05 - gilbert simondon - on the modes of existence of technical objects

8/10/2019 05 - Gilbert Simondon - On the Modes of Existence of Technical Objects

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Read the following:Introduction (1-5)

Part I:Chapter I section 1 & 2 (6-17)

Part II:Chapter I (49-68)


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!"

Simondon Translation (in progress) Mellamphy, Mellamphy & Mellamphy 2010

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!!


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AE G/.,>.,!B/ /N?=B=!0=?GI #+/ @=>CAK/0" AE , >.0?C.?0/ => ,. B/,>. , -0AK=>=AD,B 0/>AB?.=AD AE

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,> , G=B=/?I #+/ /G/0L/DC/ AE .+/ A!P/C. C,D ADB" +,--/D .+0A?L+ .+/ =>AB,.=AD ,D@


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0,LG/D.,.=AD AE .+/ G/@=,.=AD !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@M ,D@ ,CCA0@=DL .A .+/ -0=DC=-B/

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.+/ FA0B@ !/CAG/> A!P/C.=E=/@ ,> , ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.J =D .+/ >,G/ F," ,> =. => >?!P/C.=E=/@ ,> ,

0/B=L=A?> G/@=,.A0M !?. .+=> A!P/C.=E=C,.=AD ,D@ .+=> >?!P/C.=E=C,.=ADJ CAD.0,0" ,D@

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>.,L/J =D F+=C+ .+/ G/@=,.=AD => >.=BB D/=.+/0 >?!P/C.=K/ DA0 A!P/C.=K/J D/=.+/0 E0,LG/D./@ DA0

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EAC,B=Y/ .+/ ,..=.?@/ AE .+/ B=K=DL K=>[ K=> =.> G=B=/?I


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CCA0@=DL .A .+=> L/D/0,B L/D/.=C +"-A.+/>=>J F/ >?--A>/ .+,. .+/ -0=G=.=K/ GA@/ AE

/H=>./DC/ AE G,D =D .+/ FA0B@ CA00/>-AD@> .A , -0=G=.=K/ ?D=ADJ -0=A0 .A ,D" @=K=>=ADJ AE

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/.J G,L=C,B .+A?L+. => .+/ E=0>.J !/C,?>/ =. CA00/>-AD@> .A .+/ >=G-B/>.J GA>.

CADC0/./J GA>. =GG/D>/J ,D@ GA>. >?--B/ >.0?C.?0=DL; .+,. AE 0/.=C?B,.=ADI %D .+/ .A.,B=."

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A0 ,D /H-BA0,.=ADI (/0+,-> .+/ @/>=0/ EA0 CADN?/>. ,D@ .+/ >/D>/ AE CAG-/.=.=AD ?D@/0B=/ .+/


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A.=K,.=AD .+,. G,O/> =. -A>>=!B/ .A GAK/ E0AG /K/0"@," /H=>./DC/ .A /HC/-.=AD,B ,C.>M

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+=> D/.FA0O AE !A?D@,0=/> => DA. ADB" >-,.=,B !?. ,B>A ./G-A0,BM .+/0/ ,0/ DA.,!B/

@,./> ,D@ -0=K=B/L/@ GAG/D.> .A !/L=D AD/ ,C.=AD A0 ,DA.+/0I 8/>=@/>J .+/ K/0" DA.=AD AE

!/L=DD=DL => G,L=C,BJ /K/D =E /K/0" -,0.=C?B,0 K,B?/ => @/D=/@ AD .+/ @,./ AE .+/ !/L=DD=DLM .+/

!/L=DD=DL AE ,D ,C.=AD .+,. => .A B,>. ,D@ .+/ E=0>. ,C. AE F+,. >+A?B@ !/ , BADL >/0=/> A?L+.

DA. .A +,K/ =D .+/G>/BK/> , -,0.=C?B,0 G,P/>." ,D@ -AF/0 AE @=0/C.=ADJ =E .+/" F/0/ .+A?L+.

.A !/ CAD.0ABB=DL .+/ /D.=0/ @?0,.=AD AE .+/ ,C.=AD ,D@ .+/ F+AB/ >/N?/DC/ AE /EEA0.>J

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AJ A0@=D,0" .=G/ ,D@ A0@=D,0" >-,C/ >/0K/ ,> L0A?D@ EA0 .+/>/ E=L?0/>M @=>>AC=,./@

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@,./> =D 0/B,.=AD .A .+/ CAD.=D?A?> L0A?D@I

#+=> E=L?0,B >.0?C.?0/ => =D+/0/D. =D .+/ FA0B@J 0,.+/0 .+,D @/.,C+/@M =. => .+/

0/.=C?B,.=AD AE .+/ ?D=K/0>/ =D -0=K=B/L/@ O/" -A=D.> ,. F+=C+ /HC+,DL/> +,--/D !/.F//D .+/

B=K=DL !/=DL ,D@ =.> G=B=/?I 3AFJ =. => -0/C=>/B" .+=> 0/.=C?B,0 >.0?C.?0/ .+,. LA/> A?. AE -+,>/

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=D>.0?G/D.,BJ GA!=B/J C,-,!B/ AE /EE=C=/DC" =D ,D" -B,C/ ,D@ ,. ,D" .=G/M ,> E=L?0/J .+/ O/"

-A=D.>J @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ L0A?D@ EA0 F+=C+ .+/" F/0/ .+/ O/"J !/CAG/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.>J

.0,D>-A0.,!B/ ,D@ ,!>.0,C./@ E0AG .+/ G=B=/?I ). .+/ >,G/ .=G/J .+/ O/" -A=D.> BA>/ .+/=0

G?.?,B 0/.=C?B,.=AD ,D@ .+/=0 -AF/0 AE @=>.,D. =DEB?/DC/ AD .+/ 0/,B=." .+,. >?00A?D@/@ .+/GM

,> ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.> .+/" +,K/ ADB" AD/ ,C.=AD ?-AD CAD.,C.J >=./ !" >=./J =D>.,D. !" =D>.,D.I

#+=> 0?-.?0/ AE .+/ D/.FA0O AE O/" -A=D.> E0//> .+/ C+,0,C./0=>.=C> AE .+/ L0A?D@J ,D@ .+/>/ =D

.?0D !/CAG/ @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/=0 AFD L0A?D@J D,00AFB" N?,B=.,.=K/ ,D@ CADC0/./J =D A0@/0 .A

+AK/0 AK/0 .+/ F+AB/ ?D=K/0>/J .+0A?L+A?. >-,C/ ,D@ .+0A?L+A?. .=G/J =D .+/ EA0G AE

@/.,C+/@ -AF/0> ,D@ EA0C/> ,!AK/ .+/ FA0B@I Q+=B/ .+/ O/" -A=D.> !/CAG/ A!P/C.=K/ =D .+/

EA0G AE CADC0/.=Y/@ .AAB> ,D@ =D>.0?G/D.>J .+/ L0A?D@ -AF/0> !/CAG/ >?!P/C.=K/ !"

!/CAG=DL -/0>AD=E=/@ =D .+/ EA0G AE .+/ @=K=D/ ,D@ .+/ >,C0/@ S:A@>J +/0A/>J -0=/>.>TI


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+/ -0=G=.=K/ 0/.=C?B,.=AD AE .+/ G,L=C,B FA0B@ => .+?> .+/ >A?0C/ AE ,D A!P/C.=E=C,.=AD

,D@ , >?!P/C.=E=C,.=AD .+,. ,0/ =D CADEB=C.M ,. .+/ GAG/D. AE .+/ 0?-.?0/ AE .+/ =D=.=,B

>.0?C.?0=DLJ .+/ E,C. .+,. .+/ E=L?0/ !/CAG/> @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ L0A?D@ => /H-0/>>/@ !"

