodlands is found in moist, undisturbed conditionson well-drained soils, generally above 1 350 masl, but at slightlylower altitudes in the south. The canopy, which is dominatedby Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia, varies between6 and 13m in height. Tree canopy cover is high, generally over80% but the shrub and grass cover is poorly developed and open,usually below 50%. The woodlands exhibit fewer disturbancesthan the surroundings woodland and there are few, if any, ofthe grass and savannah areas that are found in the other types ofsavannah woodland in Zimbabwe.

Open Savannah and Baikiaea Woodland Montane vegetation is also included in this class and is mainlyfound in mountainous areas along the Mozambique border,in Manicaland Province. The canopy is 6-13 m tall and isdominated by Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardiaglobiflora. The tree canopy varies between 50-80%, shrub coveris open and is usually below 50% and grass cover ranges from50-80%.

Seasonal Savannah Woodlands This form of Savanna Woodland is intermediate between theopen and dry phases. It occurs mainly at the edges of OpenSavannah or Montane Woodland and is representative ofslightly drier conditions. This is similar to the Open SavannahWoodlands and significantly higher than the Dry SavannaWoodlands. Structurally, the woodland is intermediate betweenthe other types of Savannah Woodland. In less degraded andin moister areas the canopy trees reach 8-10m, but due to theseasonality, are more open than Open Savanna Woodlands.The canopy cover varies between about 50 and 80%, and theshrub and grass cover is relatively well developed. Shrubs andsmaller trees such as Diospyros kirkii, Faurea saligna, Proteagaguedi, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia and Psosrospermumfebrifugum dominate the under-storey.


7

Dry Savannah Woodlands Dry savannah occurs mainly at altitudes of between 1000 and1300 masl, on the Highveld. Scattered amongst the canopyare smaller trees mainly Diospysos kirkii, Faurea saligna,Protea gaguedi, pseudodolachnostylis maprouneifolia andpsorospermum febrifugum. The underlying shrub and grasslayers are poorly developed. Below 1000m, the Brachystegiawoodland gives way to a lower canopy woodland (7-13m) whichis dominated by Julbernardia globiflora. Although the canopyof Dry Savanna Woodland often reaches between 10-13m, itcan be restricted to as little as 3m as it becomes drier and moredisturbed. If this happens, it takes the form of an open shrubbysavannah. In such situations, the canopy is much disrupted, manyshrubs invade and a grass layer develops of 0.6 to 1.2m in height.In these cases, the main dominant tree is B. boehmii but othersmall trees and shrubs invade such as B. speciformis, C. Mopane,J. globiflora, Kirkia acuminate and Sclerocarya caffra.

Mopane Woodland and Escarpment Thicket Mopane woodlands and Escarpment Thickets are phenologicallydistinct. The main difference lies in the way in which vegetationdie-back commences and the rate at which it proceeds. InMopane Woodlands die-back starts much earlier and is moresteady than in dry Savannah woodlands whereas in EscarpmentThickets, it begins later than in the other thicket vegetation types.The canopy of Mopane Woodland is more open than that of theother Highveld woodlands. In fact, it is open enough to allowlarge-scale shrub invasion. In the north the canopy can attainheights of between 20-25m, more commonly however, it variesbetween 10 and 15m.Escarpment thickets occurs along the entirelength of the Zambezi Escarpment in northern Zimbabwe. Itsvegetation rarely reaches more than 10m and forms a densemixtures of tree and shrub species

Dry Bushy Savanna Dry Bushy Savannah is a very important biomass class inSouthern Zimbabwe. Variation in the vegetation communitiesreflects both changes in soil texture and fertility, as well asdisturbances. The latter can be quiet extensive, as many ofthese soils are quite fertile and therefore suitable for grazingor cultivation. The ecological communities range from opengrassland with scattered shrubs and emergent trees, to almostcontinuous low scrubland. The open, grassy savannah has a lowwoody biomass component. This is mainly restricted to scatteredemergent trees such as Acacia spp., Dichrostachys cinera andschlerocarya caffra, all of which reach heights of about 10m.There are also scattered shrubs which vary in height from 1-3m and dominated by Grewia flava, Ormocarpum trichocarpumand Zizyphus mucronata. There is a very open savannah of smalltrees and bushes on the escarpment overlooking the river valleys.The structure varies from dense woody stands reaching 4-8m inheight, through a variety of shrubs types, to the most arid formwhere trees rarely exceeds 3m, and the vegetation is very openwith dominant grass and fern layers. On the sandy part of theHighveld, Terminalia sandveld is found. The canopy in theseareas is very open, but the trees are taller than those found inthe lowland valleys and on the escarpment. The tree canopy isabout 8-10 m high and is underlain by a well-developed grasslayer with few shrubs. These areas are grazed extensively and insome places show evidence of over grazing which is affectingvegetation structure.


8

Degraded Bushy Savannah Within the Shashe, Tuli and Umzingwane Valleys, and to alesser extent the Limpopo Valley, there are areas where theDry Bushy Savannah has degraded and it now forms a verylow unproductive scrub and grassland community. Some ofthese areas are related to settlement (e.g. Antelopes and LegionMines, Kezi, M’phoengs and Tuli); others may either relate towood exploitation or land clearance, or be due to natural soiland drainage factors. These areas vary in size from about 60to 400km2 and total 2, 380 km2. The vegetation is floristicallysimilar to the Dry Bushy savannah, the main differences lying inits lower annual levels of productivity. The Vegetation mainlyconsists of very low shrubby C.mopane. This is usually 2mtall, although it may reach a height of 5m. It occurs as scatteredindividuals among a very low shrub ground cover with fewgrasses.

Wooded Grassland These are related to intensive land clearance for agriculturalactivity, fuelwood and timber exploitation. The largest area isfound in Manicaland and Mashonaland East Provinces, betweenthe Inyaga Mountains to the south and Shamva to the north. Thispart of north–east Zimbabwe has been noted as an area at riskfrom high soil erosion. The vegetation is generally low, shrubbythickets and bushland occurring as isolated shrubs, bushes orthickets in grassland and area of cultivation.

Intensive Commercial Agricultural land It has a distinct phenology, which is related to crop production,patterns rather than natural vegetation growth.

1.2.3 Original data

1.2.2

Forest area

The classification system for 1985 data (Millington and Towsend (1989)) is different from the classificationsystem used for the visual interpretation and mapping of land cover from Landsat 5 satellite imagery for the1992 data by Kwesha, D. & Dreiser, D. 1997. Different data sets will therefore be presented, analysed andreclassified for each classification system.

Classification and definitions for the 1985 data obtained from Millington and Towsend (source 1).

Zimbabwe is divided into nine biomass classes. This division is based on the interpretation of NOAA-7AVHRRGAC data and reference to previous botanical and forestry studies (Government of Zimbabwe, 1985).

________________________________________________________________________________

Forest area

(a). Data Category according to 1985 national definition and classification obtained from source 1.


9

km 2

National Classes 1985

Dense Savannah Woodland 18 907

Open Savannah and Baikiaea Woodland 117 790

Seasonal Savannah Woodland 3 144

Dry Savannah Woodland 47 717

Mopane Woodland and Escarpment Thicket 68 565

Dry Bushy Savannah 91 656

Degraded Bushy Savannah 2 380

Wooded Grassland 6 653

Intensive Commercial Agriculture 33 918

Total land area 390 730

Source: Millington and Towsend =Source 1

(b). Data Category according to 1992 national definition and classification obtained from source 2.

National Classes Area in hectares 1992 Area (ha) 2008

Natural moist forest 12 166.105 11 508

Plantation 156 855.9 168 581

Woodland 20 804 480.7 16 544 210

Bushland 4 974 635.02 4 228 547

Wooded grassland 1 204 879.28 888 463

Grassland 688 688.66 479 883

Cultivation 10 742 674.1 16 113 866


10

Rock outcrop 78 645.2 97 720

Settlement 140 779.26 180 904

Total land area 38 803 804 38 713 683

Original data for 1992 (data source 2)

Forest expansion, reforestation

- Total Commercial Plantation Plantings for period 1988 to 1992 (5 years)

= 15 494.5 ha, which means 3 099 ha/y;

- Total Commercial Plantation Plantings for period 1998 to 2002 (only data from 2000 to 2002, 3 years)

= 16 926 ha, which means 5 642 ha/y;

- Total Commercial Plantation Plantings for period 2003 to 2007 (5 years)

= 30 629 ha, which means 6 126 ha/y.

1.3 Analysis and processing of national data

1.3.1 Adjustment

Forest area

(a). Calibrating 1985 data


11

Calibration of 1985 data Area in ha

National land area in 1985 39 073 000

Calibrating factor

FAO land area 38 685 000 0.99007

Results after calibrating 1985 data from source 1

Area in 1000 hectaresNational classes

1985 Calibrated 1985

Dense Savannah Woodland 1 891 1 872

Open Savannah and BaikiaeaWoodland

11 779 11 662

Seasonal Savannah Woodland 314 311

Dry Savannah Woodland 4 772 4 724

Mopane Woodland andEscarpment Thicket

6 857 6 788

Dry Bushy Savannah 9 166 9 075

Degraded Bushy Savannah 238 236


Intensive CommercialAgriculture

3 392 3 358

Total land area 39 073 38 685

(b). Calibrating 1992 data& 2008 data


12

Calibration of1992 data

Area in ha Area (ha) 2008

National land areain 1992

38 803 804

Calibratingfactor

38 713 683

Calibratingfactor

FAO land area 38 685 000 0.99694 38 685 000 0.99926

Results after calibrating 1992&2008data from source 2

1992 1992 2008 2008

National Classes Area in hectares Calibrated area inhectares

Area in hectares Calibrated area inhectares

Natural moistforest

12 166.105 12 129 11 508 11 500

Plantation 156 855.9 156 376 168 581 168 456

Woodland 20 804 480.7 20 740 785 16 544 210 16 531 952

Bushland 4 974 635.02 4 959 404 4 228 547 4 225 414

Woodedgrassland

1 204 879.28 1 201 190 888 463 887 805

Grassland 688 688.66 686 580 479 883 479 528

Cultivation 10 742 674.1 10 709 784 16 113 866 16 101 927

Rock outcrop 78 645.2 78 404 97 720 97 648

Settlement 140 779.26 140 348 180 904 180 770

Total land area 38 803 804 38 685 000 38 713 683 38 685 000

1.3.2 Estimation and forecasting


13

1.3.3 Reclassification

Forest area

(a). Reclassification of national data from source 1 (1985)

It was very difficult to reclassify the 1985 data since the forest cover was not specified for all classes. Shumba(2001) classification of the forests and OWL in the paper written for the international Forestry workshop onintegration of Biodiversity in national Forestry Planning Programme” titled, Biodiversity Planning SupportProgramme , Integrating Biodiversity into the Forestry Sector , was used as guideline to reclassify bushySavannah, dense savannah woodland, open savannah and Baikiaea. Expert opinion was also used to reclassifyother classes.

