11.-amsoil filtration fundamentals

8/12/2019 11.-AMSOIL Filtration Fundamentals

1/56

Filtration FundamentalsA Technical Introduction to Air and Fluid Filtration | Presented by AMSOIL INC.

Dealer Training Series


2/56


3/56


4/56tration Fundamentals: Introduction to Filtration

Filtration Fundamentals: Section 1Introduction to Filtration

Introduction

This course has been designed as a technical introducon to the basicprinciples of air and uid ltraon and the various methods used tocontrol contaminants within ltraon systems. It is ideal for those whoservice or maintain mechanical equipment, and those who market AMSOIL

products.

The material for this course is divided into three secons: the denion ofa lter, common contaminants and their eects and types of media used inboth air and uid ltraon. The second and third secons discuss air anduid ltraon respecvely, and go into greater detail on each topic.

Section Objectives

Aer studying Secon 1, you should understand and be able to explain thefollowing terms and concepts:

1. The funcon of a lter2. Eects of unchecked contaminants in air and uid systems3. Three main lter characteriscs4. Three main contaminants and how they aect lubricaon systems5. Range of contaminant sizes and the contaminant size of greatest

concern6. Flow vs. Eciency Compromise and methods to minimize it7. Seven lter medias and their applicaons (air, oil or both)

Section Keywords

The following keywords are dened in this secon. Pay parcular aenon

to their explanaons as these concepts will serve as building blocks forfuture lessons.

Absolute EciencyBeta RaoCapacityCellulose MediaEciencyFilterFlowFoam Filtraon MediaFull-Synthec Media

Flow vs. Eciency CompromiseLarge ParclesMedium ParclesMicronNanoberSmall ParclesSynthec Nanober MediaTypical Full-Flow Filter EciencyWeed-Gauze MediaWire-Screen Filter Media


5/56Filtration Fundamentals: Introduction to Filtra

Filters & Why They are Important

Ais a porous membranethat gas or liquid is passedthrough in order to separate outmaer in suspension. In vehicularapplicaons, this maer is dirt, dust,contaminants or parculates, allthe same and all detrimental to air

and uid systems if leunchecked.Proper ltraon results in twooverall benets: it ensures theequipment has a sasfactory servicelife and maintains the equipmentsperformance.

Filters are crucial in automove applicaons because they removecontaminants that enter mechanical and lubricaon systems. Withoutproper ltraon, these contaminants would create signicant damage tomechanical components. Contaminants, such as dirt and silicon parcles,can be introduced from the environment or can be by-products ofequipment operaon. If leuncontrolled, these contaminants can causeaccelerated wear on engine components and reduce equipment eciency.

From a systems standpoint, ltraon can be divided into two major types:air and uid. Both are important and serve specic funcons necessary tomaintain vehicle cleanliness and eciency.

Filtration Performance

A good lter is designed to perform well in a number of areas. Whenchoosing an air or oil lter, three main lter characteriscs should be

considered.The rst of these is. The lter must have the ability to ow anadequate amount of air or liquid for normal applicaon operaon.

The second consideraon is the usable of the lter. The lter musthave adequate contaminant-holding capacity to remain in service for anacceptable period of me.

Finally, a lters refers to its ability to adequately removecontaminants of a size crical for the applicaon.

When considering lter performance, remember the . A lter that is very open and free-owing will generally havepoor parcle removal eciency. Conversely, if a lter has excellent small-parcle removal eciency it will generally be more resistant to ow andhave a relavely short life expectancy.

AMSOIL Ea Filters employ a number of mechanisms to migate the owvs. eciency compromise, including specialized design techniques andsophiscated materials and lter media. These specialized techniques andmedia types are discussed further in Secons 2 and 3.

Filters & WhyThey areImportant

FiltrationPerformance



Common Contaminants and Their Effects

Solid Matter (air & oil)According to a study published by the Society of Automove Engineers(SAE), approximately 400 tons of solid material is suspended in everycubic mile of air over a city. Even more solid maer is suspended overagricultural areas during certain mes of the year. Of this solid maer,a signicant poron is airborne dirt and dust. The dirt and dust found

naturally within the

environment is of greatestconcern due to its abrasivenature.

Uncontrolled ingeson andcirculaon of air-boundabrasive material canreduce the life expectancyof an internal combusonengine by as much as 60 to80 percent, which is whyltraon is so crucial to

engine and component life.The minute parcles foundnaturally in the environment

can signicantly increase wear to engine components, ulmately limingthe engines operang life.

In four-cycle engines, dirt and dust contaminaon can result in valve-guidewear. Dirt and dust that reaches the combuson chamber can increasepiston and ring wear and damage the cylinder liner. These parcles areeventually carried by the oil to other engine components such as bearings,crankshas and camshas.

Water (air & oil)Water accounts for up to 4 percent of the air. When condions are right,that water condenses into liquid form and enters lubricaon systems. Theeects can be catastrophic. Water reduces oils ability to lubricate andcan combine with other molecules to cause chemical reacons that formcorrosive compounds and acids. Most recognizably, water promotes theformaon of rust, increasing the potenal for harmful rust contaminaonto develop within the system.

CommonContaminants andTheir Effects

Figure 1.1

Solid matter from the environment can reduce the lifeexpectancy of an internal combustion engine by 60 to 80percent.

Figure 1.2

Almost half of all bearing failures can be attributed to dirt.



Soot (air & oil)Soot is a ne, dark powder that results from incomplete combuson.Modern engines are designed to capture soot in the oil; while electroniccontrols and high injecon pressures have signicantly reduced the levelsof soot produced during combuson, it remains an impurity that must bemanaged within the lubricaon system.

As soot levels increase within the crankcase, the eecveness of thelubricants dispersant addive is reduced, causing the soot to cluster into

larger parcles that increase wear to crical components.

Contaminant Size

Contaminants suspended in air or uid can be very small. To grasp just howsmall these parcles are, an understanding of the measurements involvedin their classicaon is necessary.

A (), or micrometer, is a very small unit of linear measurementequal to one millionth of a meter, or .00000039 inches. To get an ideaof the sizes that micron measurements relate to, consider the followingexamples:

The diameter of a human hair is 50 to 100 The smallest parcle visible without magnicaon is 40

, which measure 0.5 or larger, pose only a small threat tolubricaon systems because they are easily ltered out from the intake airstream.

, which measure 25 to 0.5, are more dicult to lterfrom the air stream and are of greater concern. However, the threat ofmedium parcles is diminished because they are larger than many of the

Contaminant Size

Figure 1.3The size of nanobers is equal to one millionth of a meter -smaller than the diameter of a human hair.



clearances within an engine. Their size prevents them from entering thecontact areas between many components and limits their ability to causeaccelerated wear.