,DA.+/0 @/.,C+G/D.; E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ .+/G>/BK/> ,0/ E0//@ E0AG .+/=0 CADC0/./ ,@+/0/DC/

.A .+/ ?D=K/0>/ ,D@ .,O/ CAD.0,>.=DL -,.+F,">M .+/ E=L?0/ !/CAG/> E0,LG/D./@J F+/0/,> .+/

L0A?D@ N?,B=.=/> ,D@ EA0C/> !/CAG/ ?D=K/0>,B=Y/@; .+=> !0/,O ?- ,D@ .+=> ?D=K/0>,B=Y=DL ,0/

EA0G> AE !/CAG=DLJ .+/ E=L?0/ !/CAG=DL ,D ,!>.0,C. E=L?0/J ,D@ L0A?D@> !/CAG=DL , >=DLB/

,!>.0,C. L0A?D@I #+=> -+,>/ >+=E. AE .+/ G/@=,.=AD =D.A E=L?0,B C+,0,C./0=>.=C> ,D@ L0A?D@

C+,0,C./0=>.=C> .0,D>B,./> =D.A .+/ /G/0L/DC/ AE , @=>.,DC/ !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@I #+/

G/@=.,.=AD =.>/BEJ =D>./,@ AE !/=DL , >=G-B/ >.0?C.?0=DL AE .+/ ?D=K/0>/J .,O/> AD , C/0.,=D

@/D>=."M =. !/CAG/> A!P/C.=E=/@ =D ./C+D=C> ,D@ !/CAG/> >?!P/C.=E=/@ =D 0/B=L=ADJ G,O=DL .+/

E=0>. A!P/C. ,--/,0 =D .+/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C. ,D@ .+/ E=0>. >?!P/C. ,--/,0 =D @=K=D=."J F+/D

-0/K=A?>B" .+/0/ +,@ !//D , >=DLB/ ?D=." AE .+/ B=K=DL ,D@ =.> G=B=/?; A!P/C.=K=." ,D@

>?!P/C.=K=." /G/0L/ !/.F//D .+/ B=K=DL ,D@ =.> G=B=/?J !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@J ,. ,

GAG/D. F+/D .+/ FA0B@ @A/> DA. "/. +,K/ , CAG-B/./ >.,.?> ,> A!P/C. DA0 G,D , CAG-B/./

>.,.?> ,> >?!P/C.I 9A0/AK/0J =. C,D !/ ,EE=0G/@ .+,. A!P/C.=K=." => D/K/0 CAG-B/./B"

CA/H./D>=K/ F=.+ .+/ FA0B@J ,D@ .+,. >?!P/C.=K=." => D/K/0 CAG-B/./B" CA/H./D>=K/ F=.+ G,DI

%. => ADB" F+/D .+/ FA0B@ => /DK=>,L/@ E0AG , ./C+D=C=>. -/0>-/C.=K/ ,D@ G,D => /DK=>,L/@

E0AG ,

0/B=L=A?>

-/0>-/C.=K/

.+,.

AD/

C,D

!/

C,BB/@

,

CAG-B/./

A!P/C.

,D@

.+/

A.+/0

,

CAG-B/./ >?!P/C.I (?0/ A!P/C.=K=." ,D@ -?0/ >?!P/C.=K=." ,0/ GA@/> AE .+/ G/@=,.=AD !/.F//D

G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@J =D .+/=0 E=0>. EA0GI


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/B=L=AD ,D@ ./C+D=C> ,0/ .+/ A0L,D=Y,.=AD AE .FA >"GG/.0=C,B ,D@ CAD.0,>.=DL

G/@=,.=AD>M !?. .+/" EA0G , CA?-B/J >=DC/ /,C+ => !?. AD/ -+,>/ AE .+/ -0=G=.=K/

G/@=,.=ADI %D .+=> >/D>/J .+/" @A DA. +,K/ , @/E=D=.=K/ ,?.ADAG"I 5?0.+/0GA0/J /K/D F+/D

.,O/D =D .+/ >">./G .+,. .+/" EA0GJ .+/" C,DDA. !/ CAD>=@/0/@ ,> /DCBA>=DL ,BB .+/ 0/,BJ >=DC/

.+/" ,0/ !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@J !?. @A DA. CAD.,=D .+/ /D.=0/ 0/,B=." AE G,D ,D@ AE .+/

FA0B@J ,D@ C,DDA. ,--B" .A =. =D , CAG-B/./ F,"I 8/C,?>/ AE .+/ L,- !/.F//D .+/>/ .FA

A--A>=DL ,>-/C.> AE G/@=,.=ADJ >C=/DC/ ,D@ /.+=C> @//-/D .+/ 0/B,.=AD !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/

FA0B@I Q=.+ 0/L,0@ .A >C=/DC/ ,D@ .A /.+=C>J .+/ .FA -0=G=.=K/ G/@=,.=AD> -B," , DA0G,.=K/

0AB/; >C=/DC/ ,D@ /.+=C> ,0/ !A0D =D .+/ =D./0K,B @/E=D/@ !" .+/ L,- !/.F//D ./C+D=C> ,D@

0/B=L=ADJ !" EABBAF=DL .+/ G/@=,D @=0/C.=ADM .+/ -0/C/@/DC/ .+,. 0/B=L=AD ,D@ ./C+D=C> +,K/ .A

>C=/DC/ ,D@ /.+=C> => AE .+/ >,G/ A0@/0 ,> .+/ -0/C/@/DC/ .+,. B=D/> B=G=.=DL ,D ,DLB/ +,K/ .A

.+/ !=>/C.A0 AE .+,. ,DLB/; .+/ >=@/> AE .+/ ,DLB/ G," !/ =D@=C,./@ !" >+A0. >/LG/D.>J

F+/0/,> .+/ !=>/C.A0 C,D !/ /H./D@/@ =D@/E=D=./B"I 7=O/F=>/J E0AG .+/ L,- .+,. /H=>.>

!/.F//D K/0" -0=G=.=K/ ./C+D=C> ,D@ , K/0" -0=G=.=K/ 0/B=L=ADJ , K/0" /B,!A0,./ >C=/DC/ ,D@

K/0" /B,!A0,./ /.+=C> C,D !/ -0AL0/>>=K/B" CAD>.0?C./@ F=.+A?. !/=DL B=G=./@ !"J !?. ADB"

@=0/C./@ !"J .+/ !,>=C CAD@=.=AD> AE ./C+D=C> ,D@ 0/B=L=ADI

#+/ A0=L=D AE .+/ @=K=>=AD .+,. C0/,./@ ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL ,D@ 0/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DL C,D !/

,..0=!?./@ .A , -0=G=.=K/ >.0?C.?0/ AE 0/.=C?B,.=AD .+,. => .0?B" E?DC.=AD,BI #+=> @=K=>=AD

>/-,0,./@ E=L?0/ E0AG L0A?D@J E=L?0/ -0AK=@=DL .+/ CAD./D. AE ./C+D=C>J ,D@ L0A?D@ -0AK=@=DL

.+,. AE 0/B=L=ADI Q+/0/,> =D .+/ G,L=C,B 0/.=C?B,.=AD AE .+/ FA0B@J E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ ,0/