National Classes Forest OWL OL

Dense SavannahWoodland

100%

Open Savannah andBaikiaea Woodland

100%

Seasonal SavannahWoodland

100%

Dry SavannahWoodland (1)

67% 33%

Mopane Woodland andEscarpment Thicket (2)

100%

Dry Bushy Savannah(3)

100%

Degraded BushySavannah (4)

100%

Wooded Grassland (5) 100%


100%

Notes:


14

(1). Canopy often reaches between 10 and 13m, however, it can be restricted to as little as 3m as itbecomes dryer and more disturbed. If this happens, it takes on the form of an open, shrubby savannah. Thereclassification of this class was allocated 67% forests and 33% owl.

2) Mopane Woodlands have a canopy that can attain heights between 20 and 25m, more commonly it variesbetween 10 and 15m. Escarpment Thickets has a vegetation structure that rarely reaches more than 10m andforms a dense mixture of tree and shrub species. They were considered 100% forests because the thickets areconsidered dense and more than 5 m.

3. It is restricted to scattered emergent trees such as Acacia sp., there is very open savannah of small trees andbushes on the escarpment overlooking valleys and on the sandy parts of the Highveld, Terminalia sandveld isfound. The canopy in these areas is very open. 100% OWL because of scattered trees and the presence ofTermininalia spp.

4. The vegetation is floristically similar to the Dry Bushy Savannah, the main difference lying in its lowerannual levels of productivity caused by wood exploitation or land clearance or due to natural soil and drainagefactors. C. Mopane occurs as scattered individuals among very low shrub ground cover with few grasses.

5. Isolated shrubs bushes or thickets in grassland and area of cultivation.

Reclassification of 1985 data

Area in hectaresNational Classes

Forests OWL OL


1 871 925

Open Savanna andBaikiaea Woodland

11 662 033


311 278

Dry SavannahWoodland

3 165 292 1 559 024


6 788 414

Dry Bushy Savannah 9 074 584

Degraded BushySavannah

235 637



15


3 358 119

Total 23 798 942 10 633 609 4 252 449

Results after reclassification 1985 data

Area in hectaresFRA Categories

1985

Forests 23 798 942

OWL 10 633 609

OL 4 252 449

Total land area 38 685 000

(b). Classification and definitions for 1992 data obtained from Source2

(b) Definitions of land cover classification following Kwesha, D. & Dreiser, D. 1997, Vegetation mappingin Zimbabwe – VEGRIS


Forestplantation About 0.40 of Zimbabwe’s land area, i.e. 156 000hectares. Plantations are mainly of exotic speciesincluding pines (69%), eucalyptus (16%) andwattle 15%). Plantations are systematically plantedand they include stands of young and mature treesestablished for commercial timber production,research trials, firebreaks and woodlots.


16

Natural moist forest The class consists of moist evergreen anddeciduous species with a canopy cover above 80% and a tree height of more than 15 m. The forestmakes up 0.03 % (11 731 hectares) of the totalland area. The forest has a multi-canopy strata ofupper canopy, sub-canopy and under storey ofshrubs.

Woodland About 53 % (20 725 836 ha) of the total land area.This is a broad class that can be defined as open todense with a canopy cover 20 -80% and tree heightbetween 5 and 15 meters. Mainly of indigenoustree species growing naturally. Associated with themiombo savannah.

Bushland About 13 % (4 986 932 ha) of the total land areawith a canopy cover 20 -80% and tree heightbetween 1 to 5 meters. Bushland differs fromwoodland in terms of height. Includes thicket andscrub. The class is of indigenous trees speciesgrowing under natural or semi-natural conditions.The class often has multi-stemmed plants.

Wooded grassland About 3 % (1 204 445 ha) of the total land areawith a canopy cover between 2 – 20 % and treeheight between 1 – 15 meters. The trees may bescattered or found in clumps.

Grassland The class covers 1.76 % (688 254) of the totalland area. Trees in this class are very scattered orvirtually absent . Class includes wetlands that areseasonally or annually waterlogged. Tree covercanopy < 2%

Cultivated land This refers to land where the major land use isagriculture. The class covers 27. 47 % (10 742 239ha) of the total land area. Included in this classare tea, coffee, banana and sugar plantations andorchards. There may be scattered trees in fields,field boundaries, around gardens and homesteads.

Rock outcrop The class covers 0.2 % (78 211 ha) of the total landarea and is devoid of trees.

Settlements Areas of human habitation, most urban areas

Water body The class includes large rivers, permanent pans,natural or man made lakes and dams and covers0.77 % (301 111 ha).


17

Reclassification of 1992 data into FRA classes

National Classes Forest OWL OL

Natural moist forest 100%

Plantation 100%

Woodland 100%

Bushland 100%

Wooded grassland 50% 40% 10%

Grassland 100%

Cultivation 100%

Rock outcrop 100%

Water body

Settlement 100%

Notes:

1 Wooded grassland (cover classes 2-20%) and height 1-15 m) was allocated to more than one class because thecanopy cover and tree height cover all three classes. Note that this definition differs from the one in source 1.

Results after reclassifying 1992 data

Area in hectaresNational Classes

Forest OWL OL

Natural moist forest 12 129

Plantation 156 376


18

Woodland 20 740 785

Bushland 4 959 404

Wooded grassland 600 595 480 476 120 119

Grassland 686 580

Cultivation 10 709 784

Rock outcrop 78 404

Settlement 140 348

Total area 21 509 885 5 439 880 11 735 235

1.4 DataTable 1a

Area (000 hectares)Categories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Forest 22164 18894 17259 15624 14062

Other wooded land 0 0 0 0 0

Other land 16521 19791 21426 23061 24623

... of which with tree cover 0 0 0 0 0

Inland water bodies 391 391 391 391 391

TOTAL 39076.00 39076.00 39076.00 39076.00 39076.00

Table 1bAnnual forest establishment /loss (000 hectares per year)

...of which of introducedspecies (000 hectares per year)

Categories

1990 2000 2005 2010 1990 2000 2005 2010

Forest expansion 3 6 6 6 3 6 6 6

... of which afforestation N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

... of which natural

expansion of forest

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


19

Deforestation N/A N/A N/A 309 0 0 0 0

... of which human induced N/A N/A N/A 309 0 0 0 0

Reforestation 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

... of which artificial 3 6 6 6 3 6 6 6

Tiers

Category Tier for status Tier for reported trend

Forest Tier 2 Tier 1

Other wooded land Tier 2 Tier 1

Forest expansion Tier 1 Tier 1

Deforestation Tier 2 Tier 1

Reforestation Tier 1 Tier 1

Tier criteria


• Forest• Other wooded land• Afforestation• Reforestation• Natural expansion of forest• Deforestation

Tier 3 : Data sources: Either recent(less than 10 years ago) National ForestInventory or remote sensing, with groundtruthing, or programme for repeatedcompatible NFIs Tier 2 : Data sources:Full cover mapping / remote sensing orold NFI (more than 10 years ago) Tier 1 :Other

Tier 3 : Estimate based on repeatedcompatible tiers 3 (tier for status) Tier 2 :Estimate based on repeated compatible tier2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 (tier forstatus) Tier 1 : Other

1.5 Comments

CategoryComments related todata definitions etc

Comments on the reported trends

Forest The difference in the areas recorded inFRA 2005 and FRA 2010 is due to the factthat the actual Total land area documentedin the report by Kwesha, D. And Dreiser,D. (1997) is 38 803 804ha and not 38841 875ha as shown in the 2005 report.Inthe FRA 2000 report, 67% of the areaunder woodlands from source 2 (1992data) was allocated to forests and one-third to other wooded land. FRA 2010,however, allocated the total area to forestsin accordance with the definition of thisclass (canopy cover 20-80%, tree height5-15m).

The forest cover change between 1990and 2000 is about 327 008 ha per yearor 1.5 % loss per year with that for theperiod between 2000 and 2005 being 163504ha or 1.7% (i.e. an increase of 0.2 % /year).The Forest area between 2000 and2010, though, may need to be adjusted dueto deforestation on large-scale commercialfarms and some designated state landsdue to the land reform programme. Byend of 2003, an estimated 11 million ha ofthe commercial farms had been resettled.Cover change on these farms has notbeen estimated but it can be assumed thatbetween 2000 and 2003 the deforestationrate may have increased by an 0.1% to1.6% per annum.


20

Other wooded land Based on the two source data (1985and 1992), it is not possible to do trendanalysis for OWL. Consequently, theassumption is made that the OWL areaautomatically falls within Other Landcategory for the reporting years of 1990,2000, 2005 and 2010.It could be noted thatOWL area in 1990 might well exceed 5million ha.

N/A

Other land N/A N/A

Other land with tree cover No data was available to report on thisfield as the available source data could notbe broken down enough to come up withgood estimates.

N/A

Inland water bodies N/A There are also chances that the area ofinland water bodies increased within thesame period due to increased investmentin dam construction.

Forest expansion N/A N/A

Deforestation This is calculated from the 1992 and 2008data (from woodland and bushland figuresof indigenous forests)

N/A

Reforestation N/A N/A

Other general comments to the table

N/A


21

2. What is the area of natural and planted forest and how has it changed over time?Documents for this question:



Term Definition

Naturally regeneratedforest

Forest predominantly composed of trees established through natural regeneration.

Naturalized introducedspecies

Other naturally regenerated forest where the tree species are predominantly non-native and do not needhuman help to reproduce/maintain populations over time.

Introduced species A species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring outside its natural range (past or present) and dispersalpotential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirectintroduction or care by humans).

Category Definition

Primary forest Naturally regenerated forest of native species where there are no clearly visible indications of humanactivities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.

Other naturallyregenerated forest

Naturally regenerated forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities.

...of which of introducedspecies (sub-category)

Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of introduced species.

...of which naturalized(sub-sub category)

Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of naturalized introduced species.

Planted forest Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding.

...of which of introducedspecies (sub-category)

Planted forest where the planted/seeded trees are predominantly of introduced species.

