2012 İntroduc.to cns,psychology and behavior

8/17/2019 2012 İntroduc.to CNS,Psychology and Behavior

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İntroduction to Psychology

Prof Dr Müfit Uğur


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What is Psychology• Psychoylogy is the science which defines human

behavior and human cognitive functions scientifically.

• nimals also have !sychologies. " they thin# $dream etc%.

• &ehaviors are main to!ics.

• 'ow we lough $become angry or feel ha!!y.


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&ranches of !sychology• (linical !sychology

• )chool !sychology

• (ounselling !sychology

• İndustrial !sychology

• *+!erimental !sychology

• )ocial !sychology

• Develo!mental !sychology

• Psychometric !sychology


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,orerunners of !sychology• Wundt-intros!ection

• ,reud ego

• Watson-behavior

• dler- self !syc

• /ung-collec sub con.

• *rich ,romm - *nvironment family.


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Wundt Psychology

• ,ocused on !erce!tion of sensations$• ccording to him human !schology was one0s

conciousness about the surrounding.• (olour vision !erce!tion• 1actile !erce!tion• 1ime !erce!tion• 'e defined the method of İntrospection in which one

was feeling the events $than lived the events$ than ma#esome assum!tions about what he has done.

• 'e wor#ed on reaction time and related !erce!tions.'ealso calculated reaction time duration under differentcircumstances.


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,reud Psychology

• 'e lived during 2345-2676$• 'e !ro!osed the theories of Psyhoanalytical !sychiatry$• İn this !syhoanalytical !sychiatry $,reud wor#ed mainly on

subconciousness$• ccording to him these subconcious material was

resulting in s!ecific human behaviors$• 'umans ego was in the need of continuos gratification

need.• 8e!ressed material to subconcious results in our

involuntary movementes $stammerings$ stutteringss!eeches and dreams• 'is theories mainly based on id- ego and su!erego

dynamics.


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Watson Psychology

• ccording to him !sychology was human behaviors-• 'eredity does not have ade9uate effects on human

behaviors$

• 'uman behaviors are regulated by the environment.• 'ereditary characters and insincts were not so im!ortant• 1o him all behaviors must be fully measurable• 1est grou!s must be evaluated ob:ectively and their

evaluations must be considered with control grou!s.• Watson !sychology was named under ;&ehavioral

!sychology


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dler Psychology

• 'is theories are mainly based on one0 su!eriority• 'is !ro!osals are that ego always wants to be su!erior

in the environment

• 1his feeling of su!eriority sometimes motivates thebehavior but sometimes if e+!ectations are to much $this can cause some disasters in one0s living

• )o e+!ectations must be in balance


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/ung- ,romm !sychology

• /ung has !ostulated some theories on the collectivesubconcious.

• ll nations have collective motivations whether they livein merica or in frica or in sia

• 1hese motivations stem from one origin which is in thedee! !arts of the subconciousFromm postulates:• ,amily is im!ortant$• =ove and gratification is im!ortant$• (ourage are im!ortant motives so family interactiorns

are im!ortant.


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Mer#e> )inir sistemi ?@roanatomi# oluAumlarB


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,rontal lobe• Posterior border C )ulcus centralis• Medial border C ,issura longitudinalis su!erior • &ottom C)ylvian fissure

• İt regulates the sensory and motor in!uts and ma#es the associationsbetween them

• )ub!arts of the lobeC Medial !refrontal corte+ =ateral !refrontal corte+ rbitofrontal corte+


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Prefrontal Eorte#s


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Prefrontal corte+• Medial !refrontal corte+

1halamus 'y!othalamus mygdala 'i!!ocam!us =imbic lobe " 8egulates affect of the behaviors$drives$ instincts$motivations%

• =ateral Prefrontal corte+ 8egulates the e+ecutive functions of the frontal lobe 8egulates the high ordered behaviors 8egulates to form !lans and regulates its a!lications to daily life

• rbitofrontal corte+ İt regulates the conditioned refle+es


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Prefrontal #orte#s


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Parietal lobe

• İt is located !osteriorly of the frontal lobe

• İt colects the sensory in!uts from the body or from the environment• İt ma#es resolutions about their meanings

• İt gathers the in!ut from the surrounding together • İt gives a rational meaning to them• İt stores the #nowledge about them• İt controls the e+ecutive functions of the frontal lobe and e+ecutes them in a

rational way


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1em!oral lobe

• İt is dorsallay sorrunded by fissura longituoinalis su!erior$• its inferomedial border is hi!!ocam!us$• &elow the tem!oral lobe amygdala and uncus is located.