, those in the 5 - 25 range, are the cause for greatestconcern because their size allows them penetrate the clearances betweenwear-sensive components. Once these small parcles become lodgedin the gaps between components, contact occurs and results in increasedfricon and wear. The size of these parcles makes them parcularly

dicult to remove from the lubricang system.

Parcles smaller than 5 , in general, can be suspended safely within theoil lm and pose lile threat.

Flow vs. Effi ciency Compromise

The refers to the converse relaonship ofow and eciency and how it eects lter media density. As the density oflter media increases to improve eciency, the ability of air or uid to owthrough the media is diminished.

The ow vs. eciency compromise presents a challenge for lterengineers. Filter eciency can be improved by increasing media density;however, media that is too dense restricts ow and does not provideadequate amounts of air or liquid for opmum performance.

One common method of migang the eects of the ow vs. eciencycompromise is increasing the ltraon surface area by folding or pleangthe media.

Filter Media Types

This secon covers the various types of lter media; some of which areused in both air and oil applicaons, while others are best-suited to oneapplicaon or the other.

Common types of air ltraon media include cellulose, weed-gauze,

Flow vs.EfficiencyCompromise

Filter Media Types

Figure 1.4Particle size effects on wear. (Courtesy of MANN+HUMMEL)



nanober, open-celled foam and synthec bers.

Common types of oil ltraon media include cellulose, cellulose/synthecblend, wire screen and full synthec.

Cellulose Media (air & uid) is a natural media derived from plant bers. The bersare rough in texture and vary in size and shape. Cellulose bers are

typically heat-cured and mixed

with resins to increase sness.Cellulose media has been usedfor many years and is employedin the majority of lters in themarket. Its performance variesdepending on processing andthe type and amount of resinused to bind the bers. Filtersproduced with cellulose mediaare usually designed to meetoriginal equipment manufacturers(OEM) requirements and provide

adequate performance.

Cellulose/Synthetic Blend Media (uid)Cellulose/synthec blend media typically consists of cellulose berscombined with high amounts of bonding resins and various amounts ofglass or polymeric bers. Cellulose/synthec media lters normally providebeer eciency and capacity than cellulose media lters.

Wetted-Gauze Media (air) is a naturally occurring material oen used in airlters. Weed-gauze lters are composed of layered coon bers weedwith a tacking oil to trap contaminants. This media is usually employed inhigh-performance lters where high airow is required; however, lteringeciency is generally compromised. Weed-gauze lters require repeatedcycles of washing and re-oiling, which can reduce their eecveness.

Synthetic Nanober Media (air)Polymeric refers to a chemical process that creates a structure of repeang

molecular elements. is a term used to describe berswith a diameter less than 1 .The consistent structure andsmall size of polymeric nanobersenable high eciencies. Recently, has been used in conjunconwith cellulose media to createa composite, high-eciencylter. The combinaon featurescellulose media covered by a thinlayer of polymeric nanobers to

increase eciency with minimal impact to airow. Filters produced withsynthec nanobers on cellulose composite media can be cleaned usingcompressed air or a vacuum.

Figure 1.6Synthetic nanobers on cellulose media

Figure 1.5Cellulose bers made from plant materials


10/56

0

tration Fundamentals: Introduction to Filtration

Foam Filter Media (air)Foam lter media has been available for many years, mainly for use insmaller engines; however, it has also been successfully used in automobile,

powersports and large-truckapplicaons. is generally reculated(open cell) foam made of polyesteror polyether/polyurethanematerial. Pore size is controlled

and ranges from 10 pores perinch (PPI) to 80 PPI depending onintended applicaon.

Foam media is heat resistantto 455F (235C), and with voidspace making up 97 percent of the

media, airow is increased. As with weed-gauze lters, tack oil appliedto the foam helps capture and retain contaminant parcles. Foam ltersare advantageous in high-dust condions because they can be cleaned andreused.

Full-Synthetic Media (air & uid) is synthesized from polymeric nanober materialssuch as non-woven polyester bers and melt-blown glass bers. It has

high lo, or u, which improvesmedia thickness and increasescontaminant-holding capacity.Synthec bers of dieringsizes, density and layers can beengineered with specic airowrates and eciencies. Manyforeign automobile manufacturersspecify full-synthe

c air

lters, and

the vast majority of cabin air ltersare constructed with this mediatype.

In uid applicaons, synthec bers of various sizes and densies can beengineered to control eciency and oil ow rates. Synthec media workswell in oil applicaons because it is more resistant to hot oil over a longerperiod of me as compared to cellulose and cellulose-blend lters.

Wire-Screen Media (uid) technology has been used for many years in uid

applicaons. It is composed of wire strands that are woven together toform a resilient, heat-resistant lter that can withstand roune cleaning.Wire screen media can be constructed of aluminum, stainless steel, carbonsteel, brass or copper. Wire lters that depend on the sieving ltraonmechanism provide capacies less than those of cellulose, cellulose-blendand synthec lter media, and are mainly found in industrial or racingapplicaons.

Figure 1.8Full-synthetic media

Figure 1.7Open-celled foam media


12/56

2

tration Fundamentals: Introduction to Filtration

Section 1 Review Questions

1. The major cause of premature bearing failure in automove enginestoday is _________.

2. Without air ltraon, an engines life can be reduced by as much as____-____ percent.

3. 3. List two reasons why ltraon is important.__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

4. What is the inherent challenge of designing a lter? Name one way thiseect can be minimized.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5. Contaminants in the _____ to _____ micron range cause the greatest

amount of wear on an engine.

6. __________ is a common lter media, derived from plant material.

7. Which lter media oers high eciency and can be cleaned usingcompressed air or vacuum?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

8. What lter media type can be engineered to target specic ow rates?__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

9. The purpose of the pleats in lters is to increase surface area.

True or False


13/56


14/56

4

tration Fundamentals: Air Filtration

Filtration Fundamentals: Section 2Air Filtration

Introduction

This secon of Filtraon Fundamentals covers the basic principles of airltraon. A thorough understanding of basic principles of air ltraon isessenal for providing exceponal customer service.

Section Objectives


1. The air lters role in an engine2. The Stoichiometric rao and variances in its real-world applicaon3. The four air ltraon mechanisms4. Benets of Depth Screening vs. Surface Screening5. Benets of using nanobers in air lters6. Benets of AMSOIL Ea Filters

Section Keywords

The following keywords are dened in this secon. Pay parcular aenonto their explanaons as these concepts will serve as building blocks forfuture lessons.