Mangroves Area of forest and other wooded land with mangrove vegetation.

...of which planted (sub-category)

Mangroves predominantly composed of trees established through planting.

2.2 National data

2.2.1 Data sources





1990, 2005.2012 N/A

2 Forest Act Gazetted forest area N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A




22

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



Primary forest Naturally regenerated forest of native species, where there are noclearly visible indications of human activities and the ecologicalprocesses are not significantly disturbed. In Zimbabwe, these arebasically the gazetted Forest areas where none/ very little humanactivities are ensured by the force of law.

Other naturally regenerated forest Naturally regenerated forest where there are clearly visibleindications of human activities. This includes all other naturallyregenerated forest areas (less gazetted forests), in which there isno documented record of the control of human activity.

Planted forest Forest predominantly composed of trees established throughplanting and/or deliberate seeding. In Zimbabwe, this iscomposed of the Commercial timber plantations seeing as thereis no documented extensive efforts to artificially regenerateindigenous forest species.

N/A N/A

2.2.3 Original data

) Commercial Forest Plantations (Data Sourced From Zimbabwe Timber Producers’ Federation)

Year Area

1990 154 437 ha

2000 120 182 ha

2005 108 214 ha

2012 81 583 ha

For 2010, it is considered that the forest plantation remains at the level of 2005 with 108 214 ha

b) From Forest Act

Gazetted Forests area (From Source 3) : 800 258ha.

Chirinda Forest (From Source 4) : 606ha.


23

They are constituted the primary forest (800 864 ha), which remains stable from 1990 to 2010.


2.3.1 Adjustment



2.4 DataTable 2a

Forest area (000 hectares)Categories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Primary forest 801 801 801 801 801

Other naturally regeneratedforest

21209 17973 16350 14736 13174

... of which of introducedspecies

0 0 0 0 0

... of which naturalized 0 0 0 0 0

Planted forest 154 120 108 87 87

... of which of introducedspecies

154 120 108 87 87

TOTAL 22164.00 18894.00 17259.00 15624.00 14062.00

Table 2b

Primary forest converted to (000 ha)

1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015

Othernatural

regenerationPlanted Other land

Othernatural


Othernatural



24

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2c

Area (000 hectares)Categories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mangroves (forest and OWL) 0 0 0 0 0

... of which planted 0 0 0 0 0

Tiers


Primary forest Tier 1 Tier 1

Other naturally regenerated forest Tier 1 Tier 1

Planted forest Tier 1 Tier 1

Mangroves Tier 3 Tier 3

Tier Criteria


Primary forest/Other naturally regeneratedforest/Planted forest

Tier 3 : Data sources: Recent (less than10 years) National Forest Inventory orremote sensing with ground truthing ordata provided by official agencies orprogramme for repeated compatible NFIsTier 2 : Data sources: Full cover mapping/remote sensing or old NFI (more than 10years) Tier 1 : Other


2.5 Comments


Comments on reported trend

Primary forest In Zimbabwe, these are basically thegazetted Forest areas where none/ verylittle human activities are ensured by theforce of law as these areas are protectedunder the Forest Act.

The area reported remains the samethroughout the time series becausethere has not been any field survey toascertain the level of human activitiesin Zimbabwean Forests, thus thecorrespondent used the area that isguaranteed to have been minimallyaffected by human activities due to itsstatus brought about by the Forest Act.

Other naturally regenerating forest N/A N/A

Planted forest All planted forests were established withintroduced species.

N/A


25

Mangroves In Zimbabwe there are no mangroves. N/A


During the land redistribution programme some areas were converted into agricultural land.


26

3. What are the stocks and growth rates of the forests and how have they changed?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Growing stock Volume over bark of all living trees with a minimum diameter of 10 cm at breast height (or abovebuttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level up to a top diameter of 0 cm,excluding branches.

Net Annual Increment(NAI)

Average annual volume of gross increment over the given reference period less that of natural losses onall trees, measured to minimum diameters as defined for "Growing stock".

Above-ground biomass All living biomass above the soil including stem stump branches bark seeds and foliage.

Below-ground biomass All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded because these often cannotbe distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.

Dead wood All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter either standing lying on the ground or in thesoil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface dead roots and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cmin diameter or any other diameter used by the country.

Carbon in above-groundbiomass

Carbon in all living biomass above the soil including stem stump branches bark seeds and foliage.

Carbon in below-groundbiomass

Carbon in all biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded because theseoften cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.

Carbon in dead wood Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground,or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots and stumps larger than or equalto 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.

Carbon in litter Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than the minimum diameter for dead wood (e.g.10 cm ) lying dead in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil.

Soil carbon Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a soil depth of 30 cm.

3.2 National data

3.2.1 Data sources



1 http://www.savannas.net/savt3.htm

Above ground biomasston/ha for woodlands andSavannah, Root-shoot ratiofor woodlandsand Savannah

1996 N/A

2 Fuller, Ngamo , Sikumi,Umgusa, Bembsi, Gwaai,Inseze, Nyamandhlovu,Lupaka, Mpindo, Pumula,Inkosikazi, Mwenezi,Lake Alice. 2000 Forestinventories. ForestCommission, Zimbabwe

Vol/ha of indigenous treespecies

2000 N/A




27

3 Millington, A., and Towsend,J. (eds.) 1989. Biomassassessment. Woody biomassin the SADC region.Earthscan Publication Ltd.London. UK

Derivation of Growing Stock 1985 N/A

4 http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges .or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm

Biomass conversion andexpansion factor

2001 N/A

5 Timber Producers Federation.Zimbabwe Timber IndustryStatistics Annual Reports2003 – 2007. 2012

Areas of Conifers 2003, 2004, 2005,2012 N/A



Growing stock (total volume) The total volume comprises the whole tree volume excludingstumps and roots to a tip diameter of 7.5 cm

Commercial growing stock Volume of species used for industrial purposes (exotic andnatural species)

Above-ground biomass All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump,branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.

Below-ground biomass All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2mm diameterare excluded because these often cannot be distinguishedempirically from soil organic matter or litter.

Dead wood All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, eitherstanding, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includeswood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than orequal to 10 cm in diameter.

3.2.3 Original data

Growing stock

The only available data on growing stock are for plantations. For the natural forests and woodlands, growingstock is calculated from biomass data from the following source: http://www.savannas.net/savt3.htm

Furthermore, there are data on commercial growing stock on the production areas of natural forests.


28

a. National data on Commercial plantations areas and growing stock per hectare.

Area in ha Nationalcategoriesofplantations

1990 1 2000 2 2005 2 2010 3

2015 3

Vol/ha

(m3/ha) 4

Pine 105 927 79 082 72 311 72 311 72 311 93

Otherhardwoods

48 510 41 100 35 903 35 903 35 903 100

TotalPlantations

154 437 120 182 108 214 108 214 108 214

Notes:

1Source Kwesha, D. & Dreiser, D. 1997 (T3)

2Source Timber Producers Federation Plantation Statistics

3Forecasted area of commercial timber plantations for 2010, due to the fact that the Government has declaredthat these areas will be kept as timber plantations and not be converted to other uses.

4From Source 2.

b. National data on Biomass in forest and Other Wooded Land

Category Biomass (t/ha) 1

Forest

Dense Savannah Woodland 71.22

Open Savannah and Baikiaea Woodland 71.22

Seasonal Savannah Woodland 19.85

Dry Savannah Woodland 9.44

Note:


29

1 Source 3 : Millington, A., and Towsend, J. (eds.) 1989. Biomass assessment. Woody biomass in the SADCregion. Earthscan Publication Ltd. London. UK

c. Growing stock composition, Year 2000 Forest Commission Inventories

Some inventories were conducted in the demarcated forests of Zimbabwe and these were used to come up withaverage growing stock per hectare per species (i.e. for species which are either of commercial value or whichdominate the forested areas). Below is a table containing the results. As demarcated forests (total of 800 864 ha)are distributed all over Zimbabwe and are mainly of the land cover type which falls within the FRA2010 ‘Forest’category, the average species-growing stock per hectare were considered to be a good enough representative.They were also the only data available on growing stock within indigenous woodlands for Zimbabwe.

Species Growing stock (m 3 /ha) 1

Brachystegia spiciformis (Msasa) 10.4

Julbernadia globiflora (Munondo) 0.71

Colophospermum mopane (Mopane) 0.26

Baikiaea plurijuga (Zambezi teak) 4.1

Terminalia sericea (Silver terminalia) 0.07

Dichrostachys cinerea (Sickle bush) 0.01

Burkea africana (Red syringa) 0.01

Combretum molle (Velvet bushwillow) 0.15

Pinus patula 92.5

Eucalyptus grandis 100.00

1 Source 2 : Year 2000 Forest inventories. Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe

Note: Assumption is that vol/ha is the same in 1990 as in 2000, 2005 and 2010 and 2015


30

Biomass stock

From Question 1 and data on growing stock

1990 2000 2005 2010

2015

Natural(Indig.)Forests Area

(ha) 1

22 009 464 18 773 639 17 150 567 15 515 527 13 963 974

with the forest biomass of 52.56 tonnes/ha.

From data on growing stock

GrowingStock

1990 2000 2005 2010

2015

Plantation GS(m3)

14 702 211 11 464 626 10 315 223 10 315 223 10 315 223

....of whichof Pine/Coniferous

9 851 211 7 354 626 6 724 923 6 724 923 6 724 923

of whichof Otherhardwoods

4 851 000 4 110 000 3 590 300 3 590 300 3 590 300

Carbon stock


31

From Question 7

FRACategories

1990 2000 2005 2010

2015

Natural(Indig.)Forests Area(ha)

22 009 464 18 773 639 17 150 567 15 515 527 13 963 974

PlantationArea (ha)

154 437 120 182 108 214 108 214 108 214

of which withPine (ha)

105 927 79 082 72 311 72 311 72 311

of which withhardwoods(ha)

48 510 41 100 35 903 35 903 35 903

You'll need Skype CreditFree via Skype


3.3.1 Adjustment


Growing stock

a. Calculating Growing Stock for plantations

Growing stock was obtained by multiplying vol/ha as per category of plantation, with Plantation area, all fromthe above table.


