အနုပဋိေလာမ ရုပ္၀ါဒ

jroef;wifh1

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tEky#davmr &kyf0g'

«tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tbd"r®m»

jroef;wifh

xGef;vif; ® pmay1963-ck? arv/

tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 2

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xkwfa0ol/ /armifxGef;cif(0612)

3? 2 vrf;? csif;acsmif;uGufopf?

Munfhjrifwkdif? &efukef/

ykHESdyfol/ /py,f (0377)

200? vrf;-50/

&efukef/

jroef;wifh3

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xkwfa0ol\trSm

,aeYum; urÇmhtvkyform;aeY/

vuf&Sdtpdk;&um; tvkyform;ta&;udk OD;pm;ay;í aqmif&Gufrnfhtpkd;&/

þpmtkyfum; tvkyform;wkdY\oabmw&m;udk zGifhqkdonfhpmtkyf/

odkYjzpfí þtpkd;&vufxuf? þaeYwGif þpmtkyftm; xkwfa0jzefYcsdvkdufEkdifjcif;

udk txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfrdonf/

wenf;xyfí wifjyvkdygonf/

tu,fí þpmtkyfudk ,cktcsdefrSr[kwfbJ? vGefcJhonfhESpfESpf yxptpkd;& vuf

xufu xkwfa0cJhonfqkdMuygpdkY/

xkdpOfu vTrf;rkd;cJhaom oabmw&m;um; tb,fenf;/ t&if;&SifwkdY\ pdwf0g'

tbd"r®mr[kwfygvm;/ bmaMumifh qif;&Jol qif;&Jae&oenf;qkdonfhjyóemwGif ]]xm0

& bk&m;ocifu zefwD;ay;vkdufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ csrf;omolrsm;onf tokH;tpGJuspf

vpfí t&SnfudkarQmfwwfum qif;&Jolrsm;rSm tokH;tpGJ vufzGmum tajr§mftjrif r&Sd

aomaMumifhjzpfonf}}[laom oabmw&m;ESifhajzqkdcJh Muonf r[kwfygvm;/

xkdpOfwGif þpmtkyfrsKd; xkwfa0cJhygvQif ta&;rvSjzpfcJh&rnfrSm aocsmygonf/

odkYaomf ,aeY b,foabmw&m;rsKd; vTrf;rdk;vmNyDenf;/ qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;

vTrf;rdk;vmNyD r[kwfygvm;/ txufazmfjyyg jyóemukdyif ajz&Sif;&m0,f ]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;

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vkyfa&;pepfaMumifhjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu ajr,mESifhukefvkyfud&d ,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifí? tcsKdUu

¤if;wkdYtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ydkifqkdifrIr&Sdolonf rnfrQyif BudK;pm;

tm;xkwfonfjzpfap? acRwmpkaqmif;onf jzpfap? qif;&JNrJ qif;&Jum? ydkifqkdifrI&Sdoluom

¤if;wkdYtvkyf\toD;tyGifhudk cHpm;vsuf csrf;omonfxuf csrf;omvmrnfjzpfonf}} [l

aom tajzrsKd;ay;rnfht,ltqrsKd; vTrf;rkd;pjyKvmygNyD/

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orQ tvSL'gejyK qkawmif;}}qkdonfhenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;rnfhacwf/ ,ckacwfum; þjyóem

ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif ]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;ukd&SmazG}}qkdonfhenf;jzifh

&Sif;rnfhacwf/

]]vlYtzGJYtpnf;BuD;tm; ajymif;vJ&efenf;vrf;rsm;}}qkdvQif ,ckxkwfa0vkduf

onfh ]]tEky#davmr&kyf0g'}}trnf&Sd ]]tvkyform;wkdY\tbd"r®m}}wGif tjynfhtpkHyg

onf/

tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 4

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odkYjzpfí þtpkd;&vufxuf? þaeYwGif? þpmtkyftm; xkwfa0vdkufEkdifjcif;udk

txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfrdygaMumif;/

tem*wfudk ykdifqkdifvmMuawmhrnfhtvkyform;rsm;onf þpmtkyfudkzwfjcif;

tm;jzifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; &SmazGawGY&SdEkdifMuygap

ownf;/

xGef;vif;pmay/

1963-ck? arv 1-&uf/

jroef;wifh5

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rmwdum

tydkif; 1/ &kyf0g'

tcef; 1/ ygwDtbd"r®m

tcef; 2/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'

tcef; 3/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'

tcef; 4/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rS tEky#davmr&kyf0g'odkY

tcef; 5/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrItm; tEky#davmruspGmcH,lykH

tydkif; 2/ tEky#davmr

tcef; 6/ tEky#davmrESifhwuúaA'

tcef; 7/ ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frI

tcef; 8/ jzpfay:wkd;wufrIOya'orsm;

tcef; 9/ topfESifhta[mif;

tcef; 10/ jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;

tcef; 11/ a0zefa&;ESifhudk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;

tcef; 12/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'ESifhodyÜHynm ed*kH;

aemufqufwGJ

u/ a0g[m&&Sif;csuf/

c/ yk*¾KdvftnTef;/

tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 6

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«tEky#davmr&kyf0g'oabmw&m;udk odyÜHenf;? &lyaA'enf;?

ZD0aA'enf;? ocsFmaA'enf;? cE¨maA'enf;wkdYjzifh

,SOfí &Sif;vif;az:jycsuf/»

jroef;wifh7

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tydkif; 1/

&kyf0g'

tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 8

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tEky#davmr&kyf0g'

tcef;(1)

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tbd"r®mwkdif;ü vlwef;pm;tjrif&Sdonf? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm;onf

¤if;wkdY\vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrI ckdifNrJa&;ESifhw&m;rSefuefa&;wkdYtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;aom

[efaqmifzkH;uG,frIESifhvdrfvnfrIrsm;udk tokH;jyKMuonf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSmrlum;

¤if;\vlwef;pm;&yfwnfrIESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;\obm0twkdif; t&m0w¬Krsm;udk e*kd&f

yuwdtwkdif;yif jrifMuonf/ [efaqmifzkH;uG,frIESifhvdrfvnfrIrsm; r&Sday/

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tzkdY awmfvSefaomvlwef;pm;tjrifw&yfudk azmfjy

onfhtbd"r®mw&yfvkdtyfavonf/ ,if;odkYaom tbd"r®mw&yf uif;rJhjcif;onf tvkyf

orm;vlwef;pm;ESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'tm; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom awG;ac:rIrsm;udkom ay:

aygufaponf/

,if;tcsufonfyifvQif uREkfyfwkdYtbd"r®m\&kyf0g'orm;vu©Pmudk az:jy

ayonf/

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tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ]]rmhufpf-vDeifygwD\avmutjrifjzpfonf}}[k pwm

vifu zGifhqkdcJhonf/

rsm;pGmaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhtbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;tzkdY þzGifhqkdcsufonf

txl;tqef; jzpfaumif;jzpfzG,f&m&Sd\/ odkY&mwGif tEky#davmr&kyf0g'udk uREkfyfwkdY em;

vnfvkdvQif þzGifhqkdcsuf\aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaom tawG;tac:udkod&Sd em;vnf&ef vkday

onf/

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aemufuG,fü rnfonfhtbd"r®mcH,lcsuf &Sdoenf;/

tbd"r®mqkdonfrSm urÇmavmuBuD;\obm0ESifhxdkurÇmavmuBuD;xJü vlY

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avmutjrif[kvnf; ac:Ekdifayonf/