Adsorpon FiltraonCubic Feet of Air Flow per Minute (CFM)Depth ScreeningDiusionFilter Minder

ManometerNanobersOil-Weed FoamStoichiometric RaoSurface Screening


15/56


16/56


17/56Filtration Fundamentals: Air Filtra

through the lter media while removing more parculate maer.The paper air and oil lters commonly used in modern automobiles areexamples of lters that employ depth screening. The media used in suchlters consists of a blend of cellulose material to which resins have beenadded to increase structural strength and minimize deterioraon fromwater. Glass bers may also be added to increase structural strength andaid in pore-size uniformity. These glass bers are rarely used as the solecomponent of air lters, but are common in the construcon of high-end

hydraulic lters.

Adsorption does not use a mechanical ltraon method likethose used in screening ltraon. Instead, parcles are removed fromthe air stream through aracon to a negavely charged surface, or bycontacng a surface composed of a scky or tacky material. This type ofltraon is uncommon in the transportaon industry.

DiffusionIn the ltraon principle of , airborne parcles are separatedfrom a diverted air stream according to their weight. As air moves, anysuspended contaminants are accelerated within the air stream. Due to

their greater weight, contaminants tend to move more or less in a straightline and will not change direcon as easily as the air molecules aroundthem.

In an old automove oil-bath ltraon system, air is drawn down achannel and forced to make a 180 direconal change. The weight ofthe contaminants causes them to separate from the air when it changes

Figure 2.3Adsorption. Particles are retained via the sticky or tacky properties of thesurface.

Figure 2.4Diffusion. Contaminants separate out when airchanges direction.


18/56

8


direcon. Once the contaminants have been separated, they are retainedon a surface covered in tack oil.

Airow and Filter Performance

Adequate airow is essenal for an engines performance. A lters abilityto ow air is usually reported in .Resistance is a measure of a lters ability to pass a volume of air through

the lter media. The degree of resistance is determined by measuring thedierence in pressure (pressure dierenal) between the outside of thelter and the pressure inside the lter at a given ow rate. The greater theresistance to airow for a given volume of air, the greater the pressuredierenal across the lter media.

A is a device used to indicate a pressure dierenal within asystem. The greater the resistance to ow, the higher the uid will rise inthe manometer. The degree of resistance is reported in inches of wateror mercury, depending on the construcon of the manometer. (See gure2.11 on page 23)

One lters ow performance can only be compared to anothers when therate of ow has been determined at idencal levels of restricon and thesame units of restricon (water or mercury) are used.

The indicates when the pressure dierenal between theoutside and inside of the lter element becomes too high and the lteris too clogged for air to pass through to the engine. Original equipmentmanufacturers (OEMs) determine the proper pressure dierenal for eachapplicaon.

Nanober TechnologyNanober air lter technology, patented by Donaldson Company, is

employed on the US Army Abrams M1A1 tanks in desert condions. Theselters, equipped with reverse pulse technology, are designed to minimizesoldier maintenance and possible exposure to the enemy.

At less than one micron in diameter, are considerably smallerthan tradional cellulose and synthec lter media. Nanobers trap sub-micron contaminants on the medias surface layer.

The polymeric nanobers used in lter media are made using an electro-spinning process where an electrical eld is used to draw a polymersoluon from the p of a capillary to a collector device. The ne jets dry toform polymeric bers that can be collected on a web (somemes called a

nanoweb).

Nanobers on Cellulose MediaThe average diameter of a strand of cellulose ber is approximately 15 ,melt-blown material is about 2 and nanobers are less than 1 . Recallthat a human hair ranges from 50 to 100 , so the scale of nanobers isinnitely small and cannot be seen with the naked eye.

The following illustraon demonstrates how the combinaon of nanobersand cellulose media works to maximize eciency. Imagine two ltraonmedia, a chain-link fence (cellulose ber media) and a mosquito net (melt-

Airflow and FilterPerformance



blown & nanober media). Each is required to stop contaminants, in thiscase a tennis ball.

The tennis ball will t into the opening of the chain-link fence very welland obstructs almost 100 percent of the air from owing through it. Now,imagine a tennis ball against a mosquito net. The tennis ball, at the point of

contact with the neng, will obstruct much less lter area than the chain-link fence example. Air is sll able to ow around the tennis ball all theway to the point of contact. It will take many more parcles to obstruct theneng surface area than it would to obstruct the chain-link fence.

Cellulose bers are larger than nanobers and have larger spaces betweenthe bers, causing contaminants to be held in the depth of the mediaand plugging the airow path. This results in higher restricon andless capacity, meaning that cellulose is a less ecient lter media thannanober media.

When synthec nanobers are laid on top of a cellulose base to create adual-layer media, it creates smaller inter-ber spaces that result in higher

Figure 2.5The tennis ball obstructs airow of the larger bers and larger holes, while it obstructs much lessair against media composed of smaller bers and smaller holes.

Figure 2.6The smaller spaces created by nanober media increases contaminant capturingefciency.


20/56

0


eciency. By trapping submicron contaminants on the surface, rather thandispersing them throughout the depth of the lter, nanobers are able tostop parcle contaminants while maintaining an airow path.

These qualies are crucial in on-highway applicaons because thecontaminants in highway environments are primarily sub-micron size.

AMSOIL Ea Air Filters

AMSOIL Ea Air FiltersAMSOIL Ea Air Filters (EAA) are made with a nanober coang on thesurface of a specially formulated cellulose media.

This custom media is designed to ow more air and provide superioreciency over lters made using cellulose, synthec or foam media. Inaddion, Ea Air Filters can be cleaned with vacuum or shop air, providing

increased lter life compared with tradional air lters.

Ea Air Filter LifeAMSOIL guarantees Ea Air Filters for four years or 100,000 miles,whichever comes rst, as long as the lter has been cleaned according toAMSOIL cleaning instrucons. The warranty does not include operaonin o-road, compeon or extremely dusty environments. In thesecondions the lter should be cleaned more oen or per restricon gauge,if so equipped.

AMSOIL Advantage

AMSOIL Ea Air Filters use a proprietary combinaon of special-gradecellulose media and nanober media for enhanced eciency and ow.AMSOIL Ea Air Filters have higher eciency, greater capacity for nedusts and longer lter life compared to tradional cellulose, foam andgauze lter media. Dust remains on the surface of Ea Air lters and can becleaned to provide a longer-than-average service life. AMSOIL Ea Air Filtersoer beer engine protecon with increased ow and capacity for longerservice life and reduced maintenance costs.

AMSOIL Ea Universal Air Induction FiltersAermarket air-intake systems, typically referred to as air inducon

AMSOIL Filters

Figure 2.7AMSOIL Ea Air Filters



systems, are used toreplace the OEM air lterand inlet hose in orderto provide increasedairow to the engine. Thepurpose of increasing theairow to the engine isto increase horsepower

created duringcombuson.