32

Growing stock of plantations and production areas in m3Nationalcategories ofplantations 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Pine 9 851 211 7 354 626 6 724 923 6 724 923 6 724 923

Otherhardwoods

4 851 000 4 110 000 3 590 300 3 590 300 3 590 300

TotalGrowingStock

14 702 11 11 464 626 10 315 223 10 315 223 10 315 223

b. Calculating Growing Stock in forest

Category Biomass (tons/ha) 1 Area in ha Total Biomass (tons)

Forest


71.22 1 871 925 133 318 499

Open Savannah andBaikiaea Woodland

71.22 11 662 033 830 569 990


19.85 311 278 6 178 868

Dry SavannahWoodland

9.44 3 165 292 29 880 356


36.97 6 788 414 250 967 666

TotalForest 23 798 942 1 250 915 379

Note : Biomass stock per hectare derived from a Database for biomass estimation documented in source 3.


33

The different Biomasses for the 1985 land cover were added together, and then the averages were calculatedso as to come up with:

- Forest (tons/ha): 52.56

Growing stock has then been estimated from the aboveground biomass figures by using the following formulaand applying default conversion factors.

GS = AGB / BEF / WD

GS = Growing stock

AGB = Above-ground biomass

for the forests:

BEF = Biomass expansion factor = 2.4

WD = Wood density = 0.58

Growing Stock

for forest = 37.76 m3/ha

To come up with the Growing stock for the Indigenous Forest, the respective Growing Stock per hectare foreach category was multiplied by the corresponding area. For the Total Forest Growing stock, the correspondentadded the growing stock in Commercial plantations plus Growing Stock in the indigenous Forests.

FRACategories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Natural(Indig.)Forests Area

(ha) 1

22 009 464 18 773 639 17 150 567 15 515 527 13 963 974

Natural(Indig.) Forest

GS (m3) 1

831 077 361 708 892 609 647 605 410 585 866 300 527 276 658


34

PlantationArea (ha)

154 437 120 182 108 214 108 214 108 214

Plantation GS(m3)

14 702 211 11 464 626 10 315 223 10 315 223 10 315 223

Forests GS(m3)

845 779 572 720 357 235 657 920 633 587 181 523 537 581 881

Growing Stock Composition (Source Forest inventories, 2000):

In Zimbabwe the only species specific data available are average growing stocks per hectare which were derivedfrom Gazetted Forest areas. The Gazetted forest areas, being distributed across the country and including mostlyarea which falls under Forest, it was decided to multiply the average growing stock per hectare of the individualindigenous species from original data (c) by the total area of indigenous forest (i.e. Total Forest area less areaof Commercial Timber Plantations). The average growing stock per hectare of the various commercial forestspecies were also multiplied by their respective areas to come up with the data in the table below.

Assumption: The correspondent assumes that all the indigenous species are found throughout the forest area,thus the use of the area of indigenous forest area as a multiplier for all indigenous species.

Growing stock (m3)Species

1990 2000 2005

Brachystegiaspiciformis (Msasa)

228 898 426 195 245 846 178 365 897

Baikiaea plurijuga(Zambezi teak)

90 238 802 76 971 920 70 317 325

Julbernadia globiflora(Munondo)

15 626 719 13 329 284 12 176 903

Pinus patula 9 798 248 7 315 085 6 688 768

Colophospermummopane (Mopane)

5 722 461 4 881 146 4 459 147

Eucalyptus grandis 4 851 000 4 110 000 3 590 300


35

Combretum molle(Velvet bushwillow)

3 301 420 2 816 046 2 572 585

Terminalia sericea(Silver terminalia)

1 540 663 1 314 155 1 200 540

Dichrostachys cinerea(Sickle bush)

220 095 187 736 171 506

Burkea africana (Redsyringa)

220 095 187 736 171 506

Sub-Total 360 417 929 306 358 954 279 714 477

Remainder 485 361 643 413 998 281 378 206 156

Total growing stock 845 779 572 720 357 235 657 920 633

Biomass stock

a) Calculation of Above Ground Biomass Stock

- for plantation with the formula:

AGB = GS * BCEF

Where: AGB = Above-ground Biomass (tonnes)

GS = Growing Stock

BCEF = Biomass conversion and expansion factor (Above ground biomass / Growing Stock

Knowing that :

- for the plantations

of which coniferous : BCEF = 0.7

of which broadleaved : BCEF = 0.9

based onGuidelines for Country Reporting to FRA 2010, since Zimbabwe is located in the Tropical Region.

- for natural (indig.) forest

knowing thatthe forest biomass is 52.56 tonnes/ha.


36

AboveGroundBiomassStock

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Natural(Indig.) ForestGS (tonnes)

1156817428 986742466 901433802 815496099 775838395

Plantation GS(tonnes)

11261748 8847238 7938716 7938716 7938716

....of whichof Pine/Coniferous

6895848 5148238 4707446 4707446 4707446

of whichof Otherhardwoods

4365900 3699000 3231270 3231270 3231270

Forests GS(tonnes)

1168079176 995589704 909372518 823434815 787478827

b) Calculation of Below Ground Biomass Stock

Applying the formula: BGB = AGB*R (0.27)

BelowGroundBiomassStock

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Forests GS(tonnes)

315381378 268809220 245530580 222327400 200094660

Carbon stock

A/- Carbon stock is calculated by multiplying the biomass by 0.47. Carbon stocks of litter and soil have notbeen estimated.

B/- Carbon in the litter has been estimated, based on the standard factors of 2.1 C ha -1 for broadleaf deciduous

and 5.2 C ha -1 for conifers. (Based on the Appendix 5, table 5.9, FRA 2010 Guidelines), and


37

FRACategories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Natural(Indig.)Forests Area(C)

46 219 874 39 424 642 36 016 191 32 582 607 29 324 346

PlantationArea (C)

652691 497536 451414 451414 451 414

of which withPine (C)

550 820 411 226 376 017 376 017 376 017

of which withhardwoods(C)

101 871 86 310 75 396 75 396 75 396

Total (C) 47 525 257 40 419 715 36 919 018 33 485 434 30 229 173

- Soil carbon has been estimated, based on the factor of 35 (this is an average of HAC, LAC and Sandy soilssince Zimbabwe generally has a mixture of soil types, based on the Appendix 5, table 5.10 (Guidelines forCountry Reporting to FRA 2010).

The biomass/ hectare values are then applied to the forest areas values in Question 1 to get the biomass forthe reporting years.


3.4 DataTable 3a


38

Growing stock volume (million m 3 over bark)

Forest Other wooded landCategory

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Totalgrowingstock

846 721 658 596 540 0 0 0 0 0

... ofwhichconiferous

9.85 7.35 6.72 6.72 6.72 0 0 0 0 0

... ofwhichbroadleaved

836.15 713.65 651.28 589.28 533 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3b

Category/Species name Growing stock in forest (million cubic meters)

Rank Scientific name Common name 1990 2000 2005 2010

1 st Brachystegiaspiciformis

Msasa 228.9 195.25 178.37 169.93

2 nd Baikiaeaplurijuga

Zambezi teak 90.24 76.97 70.32 67

3 rd Julbernadiaglobiflora

Munondo 15.63 13.33 12.18 11.58

4 th Pinus patula - 9.8 7.32 6.69 6.09

5 th Colophospermummopane

Mopane 5.72 4.88 4.46 4.26

6 th Eucalyptusgrandis

- 4.85 4.11 3.59 3.42

7 th Combretummolle

Velvetbushwillow

3.3 2.82 2.57 2.51

8 th Terminaliasericea

Silver terminalia 1.54 1.31 1.2 1.14

9 th Dichrostachyscinerea

Sickle bush 0.22 1.88 0.17 0.17

10 th Burkea africana Red syringe 0.22 1.88 0.17 0.17

Remaining 485.58 411.25 378.28 329.73

TOTAL 846.00 721.00 658.00 596.00

THE PRE-FILLED VALUES FOR GROWING STOCK REFER TO THE FOLLOWINGTHRESHOLD VALUES (SEE TABLE BELOW)

Item Value Complementary information


39

Minimum diameter (cm) at breast heightof trees included in growing stock (X)

5 N/A

Minimum diameter (cm) at the top end ofstem for calculation of growing stock (Y)

7.5 N/A

Minimum diameter (cm) of branchesincluded in growing stock (W)

n/a N/A

Volume refers to above ground (AG) orabove stump (AS)

AG ASforplantations.

PLEASE NOTE THAT THE DEFINITION OF GROWING STOCK HAS CHANGED AND SHOULDBE REPORTED AS GROWING STOCK DBH 10 CM INCLUDING THE STEM FROM GROUNDLEVEL UP TO A DIAMETER OF 0 CM, EXCLUDING BRANCHES.

Table 3c

Net annual increment (m 3 per hectare and year)

ForestCategory

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Net annualincrement

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

... of whichconiferous

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

... of whichbroadleaved

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table 3d

Biomass (million metric tonnes oven-dry weight)

Forest Other wooded landCategory

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Abovegroundbiomass

1168 996 909 823 741 0 0 0 0 0

Belowgroundbiomass

315 269 246 222 200 0 0 0 0 0

Deadwood

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1483.00 1265.00 1155.00 1045.00 941.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

Table 3e

Carbon (Million metric tonnes)

CategoryForest Other wooded land


40

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Carbonin abovegroundbiomass

549 467.93 427.41 387.01 348.31 0 0 0 0 0

Carbonin belowgroundbiomass

148.23 126.34 115.4 104.49 94.04 0 0 0 0 0

SubtotalLivingbiomass

697.23 594.27 542.8 491.51 442.35 0 0 0 0 0

Carbonin deadwood

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 0 0

Carbonin litter

47.53 40.42 36.92 33.49 30.14 0 0 0 0 0

SubtotalDeadwoodand litter

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 0 0

Soilcarbon

776 661 604 547 492.3 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 1520.76 1295.69 1183.73 1071.99 964.79 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

Tiers

Variable/category Tier for status Tier for trend

Total growing stock Tier 1 Tier 1

Net annual increment Tier 1 Tier 1

Above ground biomass Tier 1 Tier 1

Below ground biomass Tier 1 Tier 1

Dead wood Tier 1 Tier 1

Carbon in above-ground biomass Tier 1 Tier 1

Carbon in below ground biomass Tier 1 Tier 1

Carbon in dead wood and litter Tier 1 Tier 1

Soil carbon Tier 1 Tier 1

Tier criteria



41

Total growing stock Tier 3: Data sources Recent 10 yearsNational Forest Inventory or remotesensing with ground truthing orprogramme for repeated compatible NFI10 years Domestic volume functions Tier2: Data sources/registers and statisticsmodelling or old NFI 10 years or partialfield inventory Tier 1: Other data sources