0/C=-0AC,B 0/,B=.=/>J ./C+D=C> ,D@ 0/B=L=AD /G/0L/ F+/D E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ !/CAG/ @/.,C+/@

E0AG AD/ ,DA.+/0J =D .+=> F," !/CAG=DL GA!=B/J @=K=>=!B/J @=>-B,C/,!B/J ,D@ @=0/C.B" A-/D .A


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,D=-?B,.=AD !/C,?>/ @=>CADD/C./@ E0AG .+/ FA0B@I #/C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL 0/.,=D> ADB" .+/

>C+/G,.=>G AE >.0?C.?0/>J AE F+,. G,O/> ?- .+/ /EE=C=/DC" AE ,C.=AD AD >=DL?B,0 >=./>M .+/>/

>=DL?B,0 >=./>J @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ FA0B@ AE F+=C+ .+/" F/0/ .+/ E=L?0/J @/.,C+/@ ,B>A E0AG

AD/ ,DA.+/0J BA>=DL .+/=0 =GGA!=B=Y=DL 0/.=C?B,0 CADC,./D,.=ADJ !/CAG/ @=K=>=!B/ ,D@

0/C/-.=K/ ,> F/BB ,> 0/-0A@?C=!B/ ,D@ CAD>.0?C.=!B/I #+/ /B/K,./@ -B,C/ !/CAG/> ,D

A!>/0K,.=AD -A>.J , F,.C+.AF/0 CAD>.0?C./@ =D .+/ -B,=DJ A0 , .AF/0 -B,C/@ ,. .+/ /D.0,DC/ .A

, LA0L/I ). .+/ !/L=DD=DLJ ./C+D=C> ,0/ AE./D CAD./D. .A @/K/BA- , -0=K=B/L/@ -B,C/J ,> F+/D

CAD>.0?C.=DL , .AF/0 ,. .+/ >?GG=. AE , +=BBJ A0 -B,C=DL , B=L+.+A?>/ AD , -0AGAD.A0" ,. .+/

GA>. K=>=!B/ -A=D.I 8?. ./C+D=C> C,D ,B>A >?CC/>>E?BB" C0/,./ .+/ E?DC.=AD,B=." AE -0=K=B/L/@

>=./>I 4E D,.?0,B 0/,B=.=/> ./C+D=C> 0/.,=D ADB" .+/ E=L?0,B -AF/0J DA. .+/ >=./ ,D@ D,.?0,B

BAC,B=Y,.=AD AD , @/./0G=D/@ L0A?D@ L=K/D -0=A0 .A ,D" +?G,D =D./0K/D.=ADI '=K=@=DL .+/

>C+/G,.=>G> GA0/ ,D@ GA0/J =. G,O/> >AG/.+=DL =D.A , .AAB A0 ,D =D>.0?G/D.J .+,. => .A >,"J

, E0,LG/D. @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ FA0B@ C,-,!B/ AE FA0O=DL /EE=C=/D.B" =D ,D" BAC,.=AD ,D@ ?D@/0

,D" CAD@=.=AD>J >=./ !" >=./J ,CCA0@=DL .A .+/ =D./D.=AD .+,. @=0/C.> =. ,D@ ,. .+/ GAG/D.

F+/D G,D >A F=>+/>I #+/ ,CC/>>=!=B=." AE .+/ ./C+D=C,B .+=DL CAD>=>.> =D =.> !/=DL E0//@ E0AG

>/0K=.?@/ .A .+/ L0A?D@ AE .+/ FA0B@I #/C+D=C> ,0/ ,D,B".=CJ A-/0,.=DL -0AL0/>>=K/B" ,D@ !"

CAD.,C.J B/,K=DL ,>=@/ CADD/C.=AD !" =DEB?/DC/I %D G,L=C .+/ >=DL?B,0 -B,C/ -/0G=.> ,C.=AD

AK/0 , F+AB/ @AG,=DJ P?>. ,> .,BO=DL .A .+/ O=DL => /DA?L+ .A F=D AK/0 , F+AB/ -/A-B/I %D

./C+D=C>J AD

.+/

A.+/0

+,D@J

,BB

AE

0/,B=."

G?>.

!/

/H,G=D/@J

.A?C+/@

,D@

.0/,./@

!"

.+/

./C+D=C,B A!P/C.J @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ FA0B@ ,D@ ,K,=B,!B/ EA0 ?>/ =D ,D" >=./ ,. ,D" GAG/D.I

#+/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C. => @=>.=DL?=>+,!B/ E0AG .+/ D,.?0,B !/=DL =D .+/ >/D>/ .+,. =. => DA. -,0. AE

.+/ FA0B@I %. =D./0K/D/> ,> G/@=,.A0 !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@M =. =>J .+/0/EA0/J .+/ E=0>.


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/.,C+/@ A!P/C.J EA0 .+/ FA0B@ => , ?D=."J , G=B=/? 0,.+/0 .+,D ,D /D>/G!B/ AE A!P/C.>M .+/0/

,0/ =D E,C. .+0// ."-/> AE 0/,B=."; .+/ FA0B@J .+/ >?!P/C.J ,D@ .+/ A!P/C.J F+=C+ => ,D

=D./0G/@=,0" !/.F//D .+/ FA0B@ ,D@ .+/ >?!P/C.J .+/ -0=G,0" EA0G AE F+=C+ => .+/ ./C+D=C,B

A!P/C.8

%%%I 1 '%W2&:23*2 45 #2*$3%*)7 #$%3_%3: )3' 45 &27%:%4X6 #$%3_%3:

#/C+D=C,B .+=DO=DLJ F+=C+ 0/>?B.> E0AG .+/ 0?-.?0/ AE .+/ -0=G=.=K/ 0/.=C?B,0 >.0?C.?0/

AE .+/ G,L=C,B FA0B@J ,D@ F+=C+ 0/.,=D> .+A>/ E=L?0,B /B/G/D.> .+,. C,D !/ @/-A>=./@ =D

A!P/C.>J .AAB>J A0 =D>.0?G/D.>J L,=D> E0AG .+=> @/.,C+G/D. ,D ,CC/>>=!=B=." .+,. G,O/>

-A>>=!B/ =.> ,--B=C,.=AD .A /K/0" /B/G/D. AE .+/ FA0B@I $AF/K/0J .+=> 0?-.?0/ ,B>A -0A@?C/> ,

@/E=C=.; .+/ .AAB A0 .+/ ./C+D=C,B =D>.0?G/D. +,> 0/.,=D/@ ADB" =.> E=L?0,B C+,0,C./0=>.=C>J ,D@

E=L?0,B ,>-/C.> .+,. ,0/ @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ L0A?D@ F=.+ F+=C+ .+/" +,@ ADC/ !//D @=0/C.B"

CADD/C./@ >=DC/ .+/" C,G/ E0AG , -0=G,0" >.0?C.?0=DL .+,. C,?>/@ E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ .A

>-0=DL ?- ,> , >=DLB/ ,D@ CAD.=D?A?> 0/,B=."I %D .+/ G,L=C,B ?D=K/0>/J .+/ E=L?0/ F,> .+/ E=L?0/

AE , L0A?D@ ,D@ .+/ L0A?D@ .+/ L0A?D@ AE , E=L?0/M .+/ 0/,BJ .+/ ?D=." AE .+/ 0/,BJ F,> ,. ADC/

E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@M .+/ N?/>.=AD AE , -A>>=!B/ B,CO AE /EE/C.=K/D/>> AE .+/ E=L?0/ AD .+/ L0A?D@