AMSOIL Ea Universal AirInducon Filters (EAAU)replace stock oil-weedgauze and foam conicallters supplied with

inducon systems. AMSOIL Ea Universal Air Inducon Filters are cleanablefor longer life and provide beer eciency and excellent airow.

AMSOIL Ea Universal Air Inducon Filters feature the same nanober

media found in AMSOIL Ea Filters for car and light-truck applicaons.The media is pleated with epoxy-coated wire on the face and back side

for addional strength andsness. High-quality, pliableurethane connectors withplassol pong complete theproduct. Each lter comeswith a clamp for convenientinstallaon.

AMSOIL Ea Racing Air FiltersAMSOIL Ea Racing Air Filters

(EAAR) provide Ea proteconfor carbureted applicaons.AMSOIL Ea Racing Air Filtersprovide addional lteringarea by allowing air to owthrough the top lid, which ismade of nanober media. The

lter is also exposed, allowing air to ow through the side and adding evengreater air intake capability and eciency. AMSOIL Ea Racing Air Filters are

cleanable and reusable. They are 14 in diameter,and the top of the lter features aluminum trimrings with the AMSOIL logo etched into the topedge.

AMSOIL Ea Motorcycle Air FiltersAMSOIL Ea Motorcycle Air Filters (EAAM) replaceOEM lters from Harley-Davidson and Honda,as well as lter housings from S&S and Baron.AMSOIL Ea Motorcycle Filters provide beereciency, excellent airow and are cleanable forlong lter life. AMSOIL Ea Motorcycle Air Filtersare also made with nanober media and areconstructed from the highest-quality materials.

Figure 2.8AMSOIL Ea Universal Filters

Figure 2.9AMSOIL Ea Racing Filter

Figure 2.10AMSOIL Ea Motorcycle Air Filter


22/56

2


AMSOIL Advantage

Employing advanced media types and exceponal construcon, AMSOILEa Air Filters oer many advantages to motorists. AMSOIL Ea Air Filtersprovide superior eciency, greater contaminant-holding capacity,enhanced ow and are cleanable for reuse. These benets translate tosuperior performance and protecon while remaining cost eecve.

Nanobers on cellulose media for enhanced ow Higher eciency, ensuring beer engine protecon and longer

equipment life Greater airow for maximized equipment performance and energy

conservaon Greater contaminant capacity, extending service intervals Cleanable, extending service life beyond the average lter

Signs of Air Filtration Problems

There are many signals that can suggest an air ltraon problem. An oilanalysis report indicang elevated component wear or an unusual increase

in oil consumpon could be traced to ingeson of abrasive material.Signicant changes in equipment performance or fuel consumpon arealso indicators of air starvaon problems and could suggest the existenceof a ltraon deciency.

Be alert and take note of any signs of dirt on the clean side of the airintake. If dirt is noceable, there is certainly dirt inside the equipment.

Industry-Accepted Standards for the Evaluation of Air Filters

Air lters are tested in accordance with the Society of AutomoveEngineers (SAE-J726) or Internaonal Organizaon for Standardizaon

(ISO-5011). Both methods use A2 ne or coarse test dust as thecontaminant. The test dust is injected into the air current passing throughthe system, collected on the test lter and nally onto the absolute lter.Filter masses are determined before and aer contaminant injecon. Theeciency of the lter can be calculated by comparing the amount of dustinjected and the amount captured by the test lter and absolute lter.

The test dust has a parcular parcle-size distribuon and all lters shouldbe tested according to this standard. An absolute micron rang of an airlter is misleading. Filter eciencies need to be compared using the sametest method and test dust. Special tesng is required if a manufacturerclaims a certain eciency at a specic micron level.

Capacity is determined by adding contaminants to the lter with a specicvolume of air passing through the system unl the restricon reaches anOEM-specied level.

Filter openings become restricted as contaminants are held by the ltermedia. As shown in Figure 2.11, a manometer device aached to the inletand outlet sides of the lter indicates the amount of lter restricon basedon the amount of displaced water or mercury in the manometer. For autoand light-truck applicaons, this restricon is normally 10 of water.

Signs of AirFiltrationProblems

Industry-AcceptedStandards for theEvaluation of AirFilters



Figure 2.11Manometer device used to measure a lters restriction


24/56

4



1. The air lter is an engines best defense against dirt.

True or False

2. What percentage of contaminants within an engine comes from theair?

3. Theorecally, the rao at which fuel and oxygen are mixed to result inthe greatest release in energy is known as the ____________________

_________________________________________________________.

4. List the 5 types of air lter media_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

5. List the four lter mechanisms_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

6. The simplest air ltraon mechanism is __________________________

_________________________________________________________.

7. How does Depth Screening dier from Surface Screening, and what arethe benets?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

8. __________________ are oen added in Depth Screening to increasestructural strength and pore-size uniformity.

9. The __________________ air ltraon mechanism relies on theweights of the airborne parcles to separate them from a diverted airstream.

10. The _______________________________is a device that will alertwhen the pressure between the outside and inside of the lterbecomes too high, indicang the lter is too clogged for air to passthrough.


25/56


26/56

6

tration Fundamentals: Oil Filtration

Filtration Fundamentals: Section 3Oil Filtration

Introduction

This secon of Filtraon Fundamentals examines oil ltraon. Oil ltraonis a broad term covering a variety of applicaons and uids, includinghydraulic oils, engine oils and gear oils. There are many similaries and

dierences in how ltraon is addressed in these dierent applicaons anduids.

Section Objectives


1. The oil lters role in the engine2. The two main sources of engine oil contaminants3. The three basic components of an oil circulaon system4. The four parcle-capture mechanisms

5. Dierences between full-ow ltraon systems and by-pass ltraonsystems6. Advantages of combining full-ow and by-pass ltraon systems7. The seven components of the spin-on lter cartridge8. How AMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters dier from typical by-pass lters

Section KeywordsAn-Drainback ValveBase PlateBase Plate GasketBrownian Movement

By-Pass ValveDiusion MechanismFilter HousingFollower PlateHold-Down SpringHold-Down StrapIneral Impacon MechanismIntercepon MechanismOil ReservoirPlumbingPressure DierenalPump

Relief ValveSieving MechanismSystem PressureTension Spring


27/56


28/56

8


The Dangers of Soot

Soot is a natural by-product of the combuson process. Aer fuel isinjected into the combuson chamber, it combines with oxygen and heatand ignites. As the piston reciprocates in its chamber, the rings spread sootparcles into the oil. This process connues with normal engine operaonand, leunchecked, the accumulated soot parcles can grind away atinternal engine surfaces, causing premature wear and component failure.Components suscepble to soot damage include cam lobes, valve liers,valve stems and guides, piston rings, cylinder liners and bearings.