Tier 3: Estimate based on repeatedcompatible tiers 3 (tier for status)Domestic growth functions Tier 2:Estimate based on repeated compatible tier2 or combination tier 3 and 2 or 1 tier forstatus Tier 1: Other

Net annual increment Tier 3: Scientifically tested nationalvolume and growth functions Tier 2:Selection of volume and growth functionsas relevant as possible Tier 1: Other

Tier 3: Confirmation/adjustment offunctions used through scientific workTier 2: Review work done to seekalternative functions Tier: 1 Other

Biomass Tier 3: Country-specific national or sub-national biomass conversion expansionfactors applied or other domestic orotherwise nationally relevant biomassstudies Tier 2: Application of countryspecific national or sub-national biomassconversion factors from other countrywith similar climatic conditions and foresttypes Tier 1: International/regional defaultbiomass expansion factors applied


• Carbon in above ground biomass• Carbon in below ground biomass• Carbon in dead wood and litter• Soil carbon

Tier 3: Country-specific national or sub-national biomass conversion expansionfactors applied Tier 2: Applicationof country specific national or sub-national biomass conversion factorsform from other country with similarclimatic conditions and forest types Tier1: International/regional default biomassexpansion factors applied


3.5 Comments on growing stock biomass and carbon


Comments on the reported trend

Total growing stock N/A N/A

Growing stock of broadleaved coniferous In Zimbabwe, there are no coniferousspecies which are indigenous to thecountry. Thus the report uses the growingstock for pine species which are withinthe commercial timber plantations andconstitute the largest and only known areacoverage of conifers. The growing stockof broadleaved is simply the total growingstock for area classified as ‘Forest’ lessthat of conifers.

N/A

Growing stock composition This includes all growing stock withincommercial timber plantations.

N/A


42

Net annual increment The growing stock is an estimate frominventories that have been conducted indemarcated indigenous forests plantationsand natural forests and woodlands incommunal areas resettlement areas andcommercial farms.

N/A

Above-ground biomass N/A N/A

Below-ground biomass N/A N/A

Dead wood N/A N/A

Carbon in above-ground biomass N/A N/A

Carbon in below-ground biomass N/A N/A

Carbon in dead wood N/A N/A

Carbon in litter N/A N/A

Soil carbon N/A N/A


N/A


43

4. What is the status of forest production and how has it changed over time?Documents for this question:



Term Definition

Primary designatedfunction

The primary function or management objective assigned to a management unit either by legalprescription documented decision of the landowner/manager or evidence provided by documentedstudies of forest management practices and customary use.

Non wood forest product(NWFP)

Goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin other than wood.

Commercial value ofNWFP

For the purpose of this table, value is defined as the commercial market value at the forest gate.

Category Definition

Production forest Forest area designated primarily for production of wood, fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forestproducts.

Multiple use forest Forest area designated for more than one purpose and where none of these alone is considered as thepredominant designated function.

Total wood removals The total of industrial round wood removals and woodfuel removals.

...of which woodfuel The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless whether for industrial, commercial ordomestic use.

4.2 National data

4.2.1 Data sources



1 Kwesha, D. & Dreiser,D. 1997. Gathering keyinformation about indigenousforests of Zimbabwe.

Forests area under differenttenure

1992 N/A

2 Shumba, E. M 2001:Biodiversity PlanningSupport Programme.Integrating Biodiversityinto forestry sector.Paper prepared for aninternational workshop“Integration of Biodiversityin National Forestry PlanningProgramme”CIFOR HQ,Bogor, Indonesia 13-16August 2001

Production area and forestsgoods and services

1992 N/A





44



2000, 2005. 2012 N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

4.2.3 Original data

- Year 1992

Forest

Area 1Production area 2

SSCFA & Towns 3

Remaining Forests 4

ha ha % ha % ha %

Total 21 695928

2 143 063 10% 610 158 3% 18 942707

87%

Notes:

1 Data from source 1;

2 Data from source 2;

3 Small Scale Commercial Farm Area (SSCFA) and trees in towns (Source1);

4 (1) - (2+3).

- Gazetted Forests area (From Source 3) : 800 258 ha.


45

- Chirinda Forest (From Source 4) : 606 ha.

(Chirinda Forest is also a gazetted forest but was somehow missed in the list of gazetted Forests of Zimbabwe)

- Total Gazetted Forests = 800 864 ha.

- Commercial Forest Plantations (Data Sourced From Zimbabwe Timber Producers’ Federation)

Year Area

1990 154 437 ha

2000 120 182 ha

2005 108 214 ha


4.3.1 Adjustment


- Year 1992

Forests

FRA Categories %

Production area Production 10%

SSCFA & Towns Protection of soil and water (1) 3%

Remaining Forests Multiple purpose (2) 87%

Total 100%


46

Notes: - Assumption is that trees in Small Scale Commercial Farm Areas (SSCFA) and Towns are for theprotection of soil and water; and

- Assumption that all remaining forests (minus the 800 864 ha of Gazetted Forest Areas) are designatedfor multipurpose.

Applying the above percentages, then considering that the Gazetted Forest Areas are constant and have aconservation function, the total forest area for 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010 from T1 provides the followingbreakdown:

Area in hectares

Forests

FRACategories

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Production 2216390 1889382 1725878 1562374 1406137

Protection ofsoil and water

664917 566815 517763 468712 421841

Conservationof biodiversity

800864 800864 800864 800864 800864

Multiplepurpose

18481730 15636760 14214275 12791791 11512612

Total 22163901 18893821 17258781 15623741 14141454


4.4 DataTable 4a


1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Production forest 2216 1889 1726 1562 1406


47

Multiple useforest

18482 15637 14214 12792 11513

Table 4b

Rank Name of product Key species

Commercial valueof NWFP removals

2010 (value 1000local currency)

NWFP category

1 st N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 nd N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 rd N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 th N/A N/A N/A N/A







TOTAL .00

2010

Name of local currency N/A

Category

Plant products / raw material

1 Food

2 Fodder

3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products

4 Raw material for colorants and dyes

5 Raw material for utensils handicrafts construction

6 Ornamental plants

7 Exudates


48

8 Other plant products

Animal products / raw material

9 Living animals

10 Hides skins and trophies

11 Wild honey and beewax

12 Wild meat

13 Raw material for medicine

14 Raw material for colorants

15 Other edible animal products

16 Other non-edible animal products

Table 4c Pre-filled data from FAOSTAT

FRA 2015 category (1000 m 3 u.b.)Year

Total wood removals ...of which woodfuel

1990 6904.2 6260.2

1991 6965.2 6260.2

1992 6975.2 6260.2

1993 6995.2 6260.2

1994 8143.6 7000.2

1995 8393.1 7210.2

1996 8642.2 7426.2

1997 8910.1 7649.2

1998 8994 7879.2

1999 9252.6 8115.2

2000 9093.6 8115.2

2001 9107.6 8115.2

2002 9107.6 8115.2

2003 9107.6 8115.2


49

2004 9092.6 8115.2

2005 8942.2 8115.2

2006 9151.3 8380.44

2007 9197.8 8461.4

2008 9201.5 8543.1

2009 9263.9 8625.58

2010 9227.3 8708.87

2011 9227.3 8708.87

Tiers


Production forest Tier 2 Tier 1

Multiple use forest Tier 2 Tier 1

Tier Criteria


Production forest Multiple use forest Tier 3: Updated including fieldverifications national forest mapsincluding functions Tier 2: Forest mapsolder than 6 years including forestfunctions Tier 1: Other


4.5 Comments



Production forest N/A N/A

Multiple use forest N/A N/A

Total wood removals N/A N/A

Commercial value of NWFP N/A N/A


N/A


50

5. How much forest area is managed for protection of soil and water and ecosystemservices?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Protection of soil andwater

Forest area designated or managed for protection of soil and water

...of which productionof clean water (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed for water production, where most human uses are excludedor heavily modified to protect water quality.

...of which coastalstabilization (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed for coastal stabilization.

...of which desertificationcontrol (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed for desertification control.

...of which avalanchecontrol (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed to prevent the development or impact of avalanches onhuman life assets or infrastructure.

...of which erosion, floodprotection or reducingflood risk (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed for protecting communities or assets from the impacts oferosion riparian floods and landslides or for providing flood plain services.

...of which other (sub-category)

Forest area primarily designated or managed for other protective functions.

Ecosystem services,cultural or spiritual values

Forest area primarily designated or managed for selected ecosystem services or cultural or spiritualvalues.

...of which publicrecreation (sub-category)

Forest area designated or managed for public recreation.

...of which carbon storageor sequestration (sub-category)

Forest area designated or managed for carbon storage or sequestration.

...of which spiritual orcultural services (sub-category)

Forest area designated or managed for spiritual or cultural services.

...of which other (sub-category)

Forest area designated or managed for other ecosystem services.

5.2 National data

5.2.1 Data sources



1 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A




51

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

5.2.3 Original data


5.3.1 Adjustment



5.4 DataTable 5a


1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Protection of soiland water

665 567 518 469 422

... of whichproduction ofclean water

0 0 0 0 0

... of whichcoastalstabilization

0 0 0 0 0


52

... of whichdesertificationcontrol

0 0 0 0 0

... of whichavalanchecontrol

0 0 0 0 0

... of whicherosion, floodprotection orreducing floodrisk

0 0 0 0 0

... of which other(please specifyin commentsbelow the table)

0 0 0 0 0

Other

N/A

Table 5b


1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Ecosystem services,cultural or spiritualvalues

0 0 0 0 0

...of which publicrecreation

0 0 0 0 0

...of whichcarbon storage orsequestration

0 0 0 0 0

...of which spiritualor cultural services

0 0 0 0 0

...of which other(please specify incomments belowthe table)

0 0 0 0 0

Tiers

Category Tier for reported trend Tier for status

Protection of soil and water Tier 2 Tier 2

Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritualvalues

Tier 1 Tier 1

Tier criteria



53

Protection of soil and water Tier 3: High reliability data derived eitherfrom high intensity sample survey or dataobtained from national or state agenciesresponsible for regulations or legislationrelating to soil and water protection. Tier2: Approaches based on low intensityor incomplete sample-based surveys orstudies that provide data for specific areasthat is extrapolated through statisticalanalysis to national level estimates. Tier 1:Other


• Cultural or spiritual values• Public recreation• Spiritual or cultural services• Other

Tier 3: High reliability data derivedeither from high intensity sample surveyor data obtained from national or stateagencies responsible for regulations. Tier2: Approaches based on low intensityor incomplete sample-based surveys orstudies that provide data for specific areasthat is extrapolated through statisticalanalysis to national level estimates. Tier 1:Other


5.5 Comments



Protection of soil and water N/A N/A

Production of clean water N/A N/A

Coastal stabilization N/A N/A

Desertification control N/A N/A

Avalanche control N/A N/A

Erosion, flood protection or reducing floodrisk

N/A N/A

Other protective functions N/A N/A

Ecosystem services, cultural or spiritualvalues

N/A N/A

Public recreation N/A N/A

Carbon storage or sequestration N/A N/A

Spiritual or cultural services N/A N/A

Other ecosystem services N/A N/A



54

N/A


55

6. How much forest area is protected and designated for the conservation of biodiversityand how has it changed over time?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Conservation ofbiodiversity

Forest area designated primarily for conservation of biological diversity. Includes but is not limited toareas designated for biodiversity conservation within the protected areas.