,if;odkYjzpfvQif vlwkdif;ü tbd"r®m&Sdonf/ vlwkdif;onf tbd"r®mqkdif&m &Ijrif

csufrsm;\MoZmudk vTrf;rdk;rIudk cHMu&onfqkdonfhtcsufrSm xif&Sm;onf/

jroef;wifh9

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Oyrm/ /tcsKdUu urÇmavmBuD;onf ]]'ku©bkH}}BuD;omjzpfonf/ vlYb0qkdonf

rSmvnf; aemufxyfykdrk daumif;rGefaom urÇmavmuBuD;wckESifhyd krk daumif;rGefaom

b0wckodkYa&muf&Sdatmif BudK;yrf;&m pcef;axmufa'owckomjzpfonf/ uREkfyf wkdYonf

uHMur®mzefwD;orQudk cHpm;awGUMuKHMu&rnf/ uHMur®mzefwD;ay;aom tajctaersm;

avmufESihfowå0grsm; aumif;usKd;udk twwfEkdifqkH;vkyfaqmifMu&efom &Sdawmhonf[k

,lqMuonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mwrsKd;? avmutjrifwrsKd;jzpfonf/

tcsKdUuvnf; urÇmavmuBuD;onf pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk pHpm;&ma'ojzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh vlwkdif;onf ukd,fhudk,fudkom tm;udk;um ukd,fusKd;udkomMunfh&rnf[k qkdMu

onf/ þonfrSmvnf; tbd"r®mwrsKd; jzpfonf/

uREkfyfwkdY\tbd"r®monf uREkfyfwkdY\avmutjrifjzpfonf qkdcJhNyD/ odkYjzpfvQif

uREkfyfwkdY\avmutjrifudk pepfwus tao;pdwfzGifhqkd&ef aocsmusepGm zGJYpnf;í a&SU

aemufnDnTwfaom oabmw&m;w&yftjzpf xlaxmif&efjyóemay:aygufvmayonf/

,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESifhoabmxm;rsm;ukd pepfusaom vrf;nTef0g'rsm;tjzpf xkwfaz:

wifjy&ef vkdtyfvmayonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tvkyfjzpfayonf/

tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;u ¤if;wkdY\oabmw&m;rsm;udk xlaxmifMu&mwGif ¤if;wkdY

onf &IyfaxG;pGm az:jycJhMuonf/ 0dk;w0g;zGifhqkdcJhMuonf/ vlrsm;em;rvnfatmif az:jy

cJhMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olwkdY\tbd"r®mrsm;onf em;vnf&ef cufcJonfhwkdifatmif vl

trsm;tm; MoZmvTrf;rkd;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&wwfonf/ ,if; odkYMoZmvTrf;rdk;aejcif;rSm

tbd"r®mq&mrsm;onf tcsKdUaomrd&kd;zvm,kHMunfcsufrsm;udk pepfwus jyKjyifí

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oGif;cJhMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tbd"r®mpmtkyfBuD;

rsm;udk rzwfzl;Muaomfvnf; tbd"r®mynm&SiftoD;oD;\tbd"r®mtrsKd;rsKd;\vTrf;rkd;rI

udk wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh cHaeMu&ayonf/

odkYjzpfav&m qkdcJhaom tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tbd"r®mrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\OD;

aESmufrS xGufay:vmaom udk,fydkiftbd"r®mrsm;[k uREkfyfwkdY vufrcHEkdifay/ wpkHwckaom

&Ijrifcsuf? wpkHwckaom enf;vrf;rsm;onf wpkHwa,mufaom tbd"r®mynm&SifjyKpka&;

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þtcsufudk oabmaygufvQif a&SUwqifhwufí aqG;aEG;vkdonf/

tEky#davmr&kyf0g' 10

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vlYtzGJYtpnf;ü vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfuG,f

aysmufonfhtcsdefrSpí vlYtzGJYtpnf;ü vlwef;pm;rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh awG;

ac:&Ijrifcsufrsm;onfvnf; vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;\tjrifudk az:jycJhonfomjzpfonf/

xkdYaMumifh tbd"r®mynm&SiftoD;oD;\pepfrsm;onfvnf; vlwef;pm;tjrifudk az:jyonf

omjzpfonf/ tbd"r®monf vlwef;pm;tjrifw&yfudk pepfwusaz:jyjcif;? oabmw&m;

a&;xlaxmifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ wduspGmajym&vQif vlwef;pm; toD;oD;\t,ltqom

jzpfayonf/

tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;u tbd"r®mtppfonf vlowå0gtm;vkH;ESifhoufqkdifonf

[k qkdMuaomfvnf; trSefrSm tbd"r®monf vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mrQom jzpfayonf/

vlrsm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhuif;uGmí rawG;ay/ awG;vnf; rawG;Edkifay/ xkdY

aMumifh vlwef;pm;toD;oD; &SdMuaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif vlwef;pm;tusKd;pDyGm;rsm; vl

wef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;ESifhawG;ac:rIwGif¤if; vIyf&Sm;rIwGif¤if; aexkdifrIwGif¤if; uif;uGmír&

ay/ tbd"r®mw&yfonf avmutjrifw&yfjzpfí urÇmavmuBuD;udk¤if;? xkdurÇmavmu

BuD;xJ&Sd vl\tEG,fESifhvl\tcef;udk¤if; od&Sdem;vnf&ef BudK;yrf;csufw&yfom jzpfay

onf/ ,if;odkYaom tjrifonf vlwef;pm;w&yf\tjrifrSvGJí tjcm;bmrQrjzpfEkdifay/

xkdYaMumifh tbd"r®mq&monfvnf; vlwef;pm;&yf\tawG;tac:udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;rQ

omjzpfayonf/ xkdrSvGJí rjzpfEkdifay/ tbd"r®mtoD;oD;onf tjcm;N*dK[fwckrS wifoGif;

onfvnf; r[kwfay/ wnf&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifhvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;

Mum;rS xGufay:vmjcif;om jzpfayonf/ vlwef;pm;tjrifwckr&Sdaom tbd"r®m[lí r&Sd

ay/ bufrvkdufaom tbd"r®m[lívnf; r&Sday/

þtjrifjzifhMunfhvQif a&S;ya0PDu ay:aygufcJhaom tbd"r®mrsm;onf ]]usrf;

wwfpmwwf}}vlwef;pm;rsm;[k ac:aom vlwef;pm;rsm;?(aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;

pm;rsm;)\tjrifudk wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh azmfjycJhjcif;om jzpfaMumif;udk awGY&rnf

jzpfayonf/ rdrdwkdY\awG;ac:rIrsm;udk pepfusaom tbd"r®mrsm;tjzpf xkwfaz:zGifhqkd

olwkdYrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;\acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ t&if;&Sifpepf

\xl;jcm;aom ukefxkwfw&yfjzpfonfhacwfopftvkyform;vlwef;pm; ay:aygufvmonfh

tcsdeftxd? þacgif;aqmifrsm;onf aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faom vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfaeMu

ayonf/ olwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk vTrf;rkd;cs,fvS,faeMuovkd olwkdY\tjrifonfvnf;

tbd"r®mudk vTrf;rkd;cs,fvS,faeMuonf/

,aeYtcsdefwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif acgif;aqmifrI

udk &,l&ef &nf&G,fvsuf&SdayNyD/ xkdYaMumifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\vlwef;pm;tjrifudk

jroef;wifh11

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vnf; tbd"r®mqkdif&m ykHoP²mefjzifh az:jy&ef vkdtyfayNyD/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf

¤if;\vlwef;pm;tbd"r®mjzifh aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,faomvlwef;pm;\tbd"r®mudk qefYusif

wkdufzsuf&ef vkdtyfvmayNyD/

]]tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfwkdYu rnfodkYtrIawmfxrf;

cJhonfudk pum;vkH;eJeJjzifh atmufygtwkdif; az:jyvdkayonf/ ,if;rSm rmufhfpfESifhtdef*s,fvf

pfwkdYonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; olYudk,fol od&Sd&ef? olYudk,fol oabmayguf&efoif

jyay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf tdyfrufrsm;ukd odyÜHynmjzifh tpm;

xkd;cJhayonf}}[k vDeifu a&;cJhayonf/

vDeifu xyfrHí]]t&if;&Sifpepfonf ra&SmifrvTJom NydKvJysufpD;í vlvlcsif;aoG;

pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;uif;aom uGefjrLepfpepfodkY rvTJraoG ul;ajymif;&rnfqkdonfhtcsufudk

odyÜHenf;uspGmokH;oyfjcif;? vkyfom;rsm;ESifhaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&oltm;vkH;tm; wkduf

yGJwGif pwifí pnf;&kH;a&;paom ypönf;rJhrsm;\tcef;u@? ¤if;wkdY\vkyfief;ESifhOD;aqmif

rIwkdYudk nTefjyjcif; ponfwkdYonf rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\orkdif;wGifí xl;jrwfaom*kPf

&nfrsm;yif jzpfayonf}}[k a&;om;cJhayonf/

rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; ]]udk,fhudk,fudk od&Sd&ef

ESifhem;vnfoabmayguf&ef}}oifMum;chJNyD;aemuf ]]vkyfom;rsm;ESifhaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;

cH&olrsm;tm;vkH;}}\A[dktv,fwGif &yfwnf&ef nTefjycJhum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\

awmfvSefaom oabmw&m;udk xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ þawmfvSefaom oabmw&m;onf

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u t&if;&SifaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,frIudk wGef;vSefy,f&Sm;ypfEkdifonfhjynf

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cs,fvS,fjcif;? zdESdyfjcif;ponfwkdYrS tNyD;tydkif vGwfajrmufEkdifaponfhvrf;wkdYwGif tvif;

a&mifudk xGef;nd§ay;cJhayonf/

t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdcsdef? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tiftm;pkrsm;

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jroef;wifh21

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onf/ jyóemwkdif;udk t"dyÜg,faumuf,l&mwGif &kyfusaomenf;ESifhpdwfqefaomenf;[l

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tjrifcsif;qefYusifjcm;em;Muayonf/ tjrifjcm;em;ojzifh tvkyfvnf; jcm;em;Muonf/

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Muonf/ obm0xuf pdwfu y"meusonf/ xkdYaMumifh pdwfonfom urÇmavmuBuD;udk

wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh zefqifonf[k ,lqolwkdYonf pdwf0g'*kdPf;wGif yg0ifayonf/

jroef;wifh23

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by sh

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ma

tjcm;wbufwGif obm0u y"meusonf[laom ,lqolwkdYum; &kyf0g'\trsKd;rsKd;aom

*kdPf;rsm;wGif yg0ifMuayonf/}}

pdwfonf &kyfxuf y"meusonf[laom t"dyÜg,faumuf,lenf;onf pdwf0g'jzpf

í &kyfonf y"meusonf[laom t"dyÜg,faumuf,lenf;onf &kyf0g'jzpfonf/ &kyfESifhqkdif

aom t&mwkdif;onf pdwfESifhqkdifaomt&m\tqkH;tjzwfjyKjcif;udkcH&í pdwfESifhqkdifaom

t&may:wGifom trSDo[J jyKae&onf[k pdwf0g'u ,lqonf/ pdwfESifhqkdifaom t&m

wkdif;onf &kyfESifhqkdifaom t&m\tqkH;tjzwfjyKjcif;udkcH&í &kyfESifhqkdifaom t&may:

üom trSDo[J jyKae&onf[k &kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/ þjcm;em;csufonf urÇmavmu

BuD;wckvkH;ESifh ywfoufaom a,bk,stbd"r®mcH,lcsufwGifomru omrnt&m0w¬Kt

jzpftysufrsm;ESifhywfoufcH,lcsufwGifvnf; xif[yfaz:jyvsuf &Sdaeayonf/

pdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&mpdwf0g'ESifhobm0 r[kwfaomt&m

pdwf0g'onf tajccHtm;jzifh bmoma&;jzpfayonf/ bmomt,l0g'jzpfay

onf/ ]]pdwf0g'onf omoemt,l0g'jzpfayonf}}[k vDeifu a&;cJhonf/ tcsKdYaompdwf

0g'wkdYonf bmoma&;ta&udk cRwfNyD;MuNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; pdwf0g'wckvkH;onf jyóem

rsm;tm; bmoma&;t& csOf;uyfMunfhjrifrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif; jzpfayonf/ pdwf0g'onf

Oyg'gefpGJvrf;rIrsm;? obm0r[kwfaom t&mudk ,kHMunfrIrsm;? vQKdY0SufeufeJí rodem;

rvnfEkdifaomt&mrsm;udk ,kHMunfudk;uG,frIrsm;ESifh cGJír&ay/

&kyf0g'onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;wGif wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaomt&mrsm;jzifhom t

ajzudk &SmazGwifjyonf/ prf;oyfppfaq;&Ekdifaom em;vnfEkdifaom xdrf;csKyfEkdifaom t

aMumif;jcif;rsm;jzifhom tajzudk &SmazGwifjyayonf/

xkdYaMumifh t&m0w¬Krsm; pdwf0g'jzifh cH,lodjrifjcif;onf t&if;tjrpfwGif bmom

a&;jzifh cH,lodjrifjcif;ESifhtwlwlyif jzpfayonf/

bmoma&;udk pGJykdufouf0if,kHMunfjcif;? pdwfESifhoufqkdifaom obm0r[kwf

aom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ouf0if,kHMunfjcif; ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyf&mü xm0&bk&m;ukd ,kHMunf

olrsm;onf pOf;pm;ÓPfjzifh vufcHMujcif; r[kwfay/ ol\pdwfobm0twGif;wGif udef;

atmif;aeonfh wpkHwckaom t&mjzifhom vufcHMujcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfvQif ,if;odkY

aom ouf0if,kHMunfrIrsKd;onf b,fvkdpwifcJhoenf;/ b,fu pwifcJhoenf;/ bk&m;o

cif>rufqkdcsufrsm;wGif tpjyKonf[k¤if;? obm0r[kwfaom taMumif;t&mrS xGufay:

vmonf[k¤if;? bmomw&m;rsm;u a[mMum;cJhMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYurl vufrcHEkdifay/ þ

ouf0if,kHMunfrIrsm;ü obm0Zpfjrpf&Sdayonf/ þZpfjrpfonfvnf; &SmazGpl;prf;í &Ekdif


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ma

ayonf/

vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk &ifqkdifvm&aomtcgwGif obm0tiftm;pk

rsm;\taMumif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ? ckdukd;&mrJh jzpfvm\/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tm;