Oil formulated with quality dispersant addives can generally keep soot inthe range of 0.002 to 0.5 suspended in the oil while the oils detergentaddives prevent the build-up of sludge and act as an acid neutralizer,

keeping soot in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 in suspension. These an-wearaddives work by providing a sacricial chemical-to-chemical barrier, butas the amount of soot suspended in the oil increases, their performancedecreases. In other words, soot contaminaon leads to a direct drop inthe an-wear eecveness of an oils addives, increasing the risk ofaccelerated wear to crical engine components.

Soot Causes WearHigh levels of soot in the oil can lead to excessive and abnormal enginewear. Many current oil formulaons extend oil life by holding higherconcentraons of contaminants, including soot, in suspension in the oil.This creates an increased risk of wear caused by soot and minimizes theeecveness of an-wear addives. By-pass ltraon signicantly reducesthe amount of wear-causing soot parcles suspended in the oil to increaseoverall equipment operang life.

Oil Circulation System Basics

Automove engines use oil circulaon systems to lubricate enginecomponents. Oil circulaon systems are more eecve at supplying oil toall the necessary parts than oil immersion systems, where componentsare immersed in an oil reservoir. Circulaon systems also pressurize theoil, which increases the oils load-carrying ability and allows it to act as an

The Dangers ofSoot

Oil CirculationSystem Basics

Figure 3.1Soot particles, the result of incomplete combustion, are highly abrasiveto internal engine components.


29/56


30/56

0


Inertial ImpactionThe works on largerparcles. Due to the size andmass of these parcles, they

connue on their original pathrather than following the liquidstream. As the liquid owsthrough the abrupt direconalchanges of the lter media,contaminant parcles followtheir original path and becometrapped by the lter media.

The Four Particle-Capture Mechanisms

There are four basic ways oil lter media captures parcles. Each capturemechanism is adept at capturing contaminant parcles based on dierentparcle characteriscs, such as size or tendencies for movement.

SievingThe capturesany contaminant that is largerthan the spaces between theopenings of the lter bers,much like a window screen keepsout any insects or debris too bigto t through the small openingsbetween the screen wires.

Figure 3.2The sieving ltration mechanism

Figure 3.3The inertial impaction ltration mechanism

The FourParticle-CaptureMechanisms


31/56Filtration Fundamentals: Oil Filtra

Figure 3.4The interception ltration mechanism

Figure 3.5The diffusion ltration mechanism

InterceptionThe captures contaminants smallenough to t between theopenings of the lter bers, butlarge enough that part of thecontaminant makes contact withthe lter media.

DiffusionThe captures the niest of allcontaminant parcles. Theseminute parcles, typically lessthan 0.001 mm, are so smallthat their movement operatesin irregular paths referred to as .

While most bodies of mass will

move in a straight line when aforce is applied to them, theseextremely small parcles exhibita zig-zag moon. Because theytravel in a zig-zag paern, theyare easily captured by the ltermedia.


32/56

2


Types of Oil Filtration Systems

Full-Flow Filtration SystemThe most common ltraon system used today is the full-ow system.Within this system, the lter is placed in line between the pump andthe engine. In full-ow systems, all oil undergoes ltraon prior to beingdelivered to engine components.

Filters in full-ow systems must feature media that is open and free-owing enough to accommodate a high rate of ow and ensure enginecomponents receive proper lubricaon.

Because of the ow vs. eciency compromise, full-ow ltraon systemsare designed to remove parcles large enough to cause immediate damage(>40 ). If the system were too restricve, the full-ow lter could starvethe engine of oil.

Full-ow oil lters can be divided into two design groups: cartridge andspin-on. The major dierence is in their construcon. In cartridge lters,the ltering element is replaced by disassembling an external housing. Inspin-on lters, the ltering element is changed by replacing the cartridgeand housing assembly by simply spinning the lter oof its mount.

Both types of lters are available in a variety of sizes. The largest arecartridge models. The ltraon performance of either type depends solelyon the media used.

Types of OilFiltrationSystems

AMSOIL Ea Full-Flow Oil Filters

Figure 3.6Full-ow ltration system



Cartridge lters tend to have a higher inial cost than spin-on lters, butthe cost to replace the element is lower. Cartridge lters are also moreme consuming and messier to service than spin-on lters, so it costs moreto have them serviced. Because spin-on lters are far more common in thetransportaon industry, this manual will concentrate on that style.

AMSOIL Ea Full-Flow Oil Filters

AMSOIL Ea Oil Filters (EAO) synthec nanobers have a controlled size and

shape to provide greater eciency, capacity and durability than celluloselters. AMSOIL Ea Oil Filters provide a higher level of engine protecon andextended lter change intervals.

Ea Oil Filtration MediaAMSOIL Ea Oil Filter media is relavely thick and sowhen compared totypical cellulose or cellulose/synthec-blend media. It is backed with wiremesh to provide structural integrity within the lter. The mul-layeredcharacterisc of the media selecvely lters the various contaminants,providing higher eciency and longer lter life.

Superior ConstructionAMSOIL Ea Oil Filters are equipped with an oil-pressure relief valve toprovide adequate oil ow under all operang condions. Each heavy-duty housing has a draw steel double-crimp at the base with rolled-underseaming. A silicone an-drainback valve prevents dirty oil from movingback into the engine. Ea Oil Filters are designed to provide maximumltraon while meeng the high-ow demands of modern automobiles.

Absolute Effi ciencyAMSOIL Ea Oil Filters have the best eciency rang in the industry. Ea OilFilters provide a ltering eciency in accordance with industry standardtesng (ISO 4548-12) of 98.7 percent at 15 , while compeve lterscontaining convenonal cellulose media range from 40 to 80 percent.

Less RestrictionAMSOIL Ea Oil Filters provide signicantly lower restricon than theircellulose counterparts. The exceponally small spaces inherent to synthec

Figure 3.7

AMSOIL Ea Oil Filters are 98.7% efcient at 15 .


34/56



in an inverted or horizontal posion. Minimizes me required to iniateoil pressure at start-up. May not be required on all models of lters,parcularly when the lter is mounted with the base plate facing up.

Base PlateAaching point between the lter and engine; usually a heavy-gauge metalto minimize possible distoron during operaon. Base plates are availablein a variety of U.S. and metric thread sizes.

Base Plate GasketSeals the area between the base plate and the engine block. Availableconguraons are square-cut, O-ring and molded.

