© 2013 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. motivation and emotion chapter 7

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Motivation and Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Motivation and Motivation and EmotionEmotion

Chapter 7Chapter 7

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.2

Explaining MotivationExplaining MotivationExplaining MotivationExplaining Motivation

• Learning Outcomes– Explain instinct approaches to motivation– Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation– Explain arousal approaches to motivation– Explain incentive approaches to motivation– Explain cognitive approaches to motivation– Apply Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to motivation– Apply the different approaches to motivation

• Learning Outcomes– Explain instinct approaches to motivation– Explain drive-reduction approaches to motivation– Explain arousal approaches to motivation– Explain incentive approaches to motivation– Explain cognitive approaches to motivation– Apply Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to motivation– Apply the different approaches to motivation


Instinct ApproachesInstinct ApproachesInstinct ApproachesInstinct Approaches

• Motivation: the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

• Instincts: inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned; essential to survival– Instincts provide energy that guides behavior

• Motivation: the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

• Instincts: inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned; essential to survival– Instincts provide energy that guides behavior


Drive-Reduction ApproachesDrive-Reduction ApproachesDrive-Reduction ApproachesDrive-Reduction Approaches

• Drive-reduction approaches: lack of a basic biological requirement (such as water) produces a drive (such as thirst) to obtain that requirement– Drive: motivational tension, or arousal, that

energizes behavior to fulfill a need• Primary drives• Secondary drives

– Homeostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state; underlies primary drives

• Drive-reduction approaches: lack of a basic biological requirement (such as water) produces a drive (such as thirst) to obtain that requirement– Drive: motivational tension, or arousal, that

energizes behavior to fulfill a need• Primary drives• Secondary drives

– Homeostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state; underlies primary drives


Arousal ApproachesArousal ApproachesArousal ApproachesArousal Approaches

• Arousal approaches to motivation: we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

• Arousal approaches to motivation: we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary


Incentive ApproachesIncentive ApproachesIncentive ApproachesIncentive Approaches

• Incentive approaches to motivation: motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives

• Incentive approaches to motivation: motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives


Cognitive ApproachesCognitive ApproachesCognitive ApproachesCognitive Approaches

• Cognitive approaches to motivation: motivation is a product of cognitions (thoughts and expectations)– Intrinsic motivation: motivated by your own

enjoyment rather than by any concrete reward; intrinsic = internal to you

– Extrinsic motivation: doing something for a concrete reward; extrinsic = external to you

• Cognitive approaches to motivation: motivation is a product of cognitions (thoughts and expectations)– Intrinsic motivation: motivated by your own

enjoyment rather than by any concrete reward; intrinsic = internal to you

– Extrinsic motivation: doing something for a concrete reward; extrinsic = external to you


Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow’s model: motivational needs are in a hierarchy; primary needs must be met before higher-order needs can be satisfied– Level 1, Physiological needs/primary drives: needs

for water, food, sleep, sex, etc.– Level 2, Safety needs: the need for a safe, secure

environment– Level 3, Love and belongingness: the need to obtain

and give affection & to be a contributing member of a group or society

• Maslow’s model: motivational needs are in a hierarchy; primary needs must be met before higher-order needs can be satisfied– Level 1, Physiological needs/primary drives: needs

for water, food, sleep, sex, etc.– Level 2, Safety needs: the need for a safe, secure

environment– Level 3, Love and belongingness: the need to obtain

and give affection & to be a contributing member of a group or society



• Maslow’s Hierarchy (cont’d)– Level 4, Esteem: the need to develop a sense of

self-worth from others knowing and valuing your competence

– Level 5, Self-actualization: a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way

• Maslow’s Hierarchy (cont’d)– Level 4, Esteem: the need to develop a sense of

self-worth from others knowing and valuing your competence

– Level 5, Self-actualization: a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way


Applying Approaches to MotivationApplying Approaches to MotivationApplying Approaches to MotivationApplying Approaches to Motivation

• Which approach best explains motivation?– Any or all of them! Applying multiple approaches

in a given situation provides a broader understanding than if we use just one approach alone.

• Which approach best explains motivation?– Any or all of them! Applying multiple approaches

in a given situation provides a broader understanding than if we use just one approach alone.


Human Needs and MotivationHuman Needs and MotivationHuman Needs and MotivationHuman Needs and Motivation

• Learning Outcomes– Describe the biological and social factors that

underlie hunger– Summarize the varieties of sexual behavior– Explain how needs related to achievement,

affiliation, and power are exhibited

• Learning Outcomes– Describe the biological and social factors that

underlie hunger– Summarize the varieties of sexual behavior– Explain how needs related to achievement,

affiliation, and power are exhibited


The Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind Hunger

• Obesity: body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of a particular height– Body mass index (BMI): based on a ratio of weight to

height; BMI > 30 considered obese, BMI between 25 and 30 are overweight

• Weight set point: particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain; may be affected by injury to the hypothalamus

• Obesity: body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of a particular height– Body mass index (BMI): based on a ratio of weight to

height; BMI > 30 considered obese, BMI between 25 and 30 are overweight

• Weight set point: particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain; may be affected by injury to the hypothalamus


The Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind HungerThe Motivation Behind Hunger

