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The Industrial RevolutionWorld Civilizations

+The Industrial Revolution

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Where and when did it first occur?

+The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Why England?

Technology Economic Aspects Access to Raw Materials Political Aspects Factors of Production

Land Labor

+Agriculture in Great Britain at the Start of the Industrial Revolution Jethro Tull

Enclosure Movement

Experimentation with New Crops

+Textile Production in England

First Cottage Industry

After Industrialization: Spinning Jenny (James

Hargreaves) Spinning Frame (Richard

Arkwright) Flying Shuttle Use of Factories

+Textile Factory Workers in England

+How Did the Use of Steam Influence the Industrial Revolution? Steam Engine (James Watt)

Decrease Dependence on Water Power

Move Mills/Factories away from water

Railroads

Steamboats

Emphasis on Coal Production

Increased Urbanization

+Consequences of Using Steam for Transportation

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Coal in the Industrial Revolution Expansion of Coal Mines

Increased Urbanization

Problems in Mines?

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+Why Did the West Industrialize First?

Focus on Individual Freedoms

Increased Competition

Rewards of Wealth and Fame

+The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

United States

France

Germany

Japan

Comparisons to England US, France, Japan, and

England have government support of IR

Germany does not receive gov’t support

All focus on production of textiles first

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Factories and Workers in the Industrial Revolution

+Pre-Industrial Production

Cottage Industries

Several-Step Process to Create and Sell Goods Merchant delivers raw materials Weavers create wool into

finished product by hand Merchant picks up finished good

and sells it at market

Benefits of the Cottage Industries Workers create own schedule Ability to own small businesses

and make money Focus on family b/c workshop is

in the home

+Problems of Cottage Industries

Environmental Dangers (fire/floods) could take out entire business

Needed certain skills for producing textiles, which took time to learn

Children could not work in cottage industries

+The Shift to Industrial Production

Cottage Industries are eliminated in Industrial Revolution

Factories move to separate locations, away from the home

Working in a Factory: Easier to learn one task

than many Children able to learn

tasks and work in factories Ability for families to make

more money Dangers:

Physical harm Long-work days (12+

hours for all workers) Poor sanitation and

ventilation

+Increasing Urbanization During Industrial Revolution

As more factories are built, cities in England begin to grow

Main cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool

Life in Factory Towns: Cities grow around

factories or coal mines Some companies provide

housing and food Dangerous b/c of

pollution and poor sanitation

+Social Changes of the Early Industrial Revolution Three main types of workers:

People to own the businesses (owners)

People to run the businesses (managers)

People to run the machines (workers)

Women gain more opportunities for jobs outside the home

Growth of the Middle Class – those who did not own the factories, but also did not do the basic work in them

Some people resist the influence of the IR Some still want to use

cottage industries Luddites: people who

opposed machines and new technology

+Factories and Mass Production

Mass Production: the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items

Leads to the development of the Assembly line in the United states

Advantages: Increase in production for

less cost Increases profits

Disadvantages: Less skilled jobs Workers are easily replaced

+Political Problems in the Early Industrial Revolution

British government tries to stay out of problems in the factories

Gov’t refused to pass laws regulating labor, child labor, or safe working conditions at first

Causes people to form labor unions: organizations representing workers interests Strike (stop work) to bring

about change Forces British gov’t to make

changes eventually

+New Ideas of the Industrial Revolution

+New Economic Ideas

The major economic idea of the Industrial Revolution was Capitalism Discussed by economist

Adam Smith Main Ideas:

Governments should not be involved in business or economy

“Laissez-faire” (Let them Be)

+Other Economic Ideas Emerge:

Socialism: society or government should own property and control industry

Communism: discussed by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto

Government owns all means of production and controls economic planning to ensure equal treatment and opportunities

+Social Effects of Industrial Revolution Effects on Women:

Women often found jobs in factories or as domestic workers

Earned low wages Some women start to get

some education Women in the middle-classes

could get professional jobs (teachers/nurses)

Many believed women should remain in the private sphere (the home) and remain outside of the public sphere (workplace)

+Other Social and Economic Impacts

Countries that industrialized were seen as more powerful than those who did not Industrialization helped

increase military strength Allowed strong countries to

take over weaker ones Imperialism

Some countries liked the United States see an increase in immigration

Improvements in Standard of Living: level of material comfort Improves over time Increase in leisure time