• İt is the association are of auditory signals from the surrounding$• İt regğulates the auditory signals from the environment $• 8egulates the memory and signals from the surrounding is encoded by it• ssociates the s!eech ve visual signals and behaves " s!ea#es% according

to these signals

• 8egulates the affective signals of the surrounding $ so s!eech is also relatedwith the affective tone of the stimuli


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cci!ital lobe

• cci!ital lobe is mainly related with visual signals from the surrounding$ andvisual signals !ro:ect to the calcarine fissure which is on the occi!ital lobe$

• )o it is the main visual !ro:ection area of the brain• İt also ma#es asssociations between the figuresF

colour )ha!e Movement

• İt is also im!ortant in longitudinal dimensional !erce!tion

• cci!ital lobe is im!ortant $it ma#es associations between the s!eech andob:ect relations


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Parieto tem!oral corte+

• İt ma#es associations between auditory signals$ visual signals andsomatosensorial signals

• İt is im!ortant in multidimensional !erce!tion

• İt is also im!ortant in the regulation of s!eech and also regulates abstractthin#ing and abstract s!eech.

• İm!ortant in !roblem solving

• İm!ortant in the resolution of the confused cognitive !rocesses


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(erebral corte+

• İt regulates the motor and and sensory signals of the brain• Most im!ortant motor regulatory center is &roca center and its !athology

lasts s!eech arrest and it is called Motor a!hasia• Most im!ortant sensory center is the wernic#e center and its !athology is

related with sensorial a!hasia. )o the !atient can not find words to s!ea#• gra!hia is resembling the !athology in which sensorial thin#ing can not be

written as words• le+ia resembles the !athology in which the !atient does not uhderstand

what he reads• calculia resembles not having the ability to ma#e calculations

• gnosia is the !athology in which one cannot recogni>e ob:ects with closedeye either with touching or gras!ing it.


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Prefrontal corte+• İt is located in the frontal lobe anteriorly$

• Ma#es regulations between the in!uts from the surrounding so the !ersonsbehavior will be socially ada!tive. 1his is called 8egulations of the insight.

• Maintains o!timum arrousal for ade9uate inter!ersonal relations$ob:ectrelations

• İm!ortant in accumulation of attention to a s!ecific target !erson or an ob:ect

• İt measures the signals from the surrounding and also decides their !robableend results or the ris# of the situation.

• İt !rovides elasticity in our thin#ing and behaviors towards others


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&asal ganglia• İt ma#es u! the e+tra!yramidal system and it is located subcortically.

• İts main !ur!ose is to regulate and control our involuntary movements• İn case of (horea s!ontaneous involuntary movements of the e+tremites of

the body• theto>is some involuntary movements are out of control es!ecially in the

hand and the fingers

• &allismus is the involuntary s!asms of the e+tremities of the body• 8igidity is the increase in the tonus of the muscles so the muscles cannotma#e any movement

• &rady#inesia is the slowing down of the movements of the e+tremites$• İts !athologies result inF

Wilson disease Par#insons disease 'untingtons chorea )ydenhams chorea schi>o!hrenia


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1halamus• İt is im!ortant in the regulation of the cortical and subcortical stimulations and

ma#ing ade9uate associatBns between them$• 8egulates and directs attention towards the target ob:ects$• İt is im!ortant in filtering the sensory stimulation of the real world and !ic#s

u! the most im!ortant ones whereas neglecting the others$• Produces motor res!onses in associatBon to the signals from the

surrounding$• )u!!orts cortical and subcortical circuits for a healthy cognitive activity.• İn its !ahological conditionsF