A0 AE .+/ =DEB?/DC/ AE .+/ L0A?D@ AD .+/ E=L?0/ CA?B@ DA. +,K/ ,0=>/DJ >=DC/ E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@

CAD>.=.?./@ , >=DLB/ ?D=." AE !/=DLI 4D .+/ A.+/0 +,D@J =D .+/ C,>/ AE ./C+D=C>J ,E./0 .+/

0?-.?0/J F+,. .+/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C. 0/.,=D/@ AE E=L?0,B C+,0,C./0=>.=C> ,D@ G,@/ .+/G

-/0G,D/D. E=D@> ,D" L0A?D@ F+,./K/0 ,DAD"GA?> ,D@ EA0/=LDI #+/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C. +,>

!/CAG/ , !/,0/0 AE EA0GJ , 0/GD,D. AE E=L?0,B C+,0,C./0=>.=C>J ,D@ =. .0=/> .A ,--B" .+,. EA0G

.A , L0A?D@ .+,. => DAF @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ E=L?0/J !/C,?>/ =. +,> BA>. =.> =D.=G,./ =D+/0/D.


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/B,.=AD>+=- ,D@ !/C,?>/ =. C,D !/ =DEA0G/@ !" ,D" EA0G /DCA?D./0/@J !?. =D , K=AB/D.J

GA0/ A0 B/>> =G-/0E/C. G,DD/0M E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ +,K/ !/CAG/ >.0,DL/0> ,D@ ,!>.0,C. =D

0/B,.=AD .A AD/ A.+/0I

#+/ +"B/GA0-+=C >C+/G, @A/> DA. >AB/B" @/>C0=!/ .+/ L/D/>=> AE B=K=DL !/=DL>M =. G=L+.

DA. /K/D @/>C0=!/ =. />>/D.=,BB"I (/0+,-> ,B>A =. @A/> DA. @/0=K/ E0AG , F/BB.+A?L+. A?. ,D@

CADC/-.?,B=Y/@ /H-/0=/DC/ AE ./C+D=C>; !/EA0/ .+/ ODAFB/@L/ AE .+/ B=K=DL !/=DL ,D@ !/EA0/

0/EB/C.=AD AD ./C+D=C>J .+=> =G-B=C=. ,@/N?,C" AE E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@ => !0AO/D !" ./C+D=C>I %E

.+/ +"B/GA0-+=C >C+/G, >//G> @=>/DL,L/@ E0AG ./C+D=C,B /H-/0=/DC/J .+=> => !/C,?>/ =. =>

GA0/ , DA0G ,D@ ,D =@/,B .+,D ,D /H-/0=/DC/ AE .+/ 0/,BI #/C+D=C,B /H-/0=/DC/J G,O=DL ?>/

AE K/>.=L/> AE E=L?0,B /B/G/D.> ,D@ K/>.=L/> AE L0A?D@C+,0,C./0=>.=C>J 0/K=K/> .+/ -0=G,0"

=D.?=.=AD AE , G?.?,B ,@+/0/DC/ AE G,../0 ,D@ EA0GJ AE , CA?-B=DL -0/C/@=DL ,D" @=K=>=ADI %D

.+=> >/D>/J .+/ +"B/GA0-+=C >C+/G, => CA00/C.J DA. !/C,?>/ AE .+/ BAL=C,B ?>/ AE =. =D ,DC=/D.

-+=BA>A-+"J !?. ,> ,D =D.?=.=AD AE .+/ >.0?C.?0/ AE .+/ ?D=K/0>/ EA0 G,D !/EA0/ .+/ !=0.+ AE

./C+D=C>I #+=> 0/B,.=AD C,DDA. !/ A0L,D=Y/@ ,> , +=/0,0C+"; =. C,DDA. +,K/ =D =. =DC0/,>=DLB"

>?CC/>>=K/ ,D@ =DC0/,>=DLB" ,!>.0,C. >.,L/> AE G,../0 ,D@ AE EA0GJ !/C,?>/ .+/ 0/,B GA@/B AE

.+/ 0/B,.=AD !/.F//D G,../0 ,D@ EA0G => .+/ -0=G,0" >.0?C.?0=DL AE .+/ ?D=K/0>/ ,> E=L?0/ ,D@

L0A?D@M DAFJ .+=> >.0?C.?0=DL => .0?/ ADB" =E =. => DA. ,!>.0,C.J =E =. => ,. AD/ >.,L/ ADB"M .+/

L0A?D@ => 0/,BB" L0A?D@ ,D@ .+/ E=L?0/ 0/,BB" E=L?0/J ,D@ =. C,DDA. !/CAG/ L0A?D@ EA0 , +=L+/0

E=L?0/I #+/ G,DD/0 =D F+=C+ )0=>.A.B/ @/>C0=!/> .+/ 0/B,.=AD> !/.F//D EA0G ,D@ G,../0J =D

-,0.=C?B,0 .+/ >?--A>=.=AD .+,. G,../0 ,>-=0/> .A EA0G SG,../0 ,>-=0/> .A EA0G ,> .+/ E/G,B/

.A .+/ G,B/T => ,B0/,@" E,0 E0AG -0=G=.=K/ G,L=C,B .+=DO=DLJ EA0 .+,. ,>-=0,.=AD C,D ADB" /H=>. =E

.+/0/ +,@ !//D ,D /,0B=/0 @/.,C+G/D.M >AJ =. => , >=DLB/ !/=DL .+,. => ,. ADC/ G,../0 ,D@ EA0GI


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D@ -0/C/@/@ ,D@ EABBAF/@ !" .+/ =GG/D>=." AE .=G/I Q+/.+/0 >?!P/C. A0 A!P/C.J .+/ A!P/C.J

.+/ !/=DLJ .+/ =D@=K=@?,B => ,BF,"> ?D@/0>.AA@ .A !/ B/>> .+,D ?D=."J .A !/ @AG=D,./@ !" ,

-0/>,L/@ .A.,B=." .+,. =DE=D=./B" .0,D>C/D@> =.I #+/ >A?0C/ AE .+/ .0,D>C/D@/DC/ B=/> =D .+/

E?DC.=AD AE .A.,B=." .+,. @AG=D,./> .+/ -,0.=C?B,0 !/=DLM =D .+/ 0/B=L=A?> K=/F AE .+=DL> .+=>

-,0.=C?B,0 !/=DL => ?D@/0>.AA@ =D 0/B,.=AD .A , .A.,B=." =D F+=C+ =. -,0.=C=-,./>J !/C,?>/ AE

F+=C+ =. /H=>.>J !?. F+=C+ =. C,D D/K/0 CAG-B/./B" /H-0/>>I &/B=L=AD ?D=K/0>,B=Y/> .+/ E?DC.=AD

AE .A.,B=."J F+=C+ => @=>>AC=,./@ ,D@ CAD>/N?/D.B" E0//@ E0AG ,D" E=L?0,B ,..,C+G/D. .+,.

B=G=.> =.M .+/ L0A?D@> CADD/C./@ .A .+/ FA0B@ =D G,L=C,B .+=DO=DL ,D@ CAD>/N?/D.B" B=G=./@ !"