0dnmOfrsm;\udk,fxifjyrI[k vlrsm;u ,lqcJh\/ þonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlonf obm0

r[kwfaom t&mrsm;udk¤if;? bmoma&;awG;ac:rIrsm;udk¤if;? ,kHMunfouf0ifvmawmh

onf/

Oyrm/ /rkd;csKef;oHonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufa'goaMumifh[k

,lqcJhMuonf/ aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; zGHYNzdK;jcif;onf or®ma'0ewf\rIdif;rrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJh

onf/ v,fxGufoD;ESHaumif;jcif;onfvnf; vrkdif;ewf\apmifrrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJhMu

onf/

vlay:pacwfOD;rSpí vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk þenf;jzifhom t"dyÜg,f

aumuf,lcJhonf/ vlwef;pm;tzGJYtpnf; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwGif vlrIqufqHa&;w

&m;rsm;onf vludk BuD;pkd;vmonf/ vlwkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;w&m;rsm;\ ckdif;apcsuft&

vkyfaqmifvm&onf/ odkY&mwGif vlonf olYtm; vlrIqufqHa&;w&m;rsm;u pdk;rkd;cs,fvS,f

aejcif;udk roday/ odkYjzifh vlonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\tpkd;&paom obm0r[kwfonfhudk,f

pm;jyKtzGJYrsm;udk wDxGifvmMuonf/ omrefvlrsm;xuf &Sifbk&ifrsm;? rSL;rwfrsm;u jrifh

jrwfonf/ &Sifbk&ifrsm; rSL;rwfrsm;xuf bk&m;ocifu jrifhjrwfonf[k wDxGifzefwD;vm

Muonf/ odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;udk pdwfemrfqkdif&m urÇmavmuESifh&kyfqkdif&murÇmavmu

[lí ESpfckjzpfatmif zefqif;vmMuonf/

bmomw&m;tm;vkH;? pdwf0g'tm;vkH;onf ,if;odkYjzifh pdwfemrfurÇmavmu? &kyf

urÇmavmu[k urÇmavmuESpfckpvkH;udk vufcHMuonf/ wu,fh&kyfurÇmudk pdwfemrfurÇm

u vTrf;rkd;aeonfqkdaom t,ltqudk zefwD;vmMuonf/ odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;onf

ESpfckESpfyu© jzpfvmayonf/

pdwf0g'\t"duvu©Pmrsm;wGif ,if;odkYaom ESpfyu©toGifrsm;om jzpfvmMu

onf/ 0dnmOfESifhcE¨mudk,f? xm0&bk&m;ESifhvl? edAÁmefbkHESifhvlYbkH? todÓPfjzifhom zrf;,l

&Ekdifaom awG;ac:pdwful;rIrsm;ESifh tm&kHjzifhzrf;,lEkdifaom &kyftrSefw&m;ponfwkdYjzpf

onf/

pdwf0g't&qkdvQif ydkítxufusaom ydkíppfrSefaom &kyfr[kwfonfh urÇmavm

uBuD;wck&Sdonf/ þ&kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;xuf y"me

usonf[k¤if;? &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf tqkH;pGefaom rlvESifhtaMumif;w

&m;jzpfonf[k¤if;? &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;\vuf

jroef;wifh25

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ted

by sh

anyo

ma

atmufcHrQom jzpfonf[k¤if; ,lqonf/ &kyf0g't&qkdvQif wckwnf;aom urÇmavmu

BuD;om &Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;omjzpfonf[k,lqonf/

odkYjzpf&m &kyfusaom trSefw&m;\txufü pdwfemrfusaom trSefw&m;&Sdonf/

&kyfusaomtrSefw&m;udk pdwfemrfusaom trSefw&m;jzifhom az:jyEkdifonf[laom o

abmukd aqmifonfhMo0g'wkdif;onf pdwf0g'wGif tusKH;0ifMuonfcsnf;omjzpfayonf/

acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;

þae&mü acwfopf"e&Siftbd"r®m\xl;jcm;aom Mo0g'tcsKdYudk tusOf;wifjy

vkdonf/

vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;okH;&meD;yg;avmufu (Subjective Idealism) qEpGJpdwf0g'

[laom tbd"r®mw&yfay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;\tqkdt&qkdvQif &kyfurÇmonf b,ftcg

rQ r&Sd[lí jzpfayonf/ wu,fwnf&Sdonfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfxJü &SdonfhawG;ac:rI

rsm;? tm&kHrsm;om jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYrSvGJí jyify&kyfusaomtrSefw&m;[lonfr&Sd? tjcm;

bmrQvnf;r&Sd[k ,if;u ,lqonf/

þqE´pGJpdwf0g'onf aemufü todw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Mo0g'wckudk zGifhqkdcJh

onf/ ,if;tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdY\tjyifywGif uREkfwdkYodEkdifaom 'd|jzpfaomtrSefw&m;[l

í r&SdEkdif/ uREkfyfwkdYonf A[d'¨ykHyef;ü todw&m;udkom &EkdifMuonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\

olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&Sdaejcif;(tewåw&m;)udk rod&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/

,if;odkYaom pdwf0g'onf ,cktcsdefü rsm;pGmacwfpm;vsuf&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf

wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;\taMumif;udk ydkí odvmEkdifonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh

obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEkdifum vlYtEG,fBuD; wkd;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf vkyf

aqmifEkdifrnf[k "e&SiftawG;tac: ynm&Sifrsm;u qkdcJhMuonf/ olwkdYajymonfhtcsdefrSm

t&if;&Sifpepfonf wkd;wufaomtif;tm;pkw&yftjzpf? wnf&Sdaecsdefu jzpfonf/ odkY&m

wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf csKyfNidrf;aeaom ,aeYumvwGifrl olwkdYonf wrsKd;ajymvmMu

jyefonf/ olwkdYu wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf rodEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf

[k qkdvmMujyefonf/ ,if;odkYaom Mo0g'rsm;\Aavmif;AvJjzpfaeMuykHonf t&if;&Sif

pepfcsKyfNidrf;jcif;\vu©Pmyif jzpfayonf/

pdwf0g'onf urÇmavmuBuD;ESpfck&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyqkdcJhNyD/ pdwfurÇm

avmuESifh&kyfurÇmavmuESpfck&Sdí pdwfurÇmavmuonf &kyfurÇmavmuxuf y"meus

onf[k ,lqaMumif;udkvnf; az:jycJhNyD/ tjcm;wbufü &kyf0g'onf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;

wckwnf;om&Sdí 'kwd,jzpfaom pdwful;jzpfaom tqifhjrifhaom pdwful;arQmfrSef;csuf


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ma

urÇmavmuBuD;&Sdonfqkdjcif;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/

&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdYonf aphpyfí r&atmif qefYusifjcm;em;Muayonf/ odkYwkdif

atmif tcsKdYaomtbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;url &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfaygif;pnf;&ef BudK;

pm;vsuf&SdaeMuao;onf/ tbd"r®mwGif ,if;odkY &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g' aphpyf&ef enf;trsKd;

rsKd;jzifh BudK;yrf;cJhMuzl;onf/

,if;odkY aphpyfaygif;pnf;rdatmif BudK;yrf;rIrsm;teuf wckrSm Dualism &kyfemrf

'GefwGJ0g'jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYu pdwfemrfurÇmavmuBuD;wckonf &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;ESifhuif;

vsuf oD;jcm;&Sdaeonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;pdwfemrfurÇmavmuESifh&kyfurÇmavmuonf b,f

olYb,folurQromvGefbJ b,folu b,folYxufrS edrfhusjcif;r&SdbJ wef;wltajccHay:ü

wajy;nDpGm wnf&SdaeMuonf[k qkdMuonf/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI

paom &kyfurÇmavmuonf pdwfemrfurÇmavmuBuD;\pGufzuf0ifa&mufrIrygbJ ya,m*

rygbJ olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&SdvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/ þtcsufwGif &kyfemrf'GefwGJ