Perseverations İrrelevant speech content Apathy Amnestic states Personality disorders Disordered executive functions Denial Aphasic conditions Schizophrenia


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rbitofrontal Eorte#s


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'y!ocam!us

• İt is located medially of the tem!oral corte+ and is situatedsubcortically$

• İt main !ur!ose is to regulateF Memory

İts !athology is related with !sychiatric disorders


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'y!ocam!us


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=imbic lobe

• Most important part is the amygdala besides hiypocampus

• İt regulates the behaviors in the following aspects; Learning and memory Food seeking

Desires for Se ual intercourse !bility to find the child in animals "o feel the danger in the environment "o make defense towards an unwanted condition "o make a plan for an attack towards an unwanted target

İn its pathological states İrregular fers# stres conditions#an iety feelings$%"SD#phobic #panicdisorder &pilepy Memory disorders like De'a (vu)


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mygdala


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İnsula

• İt is important in sensory and motor associations• İmportant in pain perception• İts pathology makes speech disorders• *an not show emotions towards others• Memory loss is important• Faces with disgust)# sadness and fear in the persons can only be

perceived in intact insula• *onditioned refle es toward fears is reguleted by it• %hobic an iety symptoms#• "o understand the meanings of mimics which do not give any pleasure• "o understand hunger • "o categori+e all the above symptoms according to their sev erity


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Gyrus (ingulus


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)e!tum


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)erebellum• İt controls and regulates the motor activity of the muscles• İt is related in e9uilibrium of the body in various !laces• *9uilibrium disturbances areF

=oss in synergic movements is called ata+ic movement 1remor and hy!otonic states are due to its !athology ?ystagmus is a re!ated eye movement$ it and means hori>ontal or vertical

involuntary eye movements Motor s!eech disturbances are fre9uent bnormal !usture in a !erson is related to serebeller !athology.

• 8egulates conditioning

• İm!ortant in time !erce!tion• =earning is under its control• (ognitive affection is under its regulatory control• lso thin#ing is disturbed which we call dismetric thin#ing$


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&rain stem• (ranial nerves originate from this area.)o its !athology results in

cranial nerve !alsies• Hital regulatory centers are also located here.İm!ortant ones areF

8es!iratory center$ (ardiac regulatory center " !ulse rate %$ &lood !essure center$ (enter related to eye movements$ (enters related to gastric and cardiac movement$

• scendant motor and sensorial nerves !ass through this area$so!athology which is !resent here disturbs the !assage of the motorand sensorial nerve signals to the above brain areas

• rrousal center which we call formatio reticularis is very close to thisarea


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?ervous system• ?euron is made u! from

a-somab-dendrites

c-a+ond-terminal button

)yna!se

?eurotransmitter " ch (ol$?*$Do!a$)er$G & $G=?euro!e!tide)ubstance P


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Parts of a neuron

2. )oma• 1he nucleus of the neuron is in the soma• )ignals come from the dendrites and the nucleus ma#es a decision what to

do.• 1he signals that are !roduced here goes to the !eri!hery through the +ons• İt is related with the regulatory functions

I. +on• 1hey differ according to their lenghts ,rom nm to mt$• Massages are transfered through the a+on from soma to terminal button• +ons end with the terminal buttons where neurotransmitters are

synthesi>ed.7- Dendrites• &ring massages to the nerve cell from the surrounding$• Ma#es numerous connections li#e a tele!hone networ#• 1hey have the rece!tors which are s!ecific to the neurotransmitters


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Parts of a neuron

J- 1erminal button• 1hey resemble the end !art of the a+on and have some vesicles in whichneurotransmitters are de!osited

• 1hey are the end !art of the neuron.4- 8anvier nodes• 1hey are at the end of the myelin coated nodes on the a+on.• )ignals transfer on them by one node to another node in which the

velocity of signal transduction is increased• 1his myelin and 8anvier ?odes increase the signal velocity• İf there is no myelin coat " unmyelinated fibres% velocity is slow5- )yna!tic cleft• İt is a cleft in which neurotransmission ta#es !lace chemically• ne side secretes the neurotransmitter$ other side ta#es the res!onse

through rece!tors.• 1hey are not in !hysical contact with both side


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Parts of a neuron

K-8ece!tor • 1hey are the aünotomic structures on the other side of the

syna!se which ares!ecific for the neurotransmitters• 1hey are stimulated by the chemicals and chemicals must be over

threshold$• When the rece!tor is stimulated $the stimulus begins to travel inthe e+citer neuron and this neuron is called )econd ?euron.