.+/ K/0" >.0?C.?0=DL AE .+/ G,L=C,B ?D=K/0>/J !/CAG/ =D 0/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DL , B=G=.B/>>

!,COL0A?D@J >-,.=,B ,> F/BB ,> ./G-A0,BI #+/" 0/.,=D .+/=0 -A>=.=K/ L0A?D@ N?,B=.=/> SEA0C/>J

-AF/0>J =DEB?/DC/>J N?,B=."TJ !?. 0=@ .+/G>/BK/> AE .+/=0 B=G=.> ,D@ .+/ ,@+/0/DC/ .+,.

,..,C+/@ .+/G .A , #+- $" !9!-8 #+/" !/CAG/ ,!>AB?./ L0A?D@J .A.,B=." AE L0A?D@I

)@K,DC/G/D. =D .+/ ?D=K/0>/ !/L=D> E0AG B=!/0,./@ ,D@J .A >AG/ /H./D.J ,!>.0,C. G,L=C,B

L0A?D@>I

&/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DLJ ,E./0 .+/ @=>P?DC.=AD AE L0A?D@ ,D@ E=L?0/J 0/.,=D> .+/ A.+/0 -,0. AE

.+/ G,L=C,B FA0B@; .+/ L0A?D@J F=.+ =.> N?,B=.=/>J =.> ./D>=AD>J =.> EA0C/>M !?. .+=> L0A?D@J .AAJ

B=O/ .+/ E=L?0,B >C+/G,> AE ./C+D=C>J !/CAG/> >AG/.+=DL @/.,C+/@ E0AG .+/ FA0B@J

,!>.0,C./@ E0AG .+/ -0=G=.=K/ G=B=/?I )D@ P?>. ,> .+/ E=L?0,B >C+/G,> AE ./C+D=C>J E0//@ E0AG

.+/=0 ,@+/0/DC/ .A .+/ FA0B@J ,0/ ,EE=H/@ .A .AAB A0 =D>.0?G/D. =D .+/ CA?0>/ AE !/CAG=DL

A!P/C.=E=/@J .+/ N?,B=.=/> AE L0A?D@ .+,. ./C+D=C=." G,O/> ,K,=B,!B/ =D .+/ GA!=B=Y,.=AD AE

E=L?0/> ,0/ ,EE=H/@ .A >?!P/C.>I #/C+D=C,B A!P/C.=E=C,.=AD B/,@=DL .A .+/ /G/0L/DC/ AE .+/

./C+D=C,B A!P/C.J .+/ G/@=,.A0 !/.F//D G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@J +,> , CA?D./0-,0. =D 0/B=L=A?>


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?!P/C.=E=C,.=ADI R?>. ,> ./C+D=C,B G/@=,.=AD => =D>.=.?./@ !" G/,D> AE >AG/.+=DL .+,.

!/CAG/> , ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.J >A 0/B=L=A?> G/@=,.=AD /G/0L/> ,> , 0/>?B. AE .+/ ,EE=H=DL AE

L0A?D@ C+,0,C./0=>.=C> AD >?!P/C.>J 0/,B A0 =G,L=D,0"J @=K=D=.=/> A0 -0=/>.>I &/B=L=A?>

>?!P/C.=E=C,.=AD DA0G,BB" B/,@> .A G/@=,.=AD !" .+/ -0=/>.J F+=B/ ./C+D=C,B G/@=,.=AD B/,@> .A

G/@=,.=AD !" .+/ ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.I #/C+D=C=." 0/.,=D> .+/ E=L?0,B C+,0,C./0=>.=C> AE .+/

-0=G=.=K/ CAG-B/H AE G,D ,D@ .+/ FA0B@J F+=B/ 0/B=L=A>=." 0/.,=D> .+/ L0A?D@ C+,0,C./0=>.=C>I

#/C+D=C=." ,D@ 0/B=L=A>=." ,0/ D/=.+/0 @/L0,@/@ EA0G> AE G,L=C DA0 0/B=C> AE G,L=CM

.+/" =>>?/ E0AG .+/ @=K=>=AD AE .+/ -0=G=.=K/ G,L=C,B CAG-B/HJ .+/ 0/.=C?B,.=AD AE .+/ A0=L=D,B

+?G,D G=B=/? =D.A E=L?0/ ,D@ L0A?D@I %. => .+0A?L+ .+/=0 CA?-B=DL .+,. ./C+D=C> ,D@ 0/B=L=AD

,0/ .+/ +/=0> AE G,L=CJ DA. .+0A?L+ /,C+ AD =.> AFDI &/B=L=AD => DA. GA0/ G,L=C,B .+,D

./C+D=C>M =. => .+/ >?!P/C.=K/ -+,>/ AE .+/ 0/>?B. AE @=K=>=ADJ F+/0/,> ./C+D=C> ,0/ .+/

A!P/C.=K/ -+,>/ AE .+/ K/0" >,G/ @=K=>=ADI #/C+D=C> ,D@ 0/B=L=AD ,0/ CAD./G-A0,0=/> AE /,C+

A.+/0J ,D@J F+/D /,C+ => .,O/D >/-,0,./B"J .+/" ,0/ GA0/ =G-AK/0=>+/@ .+,D .+/ G,L=C E0AG

F+=C+ .+/" /G/0L/I

&/B=L=ADJ .+/0/EA0/J +,> !" D,.?0/ .+/ KAC,.=AD .A 0/-0/>/D. .+/ /H=L/DC" AE .+/

.A.,B=."M F+/D =. @=K=@/> =D.A , .+/A0/.=C,B GA@/ ,D@ , -0,C.=C,B GA@/J .+0A?L+ .+/ABAL" =.

!/CAG/> .+/ /H=L/DC" AE , >">./G,.=C 0/-0/>/D.,.=AD AE .+/ 0/,B ,> ,D ,!>AB?./ ?D=."M

.+0A?L+ GA0,B=."J

=.

!/CAG/>

EA0

/.+=C>

.+/

/H=L/DC"

AE

,!>AB?./

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AE

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.+,.

,0/

P?>.=E=/@ =D .+/ D,G/ AE .+/ .A.,B=." ,D@ >?-/0=A0 .A ,BB +"-A.+/.=C,BJ .+,. => .A >," -,0.=C?B,0J

=G-/0,.=K/>M .A >C=/DC/ ,> .A /.+=C>J 0/B=L=AD !0=DL> , -0=DC=-B/ AE 0/E/0/DC/ .A .+/ .A.,B=."J

F+=C+ => .+/ ,>-=0,.=AD .A .+/ ?D=." AE .+/A0/.=C,B ODAFB/@L/ ,D@ .A .+/ ,!>AB?./ C+,0,C./0 AE


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. / GA0,B =G-/0,.=K/I &/B=L=A?> =D>-=0,.=AD CAD>.=.?./> , -/0G,D/D. 0/G=D@/0 AE .+/

0/B,.=K=." AE AD/ -,0.=C?B,0 !/=DL F=.+ 0/>-/C. .A ,D ?DCAD@=.=AD,B .A.,B=." /HC//@=DL /K/0"