AMSOIL Advantage

Selecvely lter various contaminants Relief valve ensures proper oil ow under all operang condions Silicone an-drainback valve keeps dirty oil from re-entering the engine Maximum ltraon while meeng high ow demands Lower restricon than convenonal cellulose lters due to synthec

nanobers Trap smaller parcles Allow oil to easily ow through media during cold starts, providing

lower restricon and reduced engine wear Greater capacity than compeng lter lines

By-Pass Filtration

By-Pass Filtration SystemsBy-pass ltraon systems feature an addional lter, known as the by-passlter, added to an exisng full-ow system. In by-pass ltraon systems,some of the oil is diverted to the by-pass lter and then returned to the

system reservoir, by-passing the engine.

Oil diversion usually occurs at the oil-pressure sending unit and constutes5 15 percent of the oil pump output. A restricon orice on the mountregulates oil ow and typically ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 gallons per minute,but could be as high as 3.5 gallons per minute. Oil ow regulaon isnecessary to prevent oil starvaon downstream.

As previously discussed, parcles in the 5 to 25 range inict the mostdamage within an engine. Contaminants less than 5 will not causecatastrophic damage, but should be a concern due to their tendency toagglomerate into larger, more harmful parcles. By-pass ltraon systems

are adept at containing parculates of this size. According to SAE TechnicalPaper 860547, minimum oil lms on some engine components rangefrom less than 1 to 3 . Contaminants that are less than or equal to thethickness of the oil lm interfere with the lubricaon process and increaseengine wear rates.

Single Remote By-Pass System (Parasitic)A parasic system features a by-pass lter added to an exisng full-owcircuit. Oil is diverted from the exisng circuit, normally at the oil-pressuresending unit, directed to the by-pass lter, then returned to the systemreservoir. The volume of oil diverted for by-pass ltraon ranges between 5

By-PassFiltration


36/56

6


to 20 percent of oil pump output.

The AMSOIL Single Remote, DUAL-GARD and Heavy-Duty By-Pass Systems(BMK21, BMK22, BMK30) are examples of typical parasic by-pass systems.Flow in these systems is regulated by a xed restricon orice retained

in the mount. The Single Remote system has been developed for use onlight- to medium-duty equipment, automobiles and light- to medium-dutytrucks. The DUAL-GARD and Heavy-Duty systems were developed for largerequipment and heavy-duty trucks and buses.

Dual-Remote By-Pass System (Parallel System)In a parallel system, the full-ow and by-pass lters are contained on ashared mount and fed by parallel ports. The oil has the opon to owthrough either lter but generally ows through the full-ow lter as it isless restricve. Eighty to 90 percent of the oil ows through the full-owlter and 10 to 20 percent through the by-pass lter.

In a parallel system, all oil subjected to either full-ow or by-pass ltraonis directed to engine components. Because of this, there is no need torestrict the volume of oil owing to the by-pass lter, so ow through theby-pass lter in a parallel system is generally 5 to 10 percent greater thanin a parasic system. The AMSOIL Marine System (BMK18) is an example ofa typical parallel by-pass ltraon system.

The original full-ow lter is removed from the engine and replaced witha spin-on xture diverng the oil to a remote mount. At the mount, theoil is exposed to either full-ow or by-pass ltraon and directed back tointernal engine components. Remotely mounng the oil lters increases

Figure 3.9Typical by-pass ltration system



their accessibility and allows the use of larger lters.

AMSOIL provides dual-remote by-pass kits for specic applicaons. Forexample, the BMK23 is a universal system designed for most light- tomedium-duty applicaons; the BMK25 is specically for Cummins enginesused in Dodge trucks (2003 and earlier); the BMK26 is for Ford 7.3L PowerStroke engines and the BMK27 is for GM Duramax engines. AMSOIL also

Figure 3.11Dual-remote by-pass ltration system

Figure 3.10Single-remote by-pass ltration system (parasitic)


38/56

8


oers a marine system (BMK18) developed specically for light- andmedium-duty marine applicaons.

AMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters

AMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters (EABP) are designed to withstand severeoperang condions while providing excellent engine protecon. Theyfeature a synthec/cellulose media covered with a full-synthec outerlayer engineered for high eciency and soot removal.

By-Pass Filter Effi ciencyFigure 3.12 below illustrates AMSOIL Ea By-pass Filters near-perfecteciency rang.

Ea By-Pass Vital StatisticsAMSOIL oers four by-pass lters: the EABP90, EABP100, EABP110 andEABP120. All vehicles and applicaons that can accept AMSOIL ltermounts can use Ea By-Pass Filters. AMSOIL recommends by-pass lters bemounted as close to vercal as possible. The lters are equipped with anan-drainback valve in the event they are mounted at an angle.

Ea By-Pass Change IntervalsWhen used in conjuncon with AMSOIL motor oil and an Ea or DonaldsonEndurance Oil Filter, Ea By-Pass Filters should be changed every otherfull-ow lter change up to 60,000 miles. When used with other brandsof motor oil or full-ow lters, Ea By-Pass Filters should be changed every

other full-ow lter change. AMSOIL recommends using oil analysis whenextending oil drain intervals.

AMSOIL Advantage

Soot-removal device for excellent engine protecon- Virtually 100% ecient at the removal of the most dangerouscontaminant range (5 to 20 )- 39% ecient at the removal of soot contaminants less than 1

Patented lter-element construcon Eliminate channeling and unltered oil from passing through Reduced lter change intervals for maximum cost eecveness

ubicron Tieeited Aere cienc

EaBP Popular By-pass lters

Eciency

0

0

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50

50

60

60

70

80

90

100

Time (hours)

Eciency(%)

Figure 3.12Sub-micron time-weighted efciency performance for AMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters



Quality ConstructionAMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters have a marine powder-coated exterior. Theirzinc-dichromate base plates increase rust protecon and are compablewith exisng AMSOIL by-pass lter mounts. Ea By-Pass Filters have a gasketand an-drain valve. The two-stage, pleated and layered cellulose/full-synthec media has an eciency rang of 98.7 percent at 2 . The basiccomponents of the can (base plate, and base plate gasket), are similar tothose used in full-ow lters; however, several components dier.

Full-Flow Filters vs. By-Pass FiltersFull-ow lters are more open and free-owing than by-pass ltersbecause they must support the enre output volume of the oil pump.Full-ow ltraon systems are designed for large-parcle removal andthe prevenon of immediate damage and may permit small contaminantparcles to reach engine components.

By-pass lters only manage a small percentage of the total volume ofoutput from the oil pump, so they are able to use signicantly denserlter media than that used in full-ow systems. Denser ltraon mediaprovides improved small-parcle-removal eciency and is more eecve

at reducing the long-term wear associated with smaller parcles.