0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrif&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vlESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk Munhfjrifonfhtcgürl pdwf

emrfvIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ þtcsufü &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'

onf pdwf0g'tjrif &Sdayonf/

,if;odkYjzifh &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'onf pdwfemrftjrifESifh&kyf0g'tjrifudk aygif;pyfay;

vkdufonf/ odkY&mwGif vl? vlYtzGJYtpnf;? orkdif;ponfhta&;BuD;aomjyóemrsm;wGifrl &kyf

emrfESpfyu©0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk qefYusifum pdwf0g'tjrifudk vufcHayonf/

tjcm;aphpyfa&;tbd"r®mwckrSm ]]trSefwu,f0g'}} (Realism) jzpfayonf/

trSefwu,f0g'onf qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qefYusifonf/

trSefwu,f0g'onf tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tvkdt& jyify&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;

onf uREkfyfwkdY\odjrifrIrsm;rSuif;vsuf wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ okYdjzifh

qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qeYfusif&mü trSefwu,f0g'orm;rsm;ESifh&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf wlnD

Muayonf/ pifppftm;jzifhvnf; &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;\t[kwf&Sd? wu,f&SdrIudk vufcHaom

trSefwu,f0g'Dwa,muf rjzpfbJ &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfEkdifay/

odkY&mwGif jyify&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf uREkfyfwkYd\odjrifrIrsm;rS uif;vsuf t

[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdonf[k vufcHumrQjzifhvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfao;ay/ þ

twkdif;omjzpf&vQif acwfv,fbk&if*sDtbd"r®mynm&SifwOD;jzpfaom aomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tufaomrwf(pf)tuf

uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)uGdemh(pf)onfvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdYbk&if*sDbmomt,l

0g'qkdif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif tbd"r®mcef;wGif ]]trSefwu,f 0g'orm;}}rsm;jzpf

aeMuayao;onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&if*sDbmom0ifwkdYu þü&yfraeMubJ t[kwf&Sd wu,f

jroef;wifh27

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&Sdaom&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifu zefqif;í pdwfemrfwefckd;tmPmpuf

w&yfjzpfaom xm0&bk&m;ocif\wefckd;awmfu pdk;rkd;cs,fvS,fxm;onf[k qufvufí

,lqMujyefaomtcg ,if;wkdYonfvnf; pdwf0g'orm;rsm;tpkwGif usa&mufoGm;Muay

onf/

,if;odkYjzifh &kyfonf oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm wu,ft[kwfwnf&Sdaeonfqkdonfht

csuftxd trSefwu,f0g'onf &kyf0g'ESifhwlnDí useftcsufrsm;wGifrl pdwf0g'ESifhwlnD

oGm;ayonf/

xkdYjyif ]]trSefwu,f0g'}}qkdaompum;vkH;onfvnf; tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm; okH;

zefrsm;ojzifh qDonfr vufokwfzwfjzpfaeayNyD/ wpkHwckudk wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k

,lqolwkdif;tm; trSefwu,f0g'orm;[k ac:aeMuonf/

pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;

&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;aom pdwf0g'wkdYESifhqefY

usifonf/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfay;aom&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'ESifhvnf; qefYusifonf/

&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;udk ykdrkdyDopGm od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf pdwf0g'\t"dutcsuf

BuD;rsm;udk yXrjyvkdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) &kyfurÇmBuD;onf pdwfemrfay:wGif trSDo[JjyKaeonf/

(2) pdwfemrf okdYr[kwf pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwful;awG;ac:rIwkdYonf &kyfESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfí

wnf&SdaeEkdifonf/ wu,fvnf; wnf&Sdaeonf/ (,if;wkdYteuf tjyif;xefqkH;aompdwf

0g'rSm &kyfqkdonfrSm vkH;0r&Sd? &kyfonf tm&kHwGif xifpm;csufrQomjzpfonf[k qkdaomqE

pGJpdwf0g'yifjzpfonf/)

(3) odyÜHynm? tawGYtMuKH? odjrifrIwkdYjzifh ppfaq;prf;oyfod&SdEkdifaom t&mrsm;\]]aemuf

uG,fwGif}} odkYr[kwf ]]txufwGif}} okdYr[kwf ]]vufvSrf;rrSD&m}}wGif eufeJcufcJaom? rod

Ekdifaom bkHwck&Sdonf[lí jzpfonf/

&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf az:jyyg pdwf0g'\t"dutcsufrsm;ESifh

qefYusifayonf/

(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf/ wnf&Sdaeaomt&m0w¬K

wkdif;onf &kyftaMumif;w&m;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHí jzpfay:vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ &kyf\

armif;ESifrIOya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/

(2) &kyfonf 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpfí pdwf\jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;vGwfwnf&Sdonf/

pdwfonf &kyfESifhuif;uGmí oD;jcm;&yfwnfaejcif;r[kwfay/ pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwfemrfESifhpyf


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orQt&mwkdif;onf &kyfjzpfpOf\tusKd;w&m;om jzpfonf/

(3) urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh¤if;\Oya'orsm;onf vkH;0od&SdEkdifaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/ o

bm0tm;jzifh rodao;aomt&mrsm;om&Sdí rodEkdifaom&mrsm;[lí bmrQr&Sd? ponfht

csufrsm; jzpfonf/

wavQmufvkH;wGif ,drf;,kdifjcif;r&Sd? worwfwnf;jzpfaom &kyf0g'udk pGJukdifjcif;

jzifh¤if;? pdwf0g'udk b,ftcsuf? b,fae&mwGifrS tavQmhray;jcif;jzifh¤if;? rmhufpfvDeif

0g'\tbd"r®monf xl;jcm;jcif;udk aqmifayonf/ odkYjzifh pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif;

ajymcJhayonf/

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tydkif;rsm;ygonf/

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&m;qefaompepfxJü tusKH;0ifatmif xnfhoGif;cJhMuonf/

tjyif;xefqkH;aom puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;wkdYurl &kyfcEmjzpfpOfrsm;? tyifrsm;?

