12/10/2014 introduction to ultrasound pfn: somusl01slides.jsomtc.org/somusl01/somusl01.pdf ·...

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12/10/2014 1 Slide 1 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 Instructor: Slide 2 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Terminal Learning Objective Action: Communicate knowledge of ultrasound Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards Slide 3 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Reason As a SOF medic you will often find yourself in an austere environment with limited resources available to aid in diagnosis and treatment of your patients. Ultrasound is becoming more readily available on the battlefield and is a tool that can enhance your diagnostic and treatment capabilities.

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Page 1: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

12/10/2014

1

Slide 1JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Introduction to UltrasoundPFN: SOMUSL01

Hours: 1.5

Instructor:  

Slide 2JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of ultrasound

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards

Slide 3JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Reason

As a SOF medic you will often find yourself in an austere environment with limited resources available to aid in diagnosis and treatment of your patients.  Ultrasound is becoming more readily available on the battlefield and is a tool that can enhance your diagnostic and treatment capabilities.

Page 2: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 4JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

Identify ultrasound applications

Identify the basic principles and physics of ultrasound 

Identify ultrasound transducer function, characteristics, use and types

Define ultrasound terminology

Identify operating controls of the M‐Turbo and Nanomax

Slide 5JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Ultrasound Applications

Slide 6JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Scope of PracticeE‐FAST in trauma

AbdomenChest

Musculoskeletal/soft tissueFracture/dislocations

VascularAccessBlood flow/DVT

OcularFB/retinal detachmentRetrobulbar hemorrhage

GenitourinaryBladderEctopic pregnancyScrotal pain & swelling

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Slide 7JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Basic Principles and Physics of Ultrasound

Slide 8JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Basic Principles

Ultrasound machine  probes create sound waves

Generate waves of vibration from the probe that travel through the tissue of the patient and return to the probe

Received by the machine and interpreted to provide images on screen

Different tissue densities affect the ultrasound beam

Slide 9JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Basic Principles

The intensity of the returning echo determines the brightness of the image on the screen

Strong signals 

White (hyperechoic) images

Weak signals or lack of signal all together

Black (hypoechoic) images

Tissue densities determine the many shades of gray in between

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Slide 10JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Grayscale Concept

Slide 11JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Physics

Diagnostic ultrasound uses sound waves in the frequency range  2‐20 MHz

Key properties of sound waves:

Frequency

Wavelength

Amplitude

Slide 12JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Physics ‐ Parallel Concepts

Conceptually, ultrasound is similar to a laser range finder

Sound waves sent from the transducer bounce off the object and return

The ultrasound machine calculates distance to the object from the round‐trip time, and creates a grey scale image on the screen

Page 5: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 13JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

What Does it Mean to Me?

Lower frequencies image deep structures, but sacrifice resolution

Higher frequencies provide better resolution, but  sacrifice depth

HIGHER FREQUENCYShorter wavelength

LOWER FREQUENCYLonger wavelength

Slide 14JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Ultrasound Transducer Function, Characteristics, Use and Types

Slide 15JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Transducer Function

Footprint of transducer

Electrically excitable crystals

Beam is ~ 1mm

Page 6: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 16JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Transducer Characteristics

The workhorse of the US machine

Sends out sound waves 1% of the time

Listens for echoes 99% of the time

Frequencies are fixed or adjustable

“Footprint” is what touches the patient

Slide 17JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Transducer Use

Hold the probe lightly in your hand

Like a pencil

Small movements equal big changes

Slide 18JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Transducer Use

Probe marker facing the patient’s right or head

Exceptions

Cardiac and procedures

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Slide 19JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Probe Indicator ‐ Leading Edge

Generally to the patient’s head or right side

Slide 20JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Transducer Choices

Curvilinear Array (Curved Probe)

Freq range (2‐5 MHz), 30cm depth

Abdomen, FAST, AAA

Linear Sequential Array (Linear Probe)

Freq range (5‐10 MHz), 9cm depth

Vascular access, pneumothorax, regional anesthesia

Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac Probe)

Freq range (1‐5MHz), 35cm depth

Cardiac, E‐FAST, AAA

Slide 21JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Rotating

Page 8: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 22JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Rocking/Fanning

Slide 23JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Sliding

Slide 24JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Ultrasound Terminology

Page 9: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 25JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Screen Orientation

Far Field

Near Field

Slide 26JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Image Quality ‐ The 4 P’s

Use Plenty of gel

Perpendicular to structure

Pressure (right amount)

Scan in multiple Planes

Slide 27JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Gel and Water Stand‐offs

Page 10: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 28JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Ocular Stand‐off

Slide 29JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Ultrasound Transmission Gel

Use lots of it!