Full-ow lters and by-pass lters perform very dierent tasks, and theirrelave systems dier in the way ltered oil is distributed. In full-owsystems, ltered oil is directed to engine components. In by-pass systems,the ltered oil is returned directly to the oil reservoir.

Advantages to Combining Full-Flow and By-Pass FiltrationCombining full-ow and by-pass ltraon in a single system can providecomprehensive wear protecon against both large and small parcles,and long- and short-term wear. This combinaon also increases ltraoncapacity and extends the overall life of both lters.

As a whole, the system is beer able to maintain oil cleanliness and engineprotecon from both small and large parcles. In addion, the increasedoil volume required to sustain the integrated by-pass and full-ow systemlowers operang temperatures and extends oil life.

By-Pass Filter MarketThe by-pass market mainly serves heavy-duty applicaons, but its manytechnologies can also be applied to auto and light-truck applicaons. AllAMSOIL products in this market are designed to provide high-eciencyltraon along with prolonged engine and oil life. Long-term benetsinclude reduced maintenance and operang costs.

Figure 3.13Full-ow ltration systems vs. by-pass ltration systems


40/56

0


Some by-pass units use angled spray jets or blades to spin the oil, creangcentrifugal force which draws soot and contaminants from the oil andimpacts them onto a special holding cup or surface.

Other by-pass lters use a form of highly compressed media, usuallycellulose. By forcing oil to ow over, around and through the bers,parcles are trapped within the depth of the lter.

Another popular material used to make by-pass media is coon bers.Several by-pass makers use un-dyed, virgin coon mill ends that are ghtlycompressed. Others use coon twine and wind it in a criss-cross paern tobuild up a depth of several inches. One manufacturer pioneered the use ofstacked discs of cardboard.

Paper is an eecve by-pass lter media, but it is most oen used in full-ow oil and fuel lters.

By-Pass Filter MediaEa By-Pass Filter media uses high-eciency synthec/cellulose-blendedmedia for the inner layer of the element; highly ecient advanced full-

synthec media is used for the outer-layer element. It is very dense andprovides exceponal small-parcle removal eciency.

Superior ConstructionThe superior construcon of AMSOIL Ea By-Pass Filters provides beersealing and increased longevity along with superior corrosion resistance.

Ea By-Pass Filters have a marinepowder-coated exterior; and theirzinc-dichromate base plates increaserust protecon. Ea By-Pass Filtershave a nitrile HNBR gasket and anorange silicone an-drain valve.

The two-stage pleated and layeredcellulose/full-synthec media has aneciency rang of 98.7 percent attwo microns.

Oil Filtration Effi ciency Terms

The following terms are commonlyused to describe the eciencyof a lter, or how well it removescontaminants.

Nominal: Removes 50 percent of contaminants of the size or typeindicated, or Beta 2.

Absolute: Removes at least 98.7 percent of contaminants of the size ortype indicated, or Beta 75.

Micron Rang: No universally accepted denion. If a lters micron rangis not correlated to its eciency percentage, the micron rang oers novalue in understanding the performance of the lter.

Figure 3.14Dense Ea By-Pass Filter media



Typical Full-Flow Filter Eciency: The eciency of typical full-owautomove oil lters is nominal (50%+) at 40 . High-performanceautomove oil lters typically oer a nominal eciency at 20 . Signicantremoval of parcles 20 and smaller can only be obtained using someform of by-pass ltraon.

Beta Ratios & Filter Effi ciencies

Specic tesng procedures are used to evaluate the performance of oillter media, mainly in the areas of eciency, capacity and durability.AMSOIL lters are tested using a mul-pass test, also known as the betarao test (), to determine the contaminant-removal eciency of the ltermedia, and to determine if the media meets AMSOIL standards. The betarao test is a universally accepted method for determining lter mediaperformance.

Figure 3.15 displays the beta rao values with their correlang captureeciencies. A beta rao value of 2.0, for example, is equal to 50 percentcontaminant-removal eciency. AMSOIL requires that all AMSOIL Ea Filtershave a beta rao of 75.0 or higher, meaning that the lter is able to hold

98.7 percent or more of contaminants of a known size or larger. Noce thatbeta raos above 75.0 indicate lile improvement in ltraon eciency;beta raos in the thousands are possible, but are more misleading thaninformave.

What does Ea Mean?

Absolute eciency (Ea) describes lters that pass the mul-pass (betarao) test with a contaminant-removal eciency rate of 98.7 percent (75.0) or beer.

AMSOIL Ea Filters are evaluated with the beta rao test in order to validatetheir high eciency performance and demonstrate their superiority toconsumers.

Figure 3.15Beta ratio and capture efciencies

Oil FiltrationEfficiency Terms

Beta Ratios &Filter Efficiencies


42/56

2


In the test, uid containing parcles of a known size is ltered throughthe test media. At specic intervals, parcles are captured and countedon both sides of the lter media. The upstream and downstreamconcentraons of parcles are used to calculate the beta rao (numbers ofparcles upstream are divided by the numbers of parcles downstream

For instance, if 1000 2 parcles are captured upstream of the ltermedia, and 13 2 parcles are captured downstream of the ltermedia, the beta rao would be expressed as, x=1000/13= 76.9 where xrepresents the size of the parcles measured. A Beta rao of 76.9 indicates

the lter removed over 98.7 percent of the contaminants 2 or larger,which meets AMSOIL Ea standards.

Industry-Accepted Standards for the Evaluation of Oil Filters

There are many terms and test methods used to indicate the performanceof a lter. Today, the most widely used test method for oil lters is theInternaonal Organizaon for Standardizaon (ISO) test method ISO-4548-12 (Methods for Tesng Full-Flow Lubricang Oil Filters for InternalCombuson Engines).

ISO 4548-12 is derived from the ISO standard for mul-pass lter tesng

(ISO 16889), which is based on tesng of hydraulic lters. This test requireslter manufacturers to determine the average parcle sizes that yieldbeta raos equal to 2, 10, 75, 100, 200 and 1000 using the mul-pass testapproach.

The mul-pass test must contain on-line, liquid, automac opcalparcle counters and be calibrated using cered calibraon uid with aknown parcle size distribuon. Parcle counts are taken upstream anddownstream every minute of the test. Because the new standard gives abeer interpretaon of a lters overall performance, AMSOIL has chosenthis method (ISO 4548-12) to review the performance of its full-ow andby-pass lters.

What Does EaMean?

Industry-AcceptedStandards for theEvaluation of OilFilters

Figure 3.16Beta ratio accurately compares the size and quantity of particles upstream and downstreamof the lter.



An older test using mul-pass protocol is SAE J1858. This test also reviewsthe ability of a lter to remove contaminants of a specic size from theuid stream at a specic moment in me. The test can be repeated tosuggest eciencies over the life of the lter. Results are reported as a raobetween the number of parcles of a given size entering the lter and thenumber of the same size parcles exing the lter (beta rao).

