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Chapter 10Motivation and Emotion

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Theories of Motivation Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders Motivation in Everyday Life Emotion Pursuit of Happiness

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Motivation

the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do

energizes, directs, and sustains behavior

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Theories of Motivation

Evolutionary Approach instincts

Drive Reduction Theory drives, needs, and homeostasis

Optimum Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson law overlearning

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Biology of Hunger

Gastric signals stomach contractions cholecystokinin (CCK)

Blood chemistry glucose insulin leptin

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Hunger and the Brain

Hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus

initiation of hunger and eating ventromedial hypothalamus

cessation of hunger and eating

Neurotransmitters

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Obesity and Eating Behavior

Obesity is widespread.

Biology of Overeatinggenetics

set point

fat (adipose) cells

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Obesity and Eating Behavior

Psychological Factors

In the past, the focus was on emotional state external food cues

Current research is focusing on time and place cues sugar and fat content

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Disordered Eating

Anorexia Nervosa

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation more common among females main characteristics

less than 85% of normal weight

unsupported fear of gaining weight

distorted body image

amenorrhea

medical dangers and mortality

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Disordered Eating

Bulimia Nervosa

binge-and-purge more common among females preoccupied with food fearful, depressed, anxious, shame medical dangers

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Disordered Eating

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

sociocultural media images family interactions

biological genetics serotonin regulation neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging

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Disordered Eating

Binge Eating Disorder

recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large amounts of food

despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of discomfort

8% of the obese have BED causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine,

stress)

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

sequence of needs

basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied

self-actualization (motivation to develop to our fullest potential)

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Self-Determination Theory

Three Basic Organismic Needs

1. competenceself-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success

2. relatednesswarm relations with others, need to belong

3. autonomyindependence and self-reliance

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Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation organismic needs + enjoyability key to achievement

Extrinsic Motivation incentives (rewards, punishments)

Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation?

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Self Regulation

Self regulation is the process by which an

organism controls behavior in order to

pursue important objectives.

Goal Setting specific moderately challenging long term purpose short term accomplishment

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Resisting Temptation

Delay of Gratification

putting off pleasurable experience knowing there will be future payoff

distraction helps us resist temptation

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Emotion

a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

physiological arousal

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System → arouses Parasympathetic Nervous System → calms

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Measuring Arousal

skin conductance level

polygraph heart rate, breathing, SCL neutral v. target questions results do not reliably detect deception Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) fMRI may better detect deception

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Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory physiological arousal emotion perception of physiological changes

Cannon-Bard Theory emotional and physiological reactions

occur simultaneously

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Theories of Emotion

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Limbic System: Amygdala fear system: two pathways

thalamus ↔ amygdala

sensory cortex persistence of emotional memories

Cerebral Hemispheres left hemisphere: approach-related emotions right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions

Emotion and the Brain

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Brain Pathways of Fear

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Emotion: Cognitive Factors

Two-Factor Theory (Schachter/Singer)

physiological arousal

cognitive labeling

arousal interpret external cues label emotion

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

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Emotion: Factors

Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can

involve physiological arousal, conscious

experience, and behavioral expression.

The Primacy Debate

Which comes first - feeling or thinking? Lazarus: appraisal determines feelings Zajonc: preferences need no inferences

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Emotion: Factors

Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can

involve physiological arousal, conscious

experience, and behavioral expression.

Behavioral Factors verbal or nonverbal nonverbal - facial expression, posture,

gestures

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Emotion: Behavioral Factors

Identifying Facial Expressionshappiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear

Facial Feedback Hypothesis facial expression can influence emotions supports the James-Lange theory of emotions

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Identifying Emotions

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Emotion: Sociocultural Factors

Comparative Perspectives expression of emotions similar across cultures display rules do vary across cultures

Computer Communication emoticons

Gender Influences stereotypes

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Classifying Emotions

Valencepositive v. negative affect

Arousal Levelactive and engaged v. passive and calm

Positive Negative

High Ecstasy Fury

Low Contentment Boredom

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Adaptive Function of Emotions

Negative Emotions take immediate corrective action

Positive Emotions broaden-and-build model

Resilience positive outlook emotional wisdom

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Pursuit of Happiness

Biological Factors genetics set point

Obstacles hedonic treadmill direct pursuit can backfire

Happiness Activities & Goal Striving altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection personally meaningful goal investment

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Chapter Summary

Describe the evolutionary, drive reduction, and optimum arousal theories of motivation.

Explain the physiological basis of hunger and the nature of eating behavior.

Distinguish the competing theories of emotion.

Characterize the range of factors affecting emotions.

Classify emotions.

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Chapter Summary

Theories of Motivation drive reduction and optimum arousal theories

Hunger biological and psychological influences obesity and eating disorders

Non-Biological Theories of Motivation Maslow’s hierarchy self-determination and self regulation intrinsic v. extrinsic motivations

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Chapter Summary

Emotion physiological arousal James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theory nonverbal expression sociocultural factors classifying emotion

Pursuit of Happiness