A!P/C. ,D@ /K/0" >?!P/C. AE ODAFB/@L/ ,D@ AE ,C.=ADI

*ADK/0>/B"J ./C+D=C> +,K/ , CAD./D. .+,. => ,BF,"> >?!A0@=D,./ .A .+/ >.,.?> AE .+/

?D=."J !/C,?>/ .+/ >C+/G,> AE /EE=C=/DC" ,D@ .+/ >.0?C.?0/> 0/>?B.=DL E0AG .+/ E0,LG/D.,.=AD

AE .+/ -0=G=.=K/ D/.FA0O AE O/" -A=D.> C,DDA. !/ ,--B=/@ .A .+/ .A.,B=." AE .+/ FA0B@I 8"

D,.?0/J ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.> ,0/ G?B.=-B/ ,D@ @=K=@/@M ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DLJ /DCBA>/@ =D .+=>

-B?0,B=."J C,D -0AL0/>>J !?. ADB" !" G?B.=-B"=DL ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.>J F=.+A?. !/=DL ,!B/ .A

0/C,-.?0/ .+/ -0=G=.=K/ ?D=."I 2K/D F+/D G?B.=-B"=DL ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.> /D@B/>>B"J =. =>

=G-A>>=!B/ .A E=D@ ,D ,!>AB?./ ,@/N?,C" .A .+/ FA0B@J >=DC/ /,C+ AE .+/ A!P/C.> ,..,CO> .+/

FA0B@ =D AD/ -B,C/ ADB" ,D@ =D AD/ GAG/D. ADB"M =. => BAC,B=Y/@J -,0.=C?B,0=Y/@M ,@@=DL

./C+D=C,B A!P/C.> AD/ .A ,DA.+/0 C,D D/=.+/0 0/ G,O/ .+/ FA0B@ DA0 0/L,=D CAD.,C. F=.+ .+/

FA0B@ =D =.> ?D=."J F+=C+ F,> .+/ ,=G AE G,L=C,B .+=DO=DLI

%D CADD/C.=AD F=.+ , >-/C=E=C A!P/C. A0 F=.+ , >-/C=E=C .,>OJ ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL => ,BF,">

=DE/0=A0 .A ?D=."; =. C,D -0/>/D. >/K/0,B A!P/C.> ,D@ >/K/0,B G/,D>J ,D@ >/B/C. .+/ !/>.M !?.

DAD/.+/B/>>J =. ,BF,"> 0/G,=D> =D,@/N?,./ .A .+/ F+AB/D/>> AE .+/ ?D=." AE .+/ A!P/C. A0 AE

.+/ .,>OI 2,C+ >C+/G,J /,C+ A!P/C.J /,C+ ./C+D=C,B A-/0,.=ADJ => CAD.0ABB/@ ,D@ L?=@/@ !" .+/

F+AB/ E0AG

F+=C+

=.

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=.>

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=.

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,

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,..,=D/@ -0=DC=-B/ AE ?D=." .+,. => /H-0/>>/@ !" CAG!=D=DL ,D@ G?B.=-B"=DL =.> >C+/G,>I

#/C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL +,> !" D,.?0/ .+/ KAC,.=AD .A 0/-0/>/D. .+/ -A=D. AE K=/F AE .+/

/B/G/D.M =. ,@+/0/> .A .+/ /B/G/D.,0" E?DC.=ADI 4DC/ ./C+D=C=." => ,@G=../@ =D.A , @AG,=D =.


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0/,O> =. ?- ,D@ >.,0.> , C+,=D AE >?CC/>>=K/ ,D@ /B/G/D.,0" G/@=,.=AD> LAK/0D/@ !" .+/

?D=." AE .+/ @AG,=D ,D@ >?!A0@=D,./@ .A =.I #/C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL CADC/=K/> .+/ A-/0,.=AD AE ,D

/D>/G!B/ ,> , C+,=D AE /B/G/D.,0" -0AC/>>/> FA0O=DL -A=D. !" -A=D. ,D@ >./- !" >./-M =.

BAC,B=Y/> ,D@ G?B.=-B=/> .+/ >C+/G,> AE G/@=,.=ADJ ,BF,"> 0/G,=D=DL B/>>/0 .+,D .+/ ?D=."I

#+/ /B/G/D. =D ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL => GA0/ >.,!B/J !/../0 ?D@/0>.AA@J ,D@ =D , C/0.,=D F,"

GA0/ -/0E/C. .+,D .+/ /D>/G!B/M =. => 0/,BB" ,D &23$-" J F+/0/,> .+/ /D>/G!B/ ,BF,"> 0/G,=D>

.A , C/0.,=D /H./D. =D+/0/D. =D .+/ FA0B@I &/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DL E=D@> .+/ A--A>=./ /N?=B=!0=?G; =D

=.J .+/ .A.,B=." => GA0/ >.,!B/J GA0/ -AF/0E?BJ ,D@ GA0/ K=,!B/ .+,D .+/ /B/G/D.I

%D .+/ .+/A0/.=C,B @AG,=D ,> =D .+/ /.+=C,B @AG,=DJ ./C+D=C> ,0/ CADC/0D/@ F=.+ .+/

/B/G/D.I %D .+/ >C=/DC/> .+/ CAD.0=!?.=AD AE ./C+D=C> CAD>=>./@ =D G,O=DL -A>>=!B/ ,

0/-0/>/D.,.=AD AE -+/DAG/D, AD/ !" AD/ !" !0/,O=DL .+/G @AFD =D.A >=G-B/ /B/G/D.,0"

-0AC/>>/> >=G=B,0 .A .+/ A-/0,.=AD> AE ./C+D=C,B A!P/C.>M >?C+ => .+/ 0AB/ AE .+/ G/C+,D=>.=C

+"-A.+/>=> .+,. /D,!B/@ '/>C,0./> .A 0/-0/>/D. .+/ 0,=D!AF ,> ,D AK/0,BB 0/>?B. AE .+/ -A=D.

!" -A=D. .0,P/C.A0" .,O/D !" /,C+ B?G=DA?> CA0-?>CB/ =D /,C+ @0A- AE 0,=D =D , CBA?@M ,D@ =.

F,> ,B>A ,CCA0@=DL .A .+/ >,G/ G/.+A@ .+,. '/>C,0./> @/>C0=!/> .+/ E?DC.=AD=DL AE .+/ +/,0.

!" !0/,O=DL @AFD , CAG-B/./ C"CB/ =D.A >=G-B/ >?CC/>>=K/ A-/0,.=AD> ,D@ >+AF=DL .+,. .+/

E?DC.=AD=DL AE .+/ F+AB/ => .+/ 0/>?B. AE .+/ -B," AE /B/G/D.> D/C/>>=.,./@ !" .+/=0 -,0.=C?B,0

@=>-A>=.=AD SEA0 /H,G-B/J .+,. AE /,C+ K,BK/TI '/>C,0./> @A/> DA. ,>O +=G>/BE F+" .+/ +/,0. =>

G,@/ =D .+=> F,"J F=.+ K,BK/> ,D@ C,K=.=/>J !?. +AF =. FA0O> L=K/D +AF =. => G,@/I #+/

,--B=C,.=AD AE >C+/G,> @0,FD E0AG ./C+D=C> @A/> DA. ,CCA?D. EA0 .+/ /H=>./DC/ AE .+/

.A.,B=."J .,O/D ,> , ?D=."J !?. @A/> ,CCA?D. EA0 .+/ -A=D. !" -A=D. ,D@ =D>.,D. !" =D>.,D.