wd&pämefrsm;ESifhwd&pämefwkdY\jzpfwnfrI ponfwkdYudkomru vludkyif puf,EÅ&m;ozG,f

oabmxm;Muonf/ owå0gtm;vkH;onf atmfwkdarwm[kac:aom &IyfaxG;aompuf

,EÅ&m;rsm;omjzpfonf[k jyifopftbd"r®mynm&Sifa';um;u 17-&mpkESpfuwnf;uyif

ajymcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrSmrl 0dnmOf&Sdojzifh cRif;csuftjzpf xm;&rnf[kqkdcJhayonf/

odkY&mwGif a';um;\wynfhjzpfol 18-&mpkESpfwGifay:aygufvmaomorm;awmfBuD;vm

rufx&Durl vlonfvnf; rsm;pGm&IyfaxG;aom puf,EÅ&m;rsm;yif jzpfacsonfwum;[k

ol\]]vlonf puf,EÅ&m;wck}}trnf&Sdusrf;wGif az:jycJhayonf/

xkdacwfuqkdvQif ,if;t,ltqonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rqkdxm;bd? omref

vl\obm0udkyif rxDrJhjrif jyKaom apmfum;rIw&yfjzpfum wkefvIyfzG,f aumif;ayonf/

okdYwkdifatmif olYacwfolYtcgESifhqkdvsifum; wkd;wufaom tjrifw&yfyifjzpfayonf/ vl

onf raoEkdifaom 0dnmOfrsm;ukd pkpnf;xm;onfhnpfywfaya&aom &THUap;cJrsm;ESifhwl

onf[laomt,ltqESifhpmvQif vlonf puf,EÅ&m;ESifhwlonf[laom t,ltqrSm cH

omao;onf[kqkdoifhayonf/

,if;ESifhywfoufí t*Fvdyf&kyf0g'orm;ESifh pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpf0g'orm;wOD;

jzpfol a&mbwftkd0ifu bmomw&m;ukdif;&Idif;aom xkdacwfu pufrIvkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm;

ajymMum;cJhonfudk udk;um;vkdonf/ a&mbwftkd0ifu-

]]puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIonf oyf,yfonf? oefY&Sif;onf? tpDtpOfusí tNrJwap

rGrf;rHjyifqifrI&Sdonf? tjcm;t&mrsm;rSm z&kdz&JEkdifonf? npfywfonf? pepfusjcif;r&dS?

tNrJwaprGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;vnf; r&Sd? þjcm;em;aomt&mESpfckrS ay:xGufvmaom t

usKd;w&m;wkdYudk oifwkdYonf tawGYtMuKHt& od&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYaom jyifypuf

,EÅ&m;rsm;udk *&kpdkufxdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh aumif;rGefaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk &&SdapEkdifvQif

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xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh ydkrkdaumif;rGefaom tusKd;w&m;wkdYudk &&SdapEkdifrnfr[kwfygavm}}[k

ajymMum;cJhonf/

a&mbwftkd0if\0g'onf jA[®pkd&f0g'jzpfayonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\jA[®pkd&f0g'onf

"e&SifjA[®pkd&f0g'om jzpf\/ol\0g'onf tjcm;aompuf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;vkdyif "e&Sif

vlwef;pm;\vlwef;pm;tjrifwGif tjrpfwG,fayonf/ vlonf pufu&d,mwckomjzpf

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&Ijrifcsufudkjzpfay:ap\/ vlpuf,EÅ&m;udk *&kwpkdufxdef;odrf;xm;&rnf[laom tkd0if\


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tqkdtrdefY rSefcJhvQif xkdodkYxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onfvnf; vlpuf,EÅ&mtm; ukefxkwfa&;

twGuf pufvkd tvkyfvkyfEkdifaomtajcwGif&Sdatmif xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf[k qkdvkd&m r

a&mufygoavm/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\aysmhuGufrsm;ESifhuefYowfcsufrsm;

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'ü BuD;rm;aom aysmhuGufrsm;&Sdonf/

(1) ,if;onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk worwfwnf; r,drf;r,dkifpGJudkifEkdifjcif;r&Sd/

urÇmavmuBuD;onf puf,EÅ&m;wckESifhwlonfqkdvQif xkdpuf,EÅ&m;udk rnfol

vkyfoenf;/ rnfolu pwifoenf;/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk zefqif;&eftwGuf &kyfurÇmavm

uBuD;\tjyifbufwGif ]]teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sif}}&Sdonf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifonf urÇmBuD;

udk zefqif;&kHom zefqif;NyD;aemufwGif bmudkrQ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; r&Sd? urÇmavmu

BuD; vIyf&Sm;ykHudk apmifhMunfhaeonf[k tm;vkH;aom puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMu

onf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifukd puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf

&Sifudk puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;wkdif;u vufcHMuonf/ (Oyrm - aAgvfwJ,m;? wGefydef;

ponfhynm&Sifrsm;/) odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'wGif pdwf0g'wydkif; 0ifaeonf/

(2) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf t&mwkdif;wGif ajymif;vGJrI&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ toGifoP²mef

tm;vkH;udk pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;pepftjzpf tqifhedrfhí jrifonf/

,if;ajymif;vJrIonfvnf; trsKd;tpm;wlonfhpufrIqefaom jzpfpOfrsm; tpOftNrJt&pf

ywfvSnfhywfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ ajymif;vJrIonf puf0dkif;&pfywfovkd txyfxyf vSnfh

ywfajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;om jzpfonf/

urÇmavmuBuD;tm; puf,EÅ&m;uJhodYk MunfhjrifvQif ,if;uefYowfcsufonfvnf;

&Sdaernfjzpfonf/ puf,EÅ&m;wckonf jyKvkyfNyD;onfESifh jyKvkyfNyD;onfhtwkdif;om &Sdae

rnfjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? xyfrHopfvGifjcif;r&Sd? xkdYaMumifh topfay:aygufvmaom

t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;udk pOf;pm;aomtcgwGif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf pOf;pm;jcif;rjyK

wwfawmhay/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ajymif;vJrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; topfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJtopfajymif;vJ

jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;jcif;? wkd;wufajymif;vJjcif;udkom em;rvnfay/ puf0dkif;yrm &pfywfajymif;vJjcif;udkom

em;vnfayonf/

obm0jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;udk &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;\pufrIqefaom tnrnwHYkjyef

vIyf&Sm;rItwGif;rSmom&Sdonf[k wxpfcs ,lqí r&ay/ Oyrm - "mwfjzpfpOfrsm;ESifhouf

&Sd&kyf\jzpfpOfrsm;ukd ,if;odkYMunfhjrifí r&Ekdifay/

jroef;wifh41

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"mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf

&Sm;jcif;ESifhuGmjcm;ayonf/ "mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:aom

ajymif;vJrIü t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI yg&Sdayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh "mwkaA'ypönf;ESpfrsKd;

udk "mwkaA'enf;tm;jzifh aygif;pyfvkdufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;rSm t

&nftcsif;tm;jzifh xkdESpfrsKd;ESifhrwlaom "mwkaA'ypönf;opfwrsKd; jzpfay:jcif;jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif "mwf0w¬KESpfck\puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;aMumifh &&Sdaom

tusKd;rSm t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI r[kwfay/ ta&twGufajymif;vJrIom jzpfonf/ xif