• Metabolism: the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body

• Social factors (such as cultural influences), along with biology, play an important role in eating and hunger

• Metabolism: the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body

• Social factors (such as cultural influences), along with biology, play an important role in eating and hunger


Eating DisordersEating DisordersEating DisordersEating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa: a severe eating disorder; people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance (which can become skeleton-like) are unusual– Mainly afflicts females between 12 and 40, but can affect

men and women of any age– Typically stable background– Can happen when serious dieting gets out of control– About 10% of people with anorexia starve themselves to

death

• Anorexia nervosa: a severe eating disorder; people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance (which can become skeleton-like) are unusual– Mainly afflicts females between 12 and 40, but can affect

men and women of any age– Typically stable background– Can happen when serious dieting gets out of control– About 10% of people with anorexia starve themselves to

death


Eating DisordersEating DisordersEating DisordersEating Disorders

• Bulimia: disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food by vomiting or other means, such as taking laxatives

• Causes of eating disorders– Biological: chemical imbalance in hypothalamus or

pituitary gland; differences in how the brain processes info about food

– Social: society values slenderness and obesity is undesirable; overly demanding parents or other family problems

• Bulimia: disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food by vomiting or other means, such as taking laxatives

• Causes of eating disorders– Biological: chemical imbalance in hypothalamus or

pituitary gland; differences in how the brain processes info about food

– Social: society values slenderness and obesity is undesirable; overly demanding parents or other family problems


Sexual MotivationSexual MotivationSexual MotivationSexual Motivation

• Estrogens and progesterone: female sex hormones produced by the ovaries; greatest production during ovulation (when an egg is released from the ovaries)

• Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes

• Estrogens and progesterone: female sex hormones produced by the ovaries; greatest production during ovulation (when an egg is released from the ovaries)

• Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes



• Masturbation: sexual self-stimulation• Heterosexuality: sexual attraction and

behavior directed to the other sex• Double standard: the view that premarital sex

(sex before marriage) is permissible for males but not for females

• Extramarital sex: sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse

• Masturbation: sexual self-stimulation• Heterosexuality: sexual attraction and

behavior directed to the other sex• Double standard: the view that premarital sex

(sex before marriage) is permissible for males but not for females

• Extramarital sex: sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse



• Homosexuals: those who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex (many prefer terms gay and lesbian)

• Bisexuals: those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex– Kinsey considered sexual orientation along a

continuum, from “exclusively homosexual” to “exclusively heterosexual”

• Homosexuals: those who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex (many prefer terms gay and lesbian)

• Bisexuals: those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex– Kinsey considered sexual orientation along a

continuum, from “exclusively homosexual” to “exclusively heterosexual”


Sexual MotivationSexual MotivationSexual MotivationSexual Motivation• Determinants of sexual orientation

– Biological: genetics, hormones, brain structures– Parenting: research does not support the idea that sexual

orientation is brought about by child-rearing practices or family dynamics

– Most likely a combination of biology and environment

• Determinants of sexual orientation– Biological: genetics, hormones, brain structures– Parenting: research does not support the idea that sexual

orientation is brought about by child-rearing practices or family dynamics

– Most likely a combination of biology and environment



• Transsexuals: People who believe they were born with the body of the other gender– Transgenderism: includes transsexuals,

transvestites (dress in the clothing of the other gender), and others who believe traditional male-female gender classifications do not adequately describe them

• Transsexuals: People who believe they were born with the body of the other gender– Transgenderism: includes transsexuals,

transvestites (dress in the clothing of the other gender), and others who believe traditional male-female gender classifications do not adequately describe them


Need for AchievementNeed for AchievementNeed for AchievementNeed for Achievement

• Need for achievement: a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence– Measured by the Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT): series of ambiguous pictures, about which a person is asked to write a story

• Need for achievement: a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence– Measured by the Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT): series of ambiguous pictures, about which a person is asked to write a story


Need for Achievement and PowerNeed for Achievement and PowerNeed for Achievement and PowerNeed for Achievement and Power

• Need for affiliation: an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

• Need for power: a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

• Need for affiliation: an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

• Need for power: a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual


Understanding Emotional ExperiencesUnderstanding Emotional ExperiencesUnderstanding Emotional ExperiencesUnderstanding Emotional Experiences

• Learning Outcomes– Define the range of emotions– Explain the roots of emotions

• Emotions: feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

• Learning Outcomes– Define the range of emotions– Explain the roots of emotions

• Emotions: feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior


The Range of EmotionsThe Range of EmotionsThe Range of EmotionsThe Range of Emotions


The Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of Emotions

• James-Lange theory of emotion: emotions are experienced as a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (bodily changes cause feeling of emotion)

• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced at the same time by the same nerve stimulus

• James-Lange theory of emotion: emotions are experienced as a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (bodily changes cause feeling of emotion)

• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced at the same time by the same nerve stimulus


The Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of EmotionsThe Roots of Emotions

• Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, which is based on environmental cues

• Contemporary perspectives: specific patterns of biological arousal (such as activating different parts of the brain) seem to be associated with individual emotions

• Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, which is based on environmental cues

• Contemporary perspectives: specific patterns of biological arousal (such as activating different parts of the brain) seem to be associated with individual emotions

© 2013 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. motivation and emotion chapter 7

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