Forest area withinprotected areas

Forest area within formally established protected areas independently of the purpose for which theprotected areas were established.

6.2 National data

6.2.1 Data sources





1992 N/A

2 Shumba, E. M 2001:Biodiversity PlanningSupport Programme.Integrating Biodiversityinto forestry sector.Paper prepared for aninternational workshop“Integration of Biodiversityin National Forestry PlanningProgramme”CIFOR HQ,Bogor, Indonesia 13-16August 2001

Production area and forestsgoods and services

1992 N/A




2000, 2005 N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A




56

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

6.2.3 Original data

See 4.2.3.


6.3.1 Adjustment


See 4.3.2.


6.4 DataTable 6


1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

Conservation ofbiodiversity

801 801 801 801 801

Forest areawithin protectedareas

801 801 801 801 801

Tiers


Conservation of biodiversity Tier 3 Tier 2

Forest area within protected areas Tier 3 Tier 2

Tier criteria



57

• Conservation of biodiversity• Forests within protected areas

Tier 3: Data obtained from national orstate agencies responsible for conservationand protected area or legislation relatingto area protection. Tier 2: Studies thatprovide data for specific areas that isextrapolated through statistical analysis tonational level estimates Tier 1 Other


6.5 Comments



Conservation of biodiversity Protected areas also part of biodiversityconservation

Since these are gazetted no changes areexpected

Forest area within protected areas N/A N/A


N/A


58

7. What is the area of forest affected by woody invasive species?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Invasive species Species that are non-native to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction and spread cause, or arelikely to cause, socio-cultural, economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.

7.2 National data

7.2.1 Data sources



1 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

7.2.3 Original data


7.3.1 Adjustment




59



7.4 DataTable 7

Forest area affected (000 ha)Scientific name of

woody invasive species2005 2010

1.Lantana camara N/A N/A

2.Acacia mearnsii N/A N/A

3. N/A N/A

4. N/A N/A

5. N/A N/A

6. N/A N/A

7. N/A N/A

8. N/A N/A

9. N/A N/A

10. N/A N/A

Total N/A N/A

Tiers


Invasive species Tier 1 Tier 1

Tier Criteria



60

Invasive species Tier 3: Systematic assessment in forestinventory or other survey (e.g. byconservation department) within the last5 years) Tier 2: Systematic assessment inforest inventory or other survey (e.g. byconservation department conducted morethan 5 years ago) Tier 1: Other


7.5 Comments



Invasive species N/A N/A


No data on area affected has been collected


61

8. How much forest area is damaged each year?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Number of fires Number of fires per year

Burned area Area burned per year

Outbreaks of insects A detectable reduction in forest health caused by a sudden increase in numbers of harmful insects.

Outbreaks of diseases A detectable reduction in forest health caused by a sudden increase in numbers of harmful pathogens,such as bacteria, fungi, phytoplasma or virus.

Severe weather events Damage caused severe weather events, such as snow, storm, drought, etc.

8.2 National data

8.2.1 Data sources



1 Environmental ManagementAgency Annual Report 2012

Burned Area 2012 N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A




62

8.2.3 Original data


8.3.1 Adjustment



8.4 DataTable 8a

000 ha, number of fires

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Category

000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha #

Totalland areaburned

500 N/A 921 N/A 472 N/A 907 N/A 852 N/A

... ofwhichforestareaburned

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Category

000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha # 000 ha #

Totalland areaburned

869 N/A 964 N/A 1152 N/A 714 N/A 1300 N/A

... ofwhichforestareaburned

N/A N/A N/A N/A 500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


63

Table 8b

Outbreak category Description/name Year(s) of latest outbreak Area damaged (000 hectares)

1 ScaleInsect 1998 215

1 Short-holeBorers 2005 N/A

1 N/A

1 Eucalyptusgallwasp(Leptocybeinvasa)

N/A

1 N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Outbreak category

1 Insects

2 Diseases

3 Severe weather events

Tiers

Category Tier for status Tier for trend

Area affected by fire Tier 2 Tier 2

• Insects• Diseases• Severe weather events

Tier 2 Tier 2

Tier criteria


Burned area Tier 3 : National fire monitoring routinesTier 2 : Remote sensing surveys Tier 1 :Other


2007

2005Eucalyptusbronzebug(Thaumastocorisperegrines)


64

• Insects• Diseases• Severe weather events

Tier 3 : Systematic survey (e.g. viainventory or aerial damage assessment)Tier 2 : Management records Tier 1 :Other


8.5 Comments



Burned area Area determined by remote sensing No data on number of fires

Insects N/A N/A

Diseases N/A N/A

Severe weather events N/A N/A


N/A


65

9. What is the forest area with reduced canopy cover?Documents for this question:


Category Definition

Reduction in canopycover

Forest that has undergone a reduction of canopy cover of more than 20% between the years 2000 and2010 within the forest canopy cover range of 30-80% as detected by the MODIS VCF sensor.

Table 9

Category Area of forest with reduced canopy cover (000 ha)


N/A

Tiers

Category Tier for reported trend


N/A

Tier criteria

Category Tier for reported trend


Tier 3 : Remote sensing with ground truthing and/or Landsat imagery Tier 2 : Remote sensing usingModis (using pre-filled data provided by FAO) Tier 1 : Expert opinion

Comments

Category Comments related to data definitions etc


N/A

Other general comments




66

10. What forest policy and regulatory framework exists to support implementation ofsustainable forest management SFM?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Policies supportingsustainable forestmanagement

Policies or strategies that explicitly encourage sustainable forest management.

Legislation andregulations supportingsustainable forestmanagement

Legislation and regulations that govern and guide sustainable forest management, operations and use.

10.2 National data

10.2.1 Data sources



1 Forestry Commission N/A 1997-2013 N/A

2 FAO N/A 2013 N/A

3 Ministry of Environment N/A 1997-2013 N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



Forest Act and CLFPA Forest Act Cap 19.05 and Communal Land Forest Produce Act19.04 are legislative instruments

SI 112 (2001) and SI 116 (2012) Statutory Instruments helping to fight illegal trade in timber

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

10.2.3 Original data




67

10.3 DataTable 10

Sub-nationalCategoryNational

Regional Provincial/State Local

Policies supportingsustainable forestmanagement

yes yes yes yes

... of which, in publiclyowned forests

yes yes yes yes

... of which, in privatelyowned forests

yes yes yes yes

Legislation andregulations supportingsustainable forestmanagement

yes yes yes yes

... of which, in publiclyowned forests

yes yes yes yes

... of which, in privatelyowned forests

yes yes yes yes

10.4 Comments

Variable / category Comments related to data definitions etc

Policies supporting sustainable forest management Forest area under sustainable forest management This area isgazetted for the purpose of maintaining it as Forest in its currentstate, (either commercial plantation or indigenous vegetation).Forest Act and CLFPA

Legislation and regulations supporting sustainable forestmanagement

Statutory Instruments targeted at specific problem areas e.g. SI112 and 116



68

11. Is there a national platform that promotes stakeholder participation in forest policydevelopment?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

National stakeholderplatform

A recognized procedure that a broad range of stakeholders can use to provide opinions, suggestions,analysis, recommendations and other input into the development of national forest policy.

11.2 National data

11.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information Years Additional comments

1 Forestry Commission - ZimbabweNational Forest Programme - End ofPhase 2 Report

2012 N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A

Table 11Is there a national platform that promotes or allows forstakeholder participation in forest policy development?

yes

11.3 Comments


National stakeholder platform Stakeholders meet from time to time. These include ForestryCommission, Ministry of Environment or NGOs. A SADCinitiative requires that each country has a timber association andin Zimbabwe we have the Timber Producers Federation dealingwith softwoods and the hardwood section has the IndigenousHardwood Timber Association which though established is notyet functional.





69

12. What is the forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use and how has itchanged over time?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Forest area intended to bein permanent forest landuse

Forest area that is designated or expected to be retained as forest and is highly unlikely to be convertedto other land use.

...of which permanentforest estate (sub-category)

Forest area that is designated by law or regulation to be retained as forest and may not be converted toother land use.

12.2 National data

12.2.1 Data sources





1992 N/A


3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A




70


See 4.2.3.


12.3.1 Adjustment



12.4 DataTable 12

Categories Forest area 2010 (000 ha)

Forest area intended to be in permanentforest land use

909

... of which permanent forest estate 109

Tiers

Category Tier for status

Forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use Tier 3

Permanent forest estate Tier 3

Tier Criteria


Forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use Tier 3 : National or sub-national land use plans strategydocuments or other reports within the past 10 years Tier 2 :National or sub-national land use plans strategy documents orother reports within the past 20 years Tier 1 : Other


71

Permanent forest estate Tier 3 : National or sub-national land use plans strategydocuments or other reports within the past 10 years Tier 2 :National or sub-national land use plans strategy documents orother reports within the past 20 years Tier 1 : Other

12.5 Comments


Forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use Forest area intended to be in permanent forest land use

Permanent forest estate Permanent forest estate



72

13. How does your country measure and report progress towards SFM at the nationallevel?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Forest area monitoredunder a national forestmonitoring framework

Forest area monitored by a national monitoring framework or systems that provide measurement basedperiodic monitoring of forest extent and quality.

Forest reporting atnational scale

National reporting of forest extent and characteristics that includes some measure of progress towardsustainable forest management.