Finally, SAE HS J806B reviews the ability of a lter to remove a known

contaminant from the uid stream over a period of me. Results arereported as the percent of contaminant (by weight) removed over a periodof me (me-weighted eciency). Capacity (life) is determined by nongthe amount of contaminant required to increase the resistance across themedia to a given level. Capacity is reported in grams of contaminant. Asthe contaminant used varies in parcle size and the eciency is reviewedover me, this test method predicts how a lter will perform in a givenapplicaon.

Note: Filters test performances can only be compared when they havebeen obtained using the same test method.

Filter Lookup ResourcesThe appropriate lter for a given applicaon can be determined usingeither the Online Product Applicaon Guide at www.amsoil.com, or theAMSOIL Filter Applicaon & Cross-Reference Guide (G3000).

The lter catalog deals specically with automove and light-duty truckapplicaons, but also contains lter cross-reference by original equipmentand compeve manufacturers lter numbers, service recommendaonsand instrucons, dimensional informaon on all AMSOIL Ea Air and OilFilters, warranty informaon, cabin air informaon and a complete heavy-duty cross-reference secon. Whether searching by vehicle idencaon

or lter cross-reference, the lter catalog is easy to use.

For vehicle idencaon, simply nd the page lisng the manufacturer andmodel-year of the equipment, then nd the model and engine size.

For cross-referencing, locate the number of the lter currently being used.Ignore opening zeroes, look up the rst digit or leer, then look up eachaddional character. Remember, each number is sorted character-by-character, zero through nine, then A through Z.

The lter catalog is updated and reprinted annually. Between updates,current informaon is listed in the AMSOILAcon News, Hotwire and the

AMSOIL website.

The Online Product Applicaon Guide at www.amsoil.com contains allAMSOIL applicaon guides, including the PowerSports and MotorcycleApplicaon Guide, Heavy-Duty Applicaon Guide, AMSOIL Master FilterCross-Reference, Gear Lube Applicaon Chart, Two-Cycle ApplicaonsChart and VIN Code Lookup.

All that is required to determine which lter, engine oil and otherlubricants a vehicle requires is the make, model, year and engine size.Lube capacity, spark plug and wiper blade informaon are also supplied.

Filter LookupResources


44/56

4


The Master Filter Cross-Reference is a useful tool to determine the correctAMSOIL, Donaldson or WIX lter required for specic applicaons. Choosethe applicaons of the vehicle or equipment and enter the cross-referencepart number with no dashes, slashes, spaces or other punctuaon. If noAMSOIL, WIX or Donaldson lters appear, contact the AMSOIL TechnicalService Department at (715) 399-TECH for addional assistance.

Heavy-duty applicaons such as class 6, 7 and 8 trucks; construcon

equipment; generators; buses and other o-road equipment have aseparate lookup. The lookup is designed to determine the lter byinpung the type of engine or engine number, or type of equipment.The lookup page also includes a lter cross-reference. Due to the almost

limitless number of heavy-duty applicaons, it might be more convenientto obtain the lter number the equipment presently uses and cross-reference it to the equivalent Donaldson lter.

Oil Filtration Tips

Filter InstallationWhen installing a new oil lter, note that the sealing gasket can bedistorted by the rotaon of the lter against the staonary engine block.This results in stress on the gasket and reduces its potenal life. It can alsobe the cause of oil leakage. To minimize this stress, follow the installaoninstrucons below.

1. Prior to installing the new oil lter, use a lint-free cloth to clean thelter sealing surface on the engine block.

Make sure the old lter gasket has been removed from the area.2. Follow the oil lter installaon instrucons located on the oil lter.

These instrucons can also be found on the lter box.3. Once the oil lter has been correctly installed, start the engine and

check for leaks.

Over-PressurizationIt is not unusual to encounter a lter that has been ballooned out. Manypeople will conclude that the lter is defecve; however, the problemusually has nothing to do with the lter. Instead, it is an indicaon thatthere is a malfuncon in the oil pump pressure relief valve.

Figure 3.17Filter Application Cross-Reference Guide (left) and the AMSOILwebsite (right) contain information pertaining to ltercross-reference and applications

Oil Filtration Tips



As previously discussed, all automove oil supply systems have the abilityto produce excess oil pressure (volume). This ensures that the system cancompensate for things like component wear. To ensure that this pressuredoes not damage components, a pressure relief valve is designed into mostoil supply systems. If this valve scks in the closed posion, pressure canbuild to the point where the lter will be damaged.

To get an idea of the amount of pressure that can be tolerated in these

systems, keep in mind that 250+ psi is required to distort an AMSOILlter. If the pressure relief valve should sck in the open posion, over-pressurizaon will not occur, but overall oil pressure will be greatly reducedat lower rpm.

In a worst-case scenario, over-pressurizaon can result in the oil lter beingblown othe engine. However, in most cases, the outward signs of such aproblem are not as noceable. Some tell-tale signs include bulging of thelter dome or distoron of the base plate. In this case, the base plate is nolonger perpendicular to the lter can. In either case, the lter should bereplaced and the cause of the damage should be corrected.

Figure 3.18Over-pressurized oil lter


46/56

6



1. List the four main funcons of oil in an engine______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

2. What are the two main sources of engine oil contaminaon?__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

3. Convenonal oil ltraon is good for solid contaminants, how arecontaminants like fuel or acids usually handled?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

4. Soot is abrasive.

True or False

5. Pressurizing oil increases its _____________ _____________ability.

6. What are the three basic components of an oil circulaon system?______________________

______________________

______________________

7. What is one way todays oil manufacturers extend oil life?__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

8. To prevent damage resulng from over-pressurizaon, most oil

circulaon systems incorporate a ______________________________.

9. ______________________is the force applied to any surface in thesystem by the uid.

10. ______________________ is the dierence in system pressuremeasured at two dierent locaons within the system.

11. The __________________ capture mechanism works on the smallestparcles in the oil stream.

12. Full-ow ltraon systems are beer at capturing __________ parcles


47/56


48/56tration Fundamentals

8

Major Causes of Premature Bearing Failure Chart

Appendix


49/56Filtration Fundame

Effects of Wear Due to Particle Size Graph



0

Fractional Effi ciency of Nanober Layers Compared to Cellulose Engine Air Media



Beta Ratio - Capture Effi ciency Chart



2

Sub-Micron Time-Weighted Average Effi ciency Graph



AMSOIL Ea Oil Filters Effi ciency Graph


54/56

Notes


55/56

Notes


56/56

11.-amsoil filtration fundamentals

Documents