Slide 30JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Scanning Planes

Sagittal Axial

Page 11: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 31JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Coronal Plane

Divides body or organ into anterior and posterior axis

Used in cardiac and OB/GYN applications

Slide 32JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Image Quality ‐Machine

Depth: Place the object of interest in the center of the screen

Machine will autofocus to the center of the screen giving it the best resolution

Right side markings show depth in cm

Gain: brightness of the image

Can be adjusted for each scan

Be careful not to use too much or too little gain

Autogain

Slide 33JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Depth

Too Little Too Much

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Slide 34JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Depth ‐ Just Right!

Slide 35JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Gain

Too Little Too Much

Slide 36JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Gain ‐ Just Right!

Page 13: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 37JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Image Resolution

Spatial resolution

The ability to distinguish two separate objects close together

Temporal resolution

The ability to accurately locate structures or events at a specific point in time

Can be improved by decreasing depth & narrowing the sector angle

Slide 38JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Scanning Modes

B‐mode:

Brightness mode

Nearly all of your scans will begin and stay in this mode

Organs appear differently based on their tissue densities

Slide 39JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Scanning Modes

M‐mode:

Motion mode provides a reference line on screen

Shows motion towards and away from probe at any depth along that line

Used for detecting fetal heartbeats and pneumothoracies

Page 14: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 40JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

B‐Mode/M‐Mode of Heart

M-modeB-mode

Slide 41JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Scanning Modes

Spectral doppler

Color flow doppler

Blue ‐ away

Red ‐ towards

Power doppler

Slide 42JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Attenuation

As the ultrasound beam travels through the body, it looses strength & returns less signal

Certain tissue densities cause this effect:

Slow: bone, diaphragm, pericardium and air = bright (hyperechoic) images

Moderate: muscle, liver and kidney = gray (isoechoic) images

Faster: blood, ascites and urine = darker (hypoechoic) images

Page 15: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 43JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Artifacts

Posterior enhancement

Reverberation

Edge artifact

Shadowing

Mirror image

Comet tail

Slide 44JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Posterior Enhancement

Hyperechoic streaking distal to interface of anechoic structure

Not a true artifact

Allows visualization of structures located distal to hypoechoicstructure which is called an acoustic window

Slide 45JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Reverberation

Bouncing of signal from two reflective surfaces close together

Very useful artifact

Presence indicative of normal lung motion

Page 16: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 46JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Comet Tail

Primary use for detecting normal pleural motion, foreign body, needle location

ABSENCE of this artifact is present in PTX secondary to wide apposition of parietal and visceral pleura

Long axis (LA) slide of the chest wall

Slide 47JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

US Images of FB Left and Right

Thorn

Comet Tail

BB

Thorn Projectile

Slide 48JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Edge Artifact

A distal shadow from the edge of spherical fluid filled structures

Not a form of “shadowing”

Page 17: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 49JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Shadowing

Anechoic streaking distal to surface with high reflectivity (blocks the US beam transmission)

Anything that blocks the beam

Air

Stones

Bones

Foreign body

Slide 50JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Mirror Image

Appearance of same image on both sides of highly reflective surface such as the diaphragm with liver seen on both sides (normal)

Misinterpretation by machine of signal timing puts image where it thinks it should be

Slide 51JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Operating Controls of the M‐Turbo and Nanomax

Page 18: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

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Slide 52JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

M‐Turbo Keyboard

ABCDEFG

HIJK

Slide 53JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Main ScreenPt. Info

Resolutionsetting

Orientationmarker

On screen options

Slide 54JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Nanomax Main Screen

Page 19: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

12/10/2014

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Slide 55JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Questions?

[email protected]

Slide 56JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of ultrasound

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards

Slide 57JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Agenda

Identify ultrasound applications

Identify the basic principles and physics of ultrasound 

Identify ultrasound transducer function, characteristics, use and types

Define ultrasound terminology

Identify operating controls of the M‐Turbo and Nanomax

Page 20: 12/10/2014 Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01slides.jsomtc.org/SOMUSL01/SOMUSL01.pdf · Introduction to Ultrasound PFN: SOMUSL01 Hours: 1.5 ... Phased Array (Sector or Cardiac

12/10/2014

20

Slide 58JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

Reason

As a SOF medic you will often find yourself in an austere environment with limited resources available to aid in diagnosis and treatment of your patients.  Ultrasound is becoming more readily available on the battlefield and is a tool that can enhance your diagnostic and treatment capabilities.