13.2 National data

13.2.1 Data sources



1 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

13.3 DataTable 13a




73

Check all boxes that apply

Category% of totalforest area

Mostrecent year

Continuous PeriodicPermanent

groundplots

Temporaryground

plots

Aerial/remotesensingsamplebased

Aerial/remote

sensing fullcoverage

Forestinventory

5 1998 no yes yes yes no no

Other fieldassessments

N/A N/A no yes yes yes no no

Updatesto othersources

N/A N/A no yes yes yes no no

Expertestimate

N/A N/A

Table 13b

Type of forest reporting used at national scale Check boxes that apply

1 Criteria and Indicators reporting no

2 Periodic national state of the forest report yes

3 Other (please document) yes

4 None no

Other type of forest reporting

Volume estimates for specific forest areas where selective harvesting is to take place.

13.4 Comments

Category Comments

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A


Confirmed only 5% of total forest area covered by inventory


74

14. What is the area of forest under a forest management plan and how is this monitored?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Forest area withmanagement plan

Forest area that has a long-term documented management plan, aiming at defined management goalswhich is periodically revised

...of which for production(sub-category)

Forest management plan mainly focused on production

...of which forconservation (sub-category)

Forest management plan mainly focused on conservation

Monitoring of forestmanagement plans

Government monitoring of forest management plan implementation conducted through field visits oraudits of forest management plan performance

14.2 National data

14.2.1 Data sources





1992 N/A


3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A

14.3 DataTable 14a

Forest plan type Forest area 2010 (000 ha)

Forest area with management plan 909

... of which for production 108

... of which for conservation 801

Table 14b

Indicate which (if any) of the following are required in forest management plans in your country




75

1 Soil and water management yes

2 High conservation value forest delineation yes

3 Social considerations community involvement yes

Table 14c

Percent of area under forest management plan that is monitored annually 2.3

Tiers


Forest area with management plan Tier 3

Percent of area under forest management plan that is monitoredannually

Tier 1

Tier criteria


Forest area with management plan Tier 3 : Reports that describe national records 5 years old or lessthat contain long-term forest monitoring plans Tier 2 : Industryor other records indicating the presence of a long-term forestmanagement plan Tier 1 : Other

Percent of area under forest management plan that is monitoredannually

Tier 3 : Government documentation of monitoring extent Tier 2: Reports from forest managers or other documental sources Tier1 : Other

14.4 Comments

Category Comments

Forest area with management plan This Forest area is gazetted and, as a requirement by theForest Act, is required to be sustainably managed with themanagement plans being documented so as to provide a guide toall stakeholders.

N/A N/A

N/A N/A



76

15. How are stakeholders involved in the management decision making for publiclyowned forests?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Stakeholder involvement Stakeholder involvement is defined as significant inputs into at least one aspect of forest management atthe operational scale

Table 15

Please indicate the type of stakeholder involvement in forest management decision making required in your country

1. Planning phase yes

2. Operations phase yes

3. Review of operations yes

Tiers


Type of stakeholder inputs Tier 3

Tier criteria


Type of stakeholder inputs Tier 3 : Government (national or sub-national) documentation ofstakeholder inputs Tier 2 : Government (national or subnational)requirement but stakeholder inputs not documented Tier 1 :Other

15.2 Comments

Category Comments

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A





77

16. What is the area of forest under an independently verified forest certification scheme?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

FSC certification Forest area certified under the Forest Stewardship Council certification scheme

PEFC certification Forest area certified under the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification scheme

Other international forestmanagement certification

Forest area certified under an international forest management certification scheme with publishedstandards and is independently verified by a third-party, excluding FSC and PEFC certification.

Certified forest areausing a domestic forestmanagement certificationscheme

Area certified under a forest management certification scheme with published standards that arenationally recognized and independently verified by a thirdparty

16.2 DataTable 16a

Forest area (000 ha)International forest

management certification2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

FSC 0 0 123.13 123.13 123.13 104.04 104.04

PEFC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FSC 108.43 108.43 55.3 0 0 0

PEFC 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 16b

Forest area (000 ha)Domestic forest

management certification2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




78

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0

3.Name 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tier criteria


International forest management certification Tier 3: International forest management scheme recordsmaintained by the certifying organization for the reporting yearTier 2: International forest management scheme records reportedby the certifying organization for a period 2 years prior to thereporting year Tier: 1 Other

Domestic forest management certification Tier 3: National registry reports for domestic forest managementcertification maintained by the certifying organization for thereporting year Tier 2: Domestic forest management schemerecords reported by the certifying organization for a period 2years prior to the reporting year Tier: 1 Other

Tiers


International forest management certification Tier 3

Domestic forest management certification Tier 3

16.3 Comments


Certified forest area using an international forest managementcertification scheme

N/A

Domestic forest management certification N/A



79

17. How much money do governments collect from and spend on forests?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Forest revenue All government revenue collected from the domestic production and trade of forest products andservices. For this purpose revenue include:• Goods : roundwood; sawnwood; biomass; woodbased panels; pulp and paper and non-wood forest

products.• Services : including concession fees and royalties, stumpage payments, public timber sales revenue

taxes and charges based on forest area or yield, taxes on domestic trade and export of forest products,special levies on forestry activities and payments into forest related funds, other miscellaneousinspection, licence and administrative fees levied by forest administrations, permit and licence feesfor recreation and other forest related activities.

Public expenditure onforestry

All government expenditure on forest related activities.

17.2 National data

17.2.1 Data sources



1 Forestry Commission 2000and 2005 Annual FinancialReports

Forestry Revenues andExpenditures

2000, 2005 N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A

17.3 DataTable 17

Revenues / expenditures (000 local currency)Category

2000 2005 2010

Forest revenue 143035 60593959 62394

Public expenditure on forestry 354999 72975453 N/A

2000 2005 2010

Name of Local Currency Zimbabwe Dollar (ZWD) N/A N/A




80

17.4 Comments


Forest revenue Strong increase due to hyperinflation

Public expenditure on forestry Strong increase due to hyperinflation

Other general comments N/A


By 2010 Zimbabwe had stopped using the local currency and adopted multicurrncy system and the USD isnormally quoted in terms of trade.


81

18. Who owns and manages the forests and how has this changed?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Public ownership Forest owned by the State or administrative units of the public administration or by institutions orcorporations owned by the public administration.

...of which owned by thestate at national scale(sub-category)

Forest owned by the State at the national scale or administrative units of the public administration or byinstitutions or corporations owned by the public administration.

...of which owned by thestate at the sub-nationalgovernment scale (sub-category)

Forest owned by the State at the sub-national government scale or administrative units of the publicadministration or by institutions or corporations owned by the public administration.

Private ownership Forest owned by individuals, families, communities, private cooperatives corporations and otherbusiness entities, private, religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs,nature conservation associations and other private institutions.

...of which individuals(sub-category)

Forest owned by individuals and families.

...of which privatebusiness entities andinstitutions (sub-category)

Forest owned by private corporations cooperatives companies and other business entities as well asprivate nonprofit organizations such as NGOs nature conservation associations, and private religiousand educational institutions etc.

...of which local tribal andindigenous communities(sub-category)

Forest owned by a group of individuals belonging to the same community residing within or in thevicinity of a forest area or forest owned by communities of indigenous or tribal people The communitymembers are coowners that share exclusive rights and duties and benefits contribute to the communitydevelopment.

Unknown ownership Forest area where ownership is unknown includes areas where ownership is unclear or disputed.

Categories related tomanagement rights

of public forestsDefinition

Public Administration The Public Administration (or institutions or corporations owned by the Public Administration) retainsmanagement rights and responsibilities within the limits specified by the legislation.

Individuals households Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration toindividuals or households through long-term leases or management agreements.

Private companies Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration tocorporations, other business entities private cooperatives, private nonprofit institutions and associations,etc., through long-term leases or management agreements.

Communities Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to localcommunities (including indigenous and tribal communities) through long-term leases or managementagreements.

Other form ofmanagement rights

Forests for which the transfer of management rights does not belong to any of the categories mentionedabove.

18.2 National data




82

18.2.1 Data sources




Ownership 1992 N/A


Privately owned CommercialTimber Plantation

2005 N/A

3 C. Musokonyi & F.Matose. 2007. Trendsin forest ownership,Institutional Arrangementsand the Impacts on ForestManagement and PovertyReduction

Management 2007 N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A


a). Original 1992 data from Source Kwesha, D. & Dreiser, D. 1997

The following table contains data that was gathered during the VegRIS project. Some of the irrelevant data (datafor areas outside those that fall within the Forest area after reclassification into FRA 2010 classes) was left out.

National

Classes

Area in hectares

Natural

moist forest

Plantation Woodland Wooded

grassland

Bushland


83

Nat. Parks 6 559 6 559 3 397 633 79 719 1 186 195

Forestland 801 53 006 875 729 534 72 900

State land 0 0 168 186 0 15 887

Communal

area

0 1 546 6 531 573 41 703 1 495 142

Resettlement

area

396 6 729 2 398 319 121 915 449 264

Total public

Forest

7 756 67 840 13 371 441 243 871 3 219 388

SSCFA 1 0 112 566 106 23 242 108 573

LSCFA 2 3 568 86 824 6 954 228 944 357 1 640 137

Town 0 287 27 652 8 758 3 289

Total

private

forests

3 568 87 223 7 547 986 976 357 1 751 999

Total 11 324 155 063 20 919 427 1 220 228 4 971 387

It is important to note that all areas included in the above table may be set aside for other types of land usebut, at the time of data compilation, these were still covered by forest as seen on satellite imagery. The nationalclasses shown in the above table will be used to estimate the Public Forest management pattern for 1990.