&Sm;aomO'g[&kPfrSm awaZm"mwfyifjzpfonf/ "mwkaA'wGif awaZm"mwfonf t&nf

tcsif;ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfaponf/ (tyl&Sdefjyif;jcif;aMumifh a&onf tckd;taiGYtjzpfajymif;

vJoGm;enf;rsKd;)pufrIynmwGifrl awaZm"mwfonf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;ta&twGufukd wkd;wuf

vmap&kHrQomjzpfonf/ (tyltm;aMumifh pufvnfywfrI ta&twGufrsm;jym;vmjcif;rsKd;)

tvm;wlyif obm0\jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyef

vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd; puf0dkif;yrmtxyfxyf &pfywfvSnfhvnfaejcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/ obm0jzpf

pOfrsm;onf tqufrjywf jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJ

vsuf&Sdayonf/ odkYajymif;vJykHpHrsKd;jzifh ykHoP²mefopfrsm;? wnf&SdrItopfrsm;onf jzpfay:

vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyf\&kyfajymif;vJjcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpf&m obm0udk t"dyÜg,f

aumuf,l&mwGif puf,EÅ&m;qefaomenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKavav uefYowfcsufrsm;jym;

um tjrifusOf;ajrmif;vmavav jzpfayonf/

(3) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIudk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf "e&Sif\vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom ouf0if,kHMunf

rIudk az:jyavonf/ ,if;t&qkdvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;aeaom

vlrItEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;jzpfay:wkd;wuf

rIudk aphaqmfonfhpD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk þ&Ijrifcsufjzifh &SmazGawGY

&SdEkdifonfr[kwfay/ þ&Ijrifcsufjzifhom vltzGJYtpnf;udk Munfhjrif&ygvQif vlrIajymif;vJ

rIrsm;onf a&Smifwcif jzpfay:vmMuonf[k xifzG,f&mom&Sdayonf/ vl\vIyf&Sm;aqmif

&GufrIonfvnf; jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;rS xGufay:vmaom puf,EÅ&m;qefonfht

usKd;w&m;rsm;[k ,lqzG,f&mom &Sdavonf/ odkYr[kwf taMumif;w&m;r&SdbJ o,HZmw

tvkdtavsmuf ay:aygufvmonf[k ,lq&awmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;tcsufüyif

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifrS a&GUavsmum "mwf0g'toGifodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;ay

awmhonf/


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tcsKyfqkd&vQif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vl\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd

&Sif;vif;az:jyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'ESifhpdwful;,Of qkd&S,fvpf0g'

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vludk pdwåZqefpGm Munfhjrifonf/ vlwa,muftm; vlrI

tEkjrLrIHuav;wrIH[k ,lqonf/ xkdvltEkjrLrIHuav;tm; ADZowådrsm;? t&nftaoG;

rsm;? ydkifcGifhrsm;udk obm0u tyfESif;vkdufonf[k ,lqonf/

,if;udk ]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom "e&SifcH,lcsufwGif az:jyxm;onf/ ]]vl

wkdif;onf wef;wlnDrQMuonf}}[laom "e&SifawmfvSefa&; a<u;aMumfoHrSm þouf0if

,kHMunfrI(cH,lcsuf)rS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf/

]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;í ,if;odkYaz:jyjcif;rSm pdwåZqefvSayonf/ ]]vl\ykdif

cGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom cH,lcsufudk ,if;odkYpdwåZqefqef qGJ,lír&Ekdifay/ trSeftm;jzifh

]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom cH,lcsufudk vlwkdYaexkdifaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;a&muf&Sdaeonfh

tqifhuom tqkH;tjzwfjyKayonf/ vlwkdYonf ,cktajcteodkY a&muf&SdaeMujcif;rSm

]]obm0uzefwD;}}\r[kwfay/ vlwkdY,cktajctaeodkY ajymif;vJa&muf&Sdvmjcif;rSm vl

wkdY\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufaMumifhom jzpfonf/ ]]obm0tm;jzifh}} vlwkdif;onfvnf;

wef;wlnDrQMuonf r[kwfay/ ,if;odkYaom t,ltqrSm wef;wlnDrQa&;udk pdwåZqefpGm

az:jyaom "e&Sifouf0if,kHMunfrIom jzpfayonf/ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifhywfoufí rmhufpf

ESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYu atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;cJhayonf/

]]ypönf;rJhwef;wlnDrQa&; awmif;qkdcsuf\wu,fhtESpfom&onf vlwef;pm;rsm;

udk zsufodrf;&ef awmif;qkdjcifyif jzpfonf/ vkdtyfrIxuf ykdrkdaom wef;wlnDrQa&;awmif;

qkdcsufonf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhvSayonf---}}

,if;odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf vludk tEkjrLrIHav;wrIHozG,f pdwåZ

qefpGm puf,EÅ&m;qefpGmMunfhjrifonf/ xkd&IjrifcsufwGif tajccHí vlYtEG,fBuD;twGuf

rnfodkYaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ykHpHrsKd;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfrnf[k pdwåZqefpGmawG;onf/

rmhufpfrwkdifrDu ay:aygufcJhaom pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf ,if;awG;ac:&Ijrifcsuf

udk qufcHjyefYyGm;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk pHjyvlYtzGJYtpnf;w&yftjzpf xl

axmifcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf vlrsm;uom pdwfygvQif qkd&S,fvpfvlYtzGJYtpnf;

udk b,ftcsdeftcgwGif xlaxmifEkdifonf[k ,lqcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ þt&monf vlYobm

0\vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm; w&m;rQwqkH;? taumif;qkH;jznfhpGrf;ay;Ekdifonf[k vlwkdif;u ,kH

MunfvmonfhrnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqkd jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpf

jroef;wifh43

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vlYtzGJYtpnf;xlaxmifa&;twGuf t&if;&Sifpepf y#dyu©jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm; vkdtyfonf

udk¤if;? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u t&if;&Sifpepftm; tNyD;owfatmifEkdif&ef vkdtyfonf

udk olwkdYrjrifcJhMuay/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a&mbwftkd0ifonf ol\qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd

axmufcH&ef uifwmbm&D*kdPf;csKyfBuD;ESifh0dwkd&d,bk&ifrBuD;udk yefMum;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;ESifhpdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfrsm;u vl? vl\tusifhpm

&dwåESifhvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItm;vkH;wkdYudk vl\ywf0ef;usifESifhynma&;wkdYu tqkH;tjzwf

jyKonf[k ,lqMujyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrsm;\aysmf&Tifa&;? aumif;rGefa&;ESifhÓPftajrmf

tjrif&Sdvma&;wkdYtwGuf aumif;aomywf0ef;usifESifhaumif;aomynma&;udk zefwD;ay;

&efvkdonf[k ,lqonf/

,if;udk rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/

]]vlonf ywf0ef;usifavmuESifholBuD;jyif;vm&aom tajctaersm;\om;

aumifomjzpfonf[k¤if;? okdYtwGuf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomvlonf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaom

ywf0ef;usifavmu? ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomBuD;jyif;rItajctaewkdY\om;aumifrQomjzpf

onf[k¤if;? puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ (ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJvQif vl

vnf;ajymif;onf)odkY&mwGif ywf0ef;usifonf vlYaMumifhom ajymif;vJ&onfqkdonfhtcsuf

udk¤if;? xdkYaMumifh olwyg;tm; ynmay;rnfhol(ajymif;vJrnfhol)onf olYudk,fol jyefí

ynmay;&OD;rnf(ajymif;vJatmifvkyf&OD;rnf)qkdonfhtcsufudk¤if; olwkdYarhaeMuay

onf/

tu,fí vlonf ywf0ef;usif\om;aumifomjzpfonfqkdygvQif vlonf ywf

0ef;usifjyKorQ Ek&awmhrnftajcwGifom &Sdayonf/ trSeftm;jzifh þodkYr[kwfay/ vl

onf ol\ywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypfEkdifayonf/ vlonf ajymif;vJaomywf0ef;usif