E?DC.=AD=DL AE .+,. .A.,B=."I


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D .+/ /.+=C,B @AG,=DJ ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL DA. ADB" =D.0A@?C/> G/,D> AE ,C.=AD .+,. ,0/

E0,LG/D.,0" ,D@ .=/@ .A .+/ C,-,C=.=/> AE /,C+ A!P/C. .+,. => !/CAG=DL , ?./D>=BJ !?. ,B>A ,

C/0.,=D 0/@?-B=C,.=AD AE .+/ ,C.=AD !" ./C+D=C=."M , >-/C=E=C +?G,D ,C.=ADJ CAD>=@/0/@ F=.+

0/>-/C. .A =.> 0/>?B.>J CA?B@ +,K/ !//D ,CCAG-B=>+/@ !" , >-/C=E=C ./C+D=C,B E?DC.=AD=DL LA=DL

.+0A?L+ K,0=A?> >.,L/>M /B/G/D.> ,D@ GAG/D.> AE ,C.=AD +,K/ .+/=0 ./C+D=C,B ,D,BAL?/M ,D

/EEA0. AE ,../D.=ADJ AE G/GA0"J CA?B@ +,K/ !//D 0/-B,C/@ !" , ./C+D=C,B A-/0,.=ADM ./C+D=C=."

-0AK=@/> , -,0.=,B /N?=K,B/DC/ .A .+/ 0/>?B.> AE ,C.=ADM =. ,CC/D.?,./> ,F,0/D/>> AE .+/ ,C.=AD

!" .+/ !/=DL F+A !0=DL> =. .A CAG-B/.=AD =D .+/ EA0G AE 0/>?B.>M =. !0A,@C,>.> ,D@ A!P/C.=E=/>

.+/ 0/>?B.> AE .+/ ,C.=AD .+0A?L+ CAG-,0=>AD F=.+ .+A>/ AE .+/ ./C+D=C,B A-/0,.=ADJ !0/,O=DL

@AFD .+/ ,C.=AD =D.A -,0.=,B 0/>?B.>J =D.A /B/G/D.,0" CAG-B/.=AD>I R?>. ,> =D .+/ >C=/DC/>

./C+D=C=." =D.0A@?C/> .+/ >/,0C+ EA0 .+/ #&: !" , !0/,O=DL @AFD AE /D>/G!B/ -+/DAG/D,

=D.A /B/G/D.,0" A-/0,.=AD>J >AJ =D /.+=C> ./C+D=C=." =D.0A@?C/> .+/ >/,0C+ EA0 , !0/,O=DL @AFD

AE .+/ AK/0,BB ,C.=AD =D.A .+/ /B/G/D.> AE ,C.=ADM !/C,?>/ .+/ .A.,B ,C.=AD => /DK=>,L/@ ,> .+,.

F+=C+ -0A@?C/> , 0/>?B.J .+/ !0/,O@AFD AE .+/ ,C.=AD L/D/0,./@ !" ./C+D=C> CAD>=@/0> .+/

/B/G/D.> AE .+/ ,C.=AD ,> L/>.?0/> .+,. ,C+=/K/ -,0.=,B 0/>?B.>I #/C+D=C=." ,>>?G/> .+,. ,D

,C.=AD => B=G=./@ .A =.> 0/>?B.>M =. => DA. CADC/0D/@ F=.+ .+/ >?!P/C. AE .+/ ,C.=AD .,O/D =D =.>

0/,B .A.,B=."J DA0 /K/D F=.+ ,D ,C.=AD =D =.> .A.,B=."J .A .+/ /H./D. .+,. .+/ .A.,B=." AE .+/ ,C.=AD

=> EA?D@/@ AD .+/ ?D=." AE .+/ >?!P/C.I %D /.+=C> CADC/0D F=.+ 0/>?B.> => .+/ ,D,BAL?/ AE .+/

>/,0C+ EA0 .+/ #&: =D .+/ >C=/DC/>M 0/>?B. ,D@ -0AC/>> 0/G,=D >?!A0@=D,./ .A .+/ ?D=." AE .+/

,C.=AD A0 .A .+/ /D>/G!B/ AE .+/ 0/,BI


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+/ -A>.?B,.=AD AE ,D ,!>AB?./ ,D@ ?DCAD@=.=AD,B P?>.=E=C,.=AD F+=C+ 0/B=L=AD @=0/C.>

.AF,0@ /.+=C> .0,D>B,./> =D.A , >/,0C+ EA0 .+/ =D./D.=AD ,> A--A>/@ .A , >/,0C+ EA0 .+/ 0/>?B.

.+,. => =D>-=0/@ !" ./C+D=C>I %D .+/ >C=/DC/>J 0/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DL =D.0A@?C/> ,D ,--/,B EA0

,!>AB?./ .+/A0/.=C,B ?D=." .+,. 0/N?=0/> , >/,0C+ EA0 .+/ >/D>/ AE !/CAG=DL ,D@ .+/ /H=>./DC/

AE L=K/D -+/DAG/D, S+/DC/ 0/>-AD@=DL .A .+/ :#6; TJ F+/0/,> ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL AEE/0> ,D

/H,G=D,.=AD AE .+/ #&:; EA0 /,C+ AE .+/ -+/DAG/D,I

8/C,?>/ =.> CAD./D. => =DE/0=A0 .A ?D=."J ./C+D=C,B .+=DO=DL => .+/ -,0,@=LG EA0 ,BB

=D@?C.=K/ .+=DO=DLJ !A.+ =D .+/ .+/A0/.=C,B A0@/0 ,D@ =D .+/ -0,C.=C,BI %. CAD.,=D> .+=> =D@?C.=K/

-0AC/>> =D =.>/BEJ -0=A0 .A ,D" >/-,0,.=AD =D.A -0,C.=C,B ,D@ .+/A0/.=C,B GA@/>I %D@?C.=ADJ =D

E,C.J => DA. G/0/B" , BAL=C,B -0AC/>> =D .+/ >.0=C. >/D>/ AE .+/ ./0GM ,D" -0AC/>> C,D !/

CAD>=@/0/@ .A !/ , -0AC/>> AE .+/ =D@?C.=K/ ."-/ =E =.> CAD./D. => =DE/0=A0 .+/ >.,.?> AE ?D=."J =E

=. >.0=K/> .A ,..,=D ?D=." A0J ,. B/,>.J =E =. ./D@> .AF,0@ ?D=." E0AG , -B?0,B=." AE /B/G/D.>J /,C+

AE F+=C+ => =DE/0=A0 .A ?D=."I Q+,. =D@?C.=AD .,O/> +AB@ AEJ F+,. =. >.,0.> E0AGJ => ,D /B/G/D.

.+,. =D =.>/BE => DA. >?EE=C=/D. ,D@ CAG-B/./J ,D@ @A/> DA. CAD>.=.?./ , ?D=."M >AJ =. /HC//@>

/,C+ -,0.=C?B,0 /B/G/D. !" CAG!=D=DL =. F=.+ A.+/0 /B/G/D.> .+,. ,0/ .+/G>/BK/> -,0.=C?B,0J

=D A0@/0 .A E=D@ ,D ,D,BAL?/ AE ?D=."; =D =D@?C.=AD .+/0/ => , >/,0C+ EA0 .+/ L0A?D@ AE 0/,B=."

