western civilizations unit 11 pp 2 the industrial revolution the industrial revolution chapter 19...
TRANSCRIPT
Western CivilizationsUnit 11
PP 2The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 19 sections 1, 2 & 3
Agricultural Revolution = more food
Jethro Tull: The seed drill Charles Townsend: turnip to replenish
the soil and feed livestock (more livestock = more food)
Enclosure Acts British Gov’t passes laws that allow wealthy
to enclose pasture land (=IND labor force)
Robert Bakewell: Animal breedingproduced more milk and meat
Result: Population goes from 5 million in 1800 to 9 million in 1900
Steam power In the 1760’s James Watt
perfected Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine to make it safer and more efficient
Applications– 1776 first practical application
pumping water out of mines– George Stephenson: The Rocket
(steam locomotive)– Robert Fulton: The Cleremont
(steamboat)
Great Britain What advantages allowed GB to be
the first Industrial nation– Natural resources (coal, iron ore etc..)– Entrepreneurs (Capital)– Transportation (rivers, navy merchant
marine, eventually the rail road)– Colonial empire (markets and resources)– Government support (tax, tariff, loans)
Enclosure Acts– Labor force (better diet meant a healthier
and larger population)
Revolution in the textile industry Shift from the domestic system to
the factory system (power source?) New machinery
– John Kay (1733) The Flying Shuttle (weaving)
– 1764 James Hargreaves: The spinning jenny
– 1793 Eli Whitney: The cotton gin– 1709 Smelting process to create
stronger Iron (Abraham Darby)
6
The Manufacture of Iron
Manufacturing iron was a hot and strenuous process, requiring workers to spend longs hours stoking hot blast furnaces. (Library of Congress)
The Manufacture of Iron
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Bessemer Process = process to convert iron to steel
The Flying Shuttle
The Spinning JennyThe Seed Drill
Effects of IndustrializationNegative: Urbanization =new
problems– Over crowding, unsanitary, unsafe, lack of
hospitals, fire and police departments– Dangerous working conditions, low pay
How do workers fight these problems?– Women and children join the workforce– Formation of labor unions (illegal at first)
Positive (long term)– Horizons widened, opportunities increase– Eventually legislation to protect workers
Eventual reform
Factory Acts: 1833: limited child labor (no one under 9, 10 hours of education a week)– Mines Act 1842: certain jobs women and
children were no longer allowed to hold– Ten Hours act 1847
Varying degrees of success (Why?)
Coal mining children
New Classes Emerge Industrial middle class
– Entrepreneurs and skilled artisans– Women stay home children get education– Pleasant neighborhoods
Industrial working class– Women and children work to add income– Lived in slums and new tenements
No running water or sanitation system led to the spread of disease (Cholera etc..)
How could they have done better
Radical solutions for social justiceSocialism: to end poverty and
injustice People as a whole should own and operate the means of production (especially of essential industries)– Competition can be destructive
“Utopian” socialism:– Robert Owen (1771-1858): Cotton mill
owner who refused to exploit labor and encouraged unions (New Lanark Scotland)
Planned community to improve health education and well being of workers
"What ideas individuals may attach to the term "Millennium" I know not; but I know that society may be formed so as to exist without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold; and no obstacle whatsoever intervenes at this moment except ignorance to prevent such a state of society from becoming universal.”
Extract from Robert Owen’s "Address to the Inhabitants of New Lanark"New Year’s Day, 1816
Marxian socialism 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
published “The Communist Manifesto”– The poor or “proletariat” should help
themselves by revolting against those who are exploiting them and seizing control of the means of production
– “Workers of the world unite”– Predicted England would be first (most ind.)
happened in Russia ironically– “Religion is the opiate of the masses”– Dictatorship of the proletariat