aMumifh puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm ajymif;vJvm&jcif; r[kwfbJ xkdywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJ&if;

jzifhyif rdrd\vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIumvtwGif; xkdvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI\taMumif;w&m;

aMumifh ajymif;vJvmjcif;ayonf/

odkYjzpfvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif t[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfí &kyfvnf;usaom rnf

onfhvlrItaMumif;w&m;rsm;&Sdoenf;/ rnfonfht&maMumifh vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItopf

rsm;? awG;ac:rItopfrsm; ay:aygufvm&oenf;/ rnfonfht&maMumifh ajymif;vJNyD;

ywf0ef;usifESifhajymif;vJNyD; vlwkdYay:aygufvm&oenf;/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf þar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdjcif;rjyKEkdifay/ vlrIjzpfay:wkd;

wufa&; Oya'orsm;udk az:jy&Sif;vif;jcif;rjyKEkdifay/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; rnfokdYajymif;

vJypf&rnfudk jyojcif; rjyKEkdifay/


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xkdYaMumifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf olYacwfolYtcgwGif wkd;wufawmfvSefoabm

w&m;jzpfaomfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; ajymif;vJypfa&;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\

wkdufyGJudk a&SUaqmifvrf;nTefjcif; rjyKEkdifay/

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tcef;(4)

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rS tEky#davmr&kyf0g'odkY

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf atmufygw&m;ao,lqcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/

(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf rajymif;vJaom? wnfNidrfaom t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;jzifh

omzGJYpnf;xmonf/ ,if;t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;wGif ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom rlao

ADZowådrsm;&Sdonf/

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(1) uvmyfpnf;onf ,lepfwckjzpfonf/ xkd,lepfudk aygif;jcif;? EIwfjcif;tm;jzifh tyif?

odkYr[kwf wd&pämefwkdY\udk,fcE¨mzGHYNzdK;&onf[laom uvmyfpnf;(pJvf)oabmw&m;/

(1839-ckESpfwGif &Tef;&Tef;&Tef;&Tef;&Tef;qkdolodyÜHynm&SifwOD; awGY&SdcJhonf/)

(2) "mwftm;rsm; toGiful;ajymif;ykHoabmw&m;/ (1845-ckESpfwGif ar,m ar,m ar,m ar,m ar,mqkdol odyÜH

ynm&SifwOD;u awGY&SdcJhonf/)

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&dScJhonf/)

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íMunfhMupkdY/

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tm; oHvkduf"mwftm;ponfwkdYonfvnf; &kyfcE¨may:wGif vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh]]tiftm;

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onf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIwckvkH;onfvnf; toGifwckrS wckodkY ul;

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avonf/

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tEkjrLrIHrsm;rS ay:vmayonf/

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toGifwrsKd;rS wrsKd;ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkdvkdonf/ tdef*s,fvfpfurl ,if;oabmw&m;

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onf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIykHoP²mefwrsKd;rSwrsKd;odkY ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkdvkdonf/

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awGY&jyefonf/ tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;tkdifpwkdif;u tpdkiftcJudk "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekdifonf[k awGY&SdcJh

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'g0if\wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIoabmw&m;onfvnf; tEky#davmr

&kyf0g'\rSefuefrIudk az:jycJhayonf/

rsKd;ET,f&Sdí xm0&bk&m;ocifu oD;jcm;zefwD;onf[k ,cifu ,lqchJMuonf/

odkY&mwGif rsKd;EG,fonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\zefqif;rIr[kwfaMumif;? obm0a&G;cs,frIt&

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jroef;wifh115

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a&;odyÜHynm\tajctaeonfvnf; acwfaemufususef&pfcJhonf/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm xkd

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ynm&yfrsm;rSm aiGaMu;pkdufxkwfokH;pGJjcif; rjyKMuojzifh wdrfaumyaysmufrwwfjzpfae

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onf/ ,if;rSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'tjrif jzpfayonf/

(2) tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ,cifu usifhokH;NrJjzpfaom tbd"r®mpepfrsKd;wckr[kwf/

t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;onf y#dyu©rsm;jzifh >yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;

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onf/

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jroef;wifh119

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um awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk wifjyonf/

pwmvif/ /(1879-1953) qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf/ 0efBuD;

csKyf/ ]]vDeif0g'}}paomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/

Z'g'aemhzf/ /(1896-1984) qkdAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ay:vpfjAL&dk0ifvlBuD;?

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wGefydef;/ /NAdwdoQwkdif;jyKjynfjyKynm&Sif/ "Right of Man" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk

jyKpkol/

xa&mhpuD/ /(1877-1940)&k&Sm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifqkdAD,ufygwD uGefjrLepf

acgif;aqmif/ 1927-ckESpfwGif ygwDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf/ qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk

urÇmht0Srf;wGif wNydKifwnf;vkyf&rnf[k ,lqolt,loD;orm;? tvGeftuRH0g'orm;/

a';um;/ /(1596-1650)jyifopfocsFmaA'ynm&SifESif htbd"r®mynm&Sif/

"Prncipia Philosophia" ponfhurf;rsm;udk a&;ol/

'g0if/ /(1809-1882)NAdwdoQobm0odyÜHynm&Sif/ vlonf wd&pämefrSqif;

oufvmonf[laom t,ltqudk pwifxkwfaz:cJhol/ "Origin of Species" paomusrf;

rsm;udkjyKpkol/ awmfolae? rawmfolao oabmw&m;udk csrSwfcJhol/

e,lwef/ /(1642-1727)NAdwdoQocsFmaA'ynm&Sif? eu©wåaA'ynmESifhtbd

"r®mynm&Sif/ ajrBuD;\qGJiifjcif;Oya'oudk pwifawGYol/ "Principia" paomusrf;rsm;

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rif',fvf/ /(1822-84)Mopx&D;,m;odyÜHynm&Sif/ rsKd;&kd;pOfqufvkdufrIOya'o

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vkdifpifudk/ /qkdAD,ufygPaA'ynm&Sif/ udk,ft*FgzGJYpnf;ykHpepfonf ywf0ef;usif

udkvkdufí jzpfonf[laom oabmw&m;udk xkwfaz:cJhol/

vDeif/ /(1870-1924)&k&Sm;vlrsKd;? abmfvf&SDApfygwDudk wnfaxmifol/ qkdAD

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[D*Jvf/ /(1770-1831)*smreftbd"r®mynm&Sif/

[m;bwfpyifqm/ /(1820-1903)NAdwdoQtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ ]]tDaumfaemfrpf

(pf)*sme,f}}t,f'Dwm? "Principles of Ethics" ponfhusrf;rsm;udka&;ol/

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tdef*s,fvfpf/ /(1820-1895)rmhufpfESifhwGJvsuf uGefjrLepfausnmpmwrf;

ESifhtjcm;usrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/

tm&pöawmw,fvf/ /(384-322 bDpD)acgrtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf

pdwful;awG;ac:rIjzpfonf[laom yavwkd\t,ltqudk qefYusifonf/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;

ü awG;ac:rIESifht[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfaom t&mwkdY aygif;pyfxm;onf[k,lqonf/

Organon tp&Sdaomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkcJhol/

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