E0AG E=L?0,B /B/G/D.> .+,. ,0/ E0,LG/D.>M .A .0" .A E=D@ , B,F !/D/,.+ -+/DAG/D,J ,> =D .+/

=D@?C.=AD AE 8,CAD ,D@ 6.?,0. 9=BBJ A0 .A .0" .A E=D@ ADB" F+,. => CAGGAD .A ,BB =D@=K=@?,B> AE

, L=K/D >-/C=/>J ,> =D )0=>.A.B/V> =D@?C.=ADJ => .A -A>.?B,./ .+,. !/"AD@ .+/ -B?0,B=." AE

-+/DAG/D, ,D@ AE =D@=K=@?,B> .+/0/ /H=>.> , >.,!B/ ,D@ CAGGAD L0A?D@ EA0 0/,B=."J .+,. =>

.+/ ?D=." AE .+/ 0/,BI


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. => DA @=EE/0/D. =D /.+=C> .+,. FA?B@ @=0/C.B" @/0=K/ E0AG ./C+D=C>M .A F,D. .+/ F+AB/

@?0,.=AD AE B=E/ .A !/ , >/0=/> AE GAG/D.>J .A /H.0,C. E0AG /,C+ >=.?,.=AD F+,. => -B/,>,D. =D

=.J ,D@ .A F,D. .A CAD>.0?C. .+/ +,--=D/>> AE B=E/ !" ,CC?G?B,.=DL =.> ,L0//,!B/ /B/G/D.>J ,>

@=@ ,DC=/D. 2?@,=GAD=>G A0 X.=B=.,0=,D=>GJ => .A -0AC//@ =D ,D =D@?C.=K/ G,DD/0J !" .0"=DL .A

0/-B,C/ .+/ ?D=." AE .+/ @?0,.=AD AE B=E/ ,D@ .+/ ?D=." AE +?G,D ,>-=0,.=AD F=.+ , -B?0,B=." AE

=D>.,D.> ,D@ F=.+ .+/ +AGAL/D/=." AE ,BB >?CC/>>=K/ @/>=0/>I #+/ /B,!A0,.=AD .A F+=C+

2-=C?0/,D=>G >?!G=.> @/>=0/> +,> AD/ LA,B ADB"J F+=C+ => .A =DCA0-A0,./ .+/G =D.A .+/

CAD.=D?=." AE ,D /H=>./DC/ .+,. -0AC//@> =D ,D ,CC?G?B,.=K/ G,DD/0; EA0 .+=>J /,C+ AE .+/

@/>=0/> G?>. !/ @AG=D,./@ ,D@ >?00A?D@/@ !" .+/ >?!P/C.J G,@/ B/>>/0 .+,D ?D=."J >A .+,. =.

C,D !/ .0/,./@ ,D@ G,D=-?B,./@ ,> , L/D?=D/ /B/G/D.I #+=> => F+" .+/ -,>>=AD> ,0/

/B=G=D,./@J >=DC/ .+/" C,DDA. !/ .0/,./@ ,> /B/G/D.>M .+/" ,0/ B,0L/0 .+,D .+/ ?D=." AE .+/

>?!P/C.M .+/" @AG=D,./ =.J .+/" CAG/ E0AG E,0.+/0 ,F," .+,D =. ,D@ ./D@ .A LA E,0.+/0 AD

.+,D =.J A!B=L=DL =. .A /HC//@ =.> B=G=.>I 7?C0/.=?> .0=/> .A @/>.0A" .+/ -,>>=AD> E0AG F=.+=DJ !"

>+AF=DL .+,. .+/" ,0/ !,>/@ AD /00A0>M =D E,C.J +/ E,=B> .A ,CCA?D. EA0 .+/ /B/G/D. AE

./D@/DC" =D -,>>=ADJ .+,. => .A >,"J EA0 .+/ EA0C/ .+,. => =D>/0./@ =D.A .+/ >?!P/C. ,D@ "/. =>

GA0/ /H./D>=K/ .+,D =.J , EA0C/ =D 0/B,.=AD .A F+=C+ =. >//G> .A !/ , K/0" B=G=./@ !/=DLM

./D@/DC" C,DDA. !/ CAD>=@/0/@ .A !/ CAD.,=D/@ F=.+=D .+/ >?!P/C. ,> , ?D=."I Q=>@AGJ

+,K=DL 0/>.A0/@ .+/ EA0C/> ,. .+/ A0=L=D AE ,C.=AD .A , >.,.?> AE =DE/0=A0=." F=.+ 0/>-/C. .A .+/

?D=." AE

.+/

GA0,B

>?!P/C.J

C,D

A0L,D=Y/

.+/G

,>

/B/G/D.>

,D@

0/CAD>.0?C.

,

GA0,B

>?!P/C.

F=.+=D .+/ D,.?0,B >?!P/C.M +AF/K/0J .+=> GA0,B >?!P/C. D/K/0 CAG-B/./B" ,..,=D> .+/ B/K/B AE

?D=."M !/.F//D .+/ 0/CAD>.0?C./@ GA0,B >?!P/C. ,D@ .+/ D,.?0,B >?!P/C. .+/0/ 0/G,=D> , KA=@

=G-A>>=!B/ .A E=BBM .+/ =D@?C.=K/ ,--0A,C+ 0/G,=D> =D -B?0,B=."M =. CAD>.0?C.> , D/.FA0O AE


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B/G/D.>J !?. .+=> D/.FA0O C,DDA. ,GA?D. .A , 0/,B ?D=."I )BB /.+=C,B ./C+D=C> B/,K/ .+/

GA0,B >?!P/C. ?D>,.=>E=/@ !/C,?>/ .+/" =LDA0/ =.> ?D=."M .+/ >?!P/C. C,DDA. !/ CAD./D. F=.+ ,

B=E/ .+,. FA?B@ !/ , >/0=/>J /K/D ,D ?D=D./00?-./@ >/0=/>J AE +,--" GAG/D.>M , B=E/ .+,. =>

-/0E/C.B" >?CC/>>E?B /B/G/D. !" /B/G/D. => >.=BB DA. , GA0,B B=E/M =. B,CO> F+,. G,O/> =. .+/ B=E/

AE , >?!P/C.; ?D=."I

8?. CADK/0>/B"J 0/B=L=A?> .+=DO=DLJ .+/ EA?D@,.=AD AE A!B=L,.=ADJ C0/,./> =D /.+=C,B

.+A?L+. , >/,0C+ EA0 ?DCAD@=.=AD,B P?>.=E=C,.=AD F+=C+ G,O/> /K/0" ,C. ,D@ /K/0" >?!P/C.

,--/,0 .A !/ =DE/0=A0 .A 0/,B ?D=."M F+/D 0/B,./@ .A , .A.,B=." .+,. /H-,D@> /D@B/>>B"J .+/

GA0,B ,C. ,D@ >?!P/C. @/0=K/ .+/=0 >=LD=E=C,DC/ >AB/B" E0AG .+/=0 0/B,.=AD F=.+ .+=> .A.,B=."M .+/

CAGG?D=C,.=AD !/.F//D .+/ .A.,B=." ,D@ .+/ >?!P/C. => -0/C,0=A?>J !/C,?>/ ,. /K/0" GAG/D.

.+/ >?!P/C. => @0,FD !,CO .A .+/ @=G/D>=AD AE =.> AFD ?D=."J F+=C+ => DA. .+,. AE .+/ .A.,B=."M

.+/ /.+=C,B >?!P/C. => @/ C/D./0/@ !" 0/B=L=A?> /H=L/DC"I


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05 - gilbert simondon - on the modes of existence of technical objects

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