(b). Forest Tenure Categories for 2007

State Communal Private


84

ForestOwner State: ForestryCommission, Ministryof Lands, Agricultureand Resettlement,Zimbabwe Parks andWildlife Authority

Community groupsin communal andResettlement Areas

Private individuals,corporate bodies

Area of Forest (ha) 8 937 487.0 2 025 901.7 6 566 583.6

OwnershipArrangement

ConstitutionalAmendment No. 17,Wildlife Act, ForestAct

Communal LandsAct, ConstitutionalAmendment No. 17

Privatelandtittles

Source: Derived from matrix compiled by Musokonyi 2006.(Source 2)

c). Forest Management 2007

Owner is theexclusive

manager

Forestoperationcontracted/Partnerships

Devolvedmanagement rights

Others Total

Strictly limited:No extraction rights for others

User rights/Customaryrights/Permitsto hunt, gather dead wood and NWFP

Joint forestmanagement with communitiesCommunity timber concessions /licenses

Private companyvolumepermits/loggingconcession /schemes

Community forestleases/forestmanagementconcessions

State 66925 1247550 128050 397165 1839690

Detailed data public ownership

Private companyleases/forestmanagementconcessions


85

Local governments:regions, provinces anddistricts

184073 430892 90000 25319 263 730547

Local governments:villages, municipalities

396 4151663 2169695 2025902 8347656

Other public bodies

45891 45891

Total 10963784

N.B The Total area of state forest shown in the above table is the total of State and Communal Land in the ForestTenure Categories for 2007


18.3.1 Adjustment


Ownership

In 1990 (original data 1992)

Area in hectares

Wooded Grassland 1

Percentageof totalforest

Ownership

Naturalmoist

forest

Plantation Woodland

of which50% isforest

TotalForest


86

Public 7 756 67 840 13 371 441 121 936 13 568 973 62.5%

Private 3 568 87 223 7 547 986 488 179 8 126 956 37.5%

Total 11 324 155 063 20 919 427 610 115 21 695 929 100.0%

Since there tenure system in the country was still quite stable back in the nineties, for the sake of this report,it was assumed that a change in the Forest area cover was met with a change of the same proportion in thedifferent land ownerships between 1990 and 1992 when the original data was gathered.

In 2005

Percentages derived from data for 2007 Forest Tenure were thus used to estimate the tenure pattern for the year2005 since there is just a two (2) year difference.

Public Private

State Communal

Area of Forest (ha) 8 801 978 2 002 019 6 454 784

Area of Forest (%) 51 11.6 37.4

In Zimbabwe Communal forest is considered to be owned by the state as the state can move anyone occupyingthe area should it deem it necessary for the purpose of development. The state exercises this ownership throughthe Communal Lands Act

No data are available for 2000, therefore the above ratio was used to interpolate figures for that year.

Results are :

1990 2000 2005

Public ownership (1000 ha)

13 852 11 828 10 804


87

Private ownership (1000 ha)

8 312 7 066 6 455


Management of Public Forests


National

Classes

Area in

hectares (1992)

% FRA Class Area in hectares(1990)

Nat. Parks 3450610.5 25.43 PublicAdministration

3522564

Forestland 929803.0 6.85 Privatecorporations andinstitutions

948862

State land 168186.0 1.24 PublicAdministration

171765

Communal area 6553970.5 48.30 Communities 6690516

Resettlement area 2466401.5 18.18 Other 2518294

Total publicForest

13568972.5 100 13852000

The percentages derived from original data (1992), were used to estimate the Public Forest Management patternfor the year 1990.



manager



Others Total


88




Joint forestmanagement with communities Community timber concessions /licenses




State 66925 1247550 128050 397165 1839690

Local governments: regions, provinces anddistricts

184073 430892 90000 25319 263 730547

396 4151663 2169695 2025902 8347656

Other public bodies

45891 45891

Total 10963784

Reclassified according to FRA definitions:

Public administration =5696102 ha => 51.95 %

Communities=2753956 ha => 25.12 %

Private corporations and institutions=487428 ha => 4.45 %



89

Percentages derived from data for 2007 Forest management was thus used to estimate the management patternfor the year 2005 since there is just a two (2) year difference.

Consequently, the results are in 2005:

Publicadministration

(000 ha)

Communities

(000 ha)

Privatecorporations andinstitutions (000ha)

Other

(000 ha)

Total

(000 ha)

5 613 2 714 481 1 996 10 804

18.4 DataTable 18a


1990 2000 2005 2010

Public ownership 13852 11828 10804 9868

... of which ownedby the state atnational scale

0 0 0 0

... of which ownedby the state atthe sub-nationalgovernment scale

801 801 801 801

Private ownership 8312 7066 6455 5756

... of which ownedby individuals

0 0 0 0

... of which ownedby private businessentities andinstitutions

0 0 0 0

... of which ownedby local, tribaland indigenouscommunities

0 0 0 0

Unknownownership

0 0 0 0

TOTAL 22164.00 18894.00 17259.00 15624.00


90

Tiers


Public ownership Tier 1 Tier 1

Private ownership Tier 1 Tier 1

Unknown ownership Tier 1 Tier 1

Tier criteria


Ownership Tier 3: National forestry statistics registersof land titles or maps on land ownershipor all forest area under one ownershipcategory that is five years old or less. Tier2:National forestry statistics registers ofland titles or maps on land ownership orquestionnaires that are more than fiveyears old. Tier 1: Other


Table 18b - Holder of management rights of public forests


1990 2000 2005 2010

Public Administration 3695 N/A 5613 N/A

Individuals 0 N/A 0 N/A

Private companies 949 N/A 481 N/A

Communities 6690 N/A 2714 N/A

Other 2518 N/A 1996 N/A

TOTAL 13852.00 .00 10804.00 .00

Category Tier for reported trend Tier for status

Public Administration Tier 1 Tier 1

Individuals Tier 1 Tier 1

Private companies Tier 1 Tier 1

Communities Tier 1 Tier 1

Other Tier 1 Tier 1

18.5 Comments


91



Public ownership N/A N/A

Private ownership N/A N/A

Unknown ownership N/A N/A

Management rights It is not possible to assess the situation in2000.

N/A


The data on ownership and management is very difficult to come by thus the reliance on research studies done by individuals.


92

19. How many people are directly employed in forestry?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Full-time equivalents(FTE)

A measurement equal to one person working full-time during a specified reference period.

Employment in forestry Employment in activities related to production of goods derived from forests. This category correspondsto the ISIC/NACE Rev. 4 activity A02 (Forestry and logging).

19.2 National data

19.2.1 Data sources



1 Timber Producers Federation.Timber Industry Statistics

Commercial Timber IndustryLabour Statistics

1985-19901991-2000 N/A

2 Forestry Commission.Monthly Progress Reports.

Labour Statistics 2000 Only data for 2000 wasavailable

3 National Parks and WildlifeManagement Authority

Labour Statistics 1990, 2000, 2005 Personal communication withHuman Resources manager.

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A



N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A


- Paid employment :

Employment (1000 person-years)National

1990 2000 2005




93

Primary production of

goods 114.400 14.445 13.173

Employment inmanagement of

protected areas 2

1.900 2.769 2.500

Notes:

1Source: Timber Producers’ Federation of Zimbabwe

2Data from Source 3 plus data from Source 2 where data from source 2 was available (i.e. for year 2000).

Ownership


Area in hectares

Wooded Grassland 1

Percentageof totalforest

Ownership

Naturalmoist

forest

Plantation Woodland

of which50% isforest

TotalForest

Public 7 756 67 840 13 371 441 121 936 13 568 973 62.5%

Private 3 568 87 223 7 547 986 488 179 8 126 956 37.5%

Total 11 324 155 063 20 919 427 610 115 21 695 929 100.0%

Since there tenure system in the country was still quite stable back in the nineties, for the sake of this report,it was assumed that a change in the Forest area cover was met with a change of the same proportion in thedifferent land ownerships between 1990 and 1992 when the original data was gathered.

In 2005

Percentages derived from data for 2007 Forest Tenure were thus used to estimate the tenure pattern for the year2005 since there is just a two (2) year difference.


94

Public Private

State Communal

Area of Forest (ha) 8 801 978 2 002 019 6 454 784

Area of Forest (%) 51 11.6 37.4

In Zimbabwe Communal forest is considered to be owned by the state as the state can move anyone occupyingthe area should it deem it necessary for the purpose of development. The state exercises this ownership throughthe Communal Lands Act

No data are available for 2000, therefore the above ratio was used to interpolate figures for that year.

Results are :

1990 2000 2005

Public ownership (1000 ha)

13 852 11 828 10 804

Private ownership (1000 ha)

8 312 7 066 6 455

Management of Public Forests


National

Classes

Area in

hectares (1992)

% FRA Class Area in hectares(1990)

Nat. Parks 3450610.5 25.43 PublicAdministration

3522564

Forestland 929803.0 6.85 Privatecorporations andinstitutions

948862

State land 168186.0 1.24 PublicAdministration

171765


95

Communal area 6553970.5 48.30 Communities 6690516

Resettlement area 2466401.5 18.18 Other 2518294

Total publicForest

13568972.5 100 13852000

The percentages derived from original data (1992), were used to estimate the Public Forest Management patternfor the year 1990.



manager



Others Total




Joint forestmanagement with communitiesCommunity timber concessions /licenses




State 66925 1247550 128050 397165 1839690

Local governments: regions, provinces anddistricts

184073 430892 90000 25319 263 730547


96


396 4151663 2169695 2025902 8347656

Other public bodies

45891 45891

Total 10963784

Reclassified according to FRA definitions:

Public administration =5696102 ha => 51.95 %

Communities=2753956 ha => 25.12 %

Private corporations and institutions=487428 ha => 4.45 %

Percentages derived from data for 2007 Forest management was thus used to estimate the management patternfor the year 2005 since there is just a two (2) year difference.

Consequently, the results are in 2005:

Publicadministration

(000 ha)

Communities

(000 ha)

Privatecorporations andinstitutions (000ha)

Other

(000 ha)

Total

(000 ha)

5 613 2 714 481 1 996 10 804

19.3 DataTable 19

Employment (000 years FTE)Category

1990 2000 2005 2010

Employment inforestry

14.4 14.5 13.2 7.2


97

... of which female N/A N/A N/A N/A

19.4 Comments



Employment in forestry Information is limited to paid-employment.

N/A


N/A


98

20. What is the contribution of forestry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?Documents for this question:



Category Definition

Gross value added fromforestry (at basic prices)

This category corresponds to the ISIC/NACE Rev. 4 activity A02 (Forestry and logging).

20.2 DataTable 20 (Pre-filled data from UNdata/EUROSTAT)

Category Million CurrencyYear for latest

available information

Gross value added fromforestry (at basic prices)

N/A N/A N/A

20.3 Comments

Category Comments

Gross value added from forestry (at basic prices) N/A





99

21. What is forest area likely to be in the futureDocuments for this question:



Category Definition

Government target/aspiration for forest area

Government target/aspiration for forest area for a specific year.

Forests earmarked forconversion

Forest area that is allocated/classified or scheduled to be converted into non-forest uses.

21.2 National data

21.2.1 Data sources



1 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A

21.3 DataTable 21a

Forest area (000 ha)Category

2020 2030

Government target/aspiration for forestarea

N/A N/A

Table 21b

Forest area (000 ha)Category

2013

Forests earmarked for conversion N/A

21.4 Comments

Category Comments

Government target/aspiration for forest area N/A




100

Forests earmarked for conversion N/A