• İn case of inhibitions stimuli do not !rogress in the secondneuron$stimulus :ust ends at the !oint of syna!se where inhibitionis stimulated.

• )yna!tic cleft can be 2LI . . . m$• )timulus transfer this distance to the rece!tor in miliseconds.• )timulus travel through the long nerve a+ons at the same

!eriod.)o if the amount of syna!se on the road increase $the!eriod for stimulus transfer increase too much.


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?eurotransmitters

2. *+citatory neurotransmittersF• cethylcholine• ?ore!ine!hrine

• Do!amine• )eratonin• Glutamic acid

I- İnhibitory neurotnansmitters• Gama amino butyric acid - G & $• Glycine " inhibitor in the medulla s!inalis%


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?euro!e!tides2. !ioid !e!tides• *nce!halines "leu ence!haline-met ence!halines%• &eta endor!hines• Dynor!hines

I- )ubstance P !ioid !e!tides bloc# their rece!tors

7- cu!uncture

J- Placebo effects


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?eural im!ulse• When the neuron is at rest its !otential is called the resting !otential.İnside

and outside difference is K mv.

• t this !oint intracellual ?a ions move 9uic#ly to the e+tracellularcom!artment.Po>itive charges increase outside the cell "8esting !otential%.

• İntracelluar com!artment becomes more negatively charged .Difference isthe resting !otential.

• When the nueuron is e+cited with neurotransmitters$?a ions 9uic#ly begin tomove inward to the intracellular com!artment$ so e+tracelluar com!artmentloses !ositive charges and becomes negatively charged as com!ared tointracellular com!artment. "De!olari>ation%

• E ions begin to move outward to e+tracelluar com!artment. 1his !eriod is8e!olari>ation.


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ction !otential

• ction !otential has three !hase resting-de!olari>ation and re!olari>ation!eriods

• 1his !eriod is about a millisecond in duration.• 8efractory !eriod is the !eriod in which the nerve cell can not be stimulated

with the consecutive stimuli. t that !oint the nerve cell is already !olari>edbu# not re!olari>ed yet. Without !olari>ation$ de!olari>ation is not !ossible.

• 1hesholdC it is the amount of minimal energy that is re9uired for the cell tobe stimulated. &elow threshold stimuli is not effective. verthreshold stimulistimulates the neurons.

• When over threshold stimuli ma#es stimulation$ the nerve is stimulated in

the same way as it is stimulated with a high threshold stimuli. ncestimulated stimulation !rogresses even it is wea# or high " ll or ?one =aw%.• When we stimulate our s#in with a cotton we feel a sensation$ but when we

stimulate the s#in with a hammer we fell more than a stimulation li#e !ain$because with hammer more than one nerve cell is stimulated.


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rgani>ation of the nervous systemrgani>ation of the

nervous system.

?ervous )ystem

(entral ?ervous )ystem Peri!heric nervous system

&rain Medulla s!inalis

,orebrain midbrain hindbrain

a-serebral#orte#s

b-limbic lobec-ba>al ganglia

d-1halamuse-hy!othalamus

a-colliculusİnferior$

b-colliculus)u!erior$

a-serebellum

b-Pons

c-medullaoblongata

)ervical3$1horacal 2I=omber 4)acral4

(ocygeal 2

)omatic nervoussystem

utonomic?ervoussystem

a-)ym!athetic

nervous systemb-!arasym!athetic?ervous system


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Ma:or !arts of the brain• 1alamusC Pro:ection center of all sensory fibres directs stimuli and #ee!s them

alive in the brain nterior$midline$lateral and !osterior nucleus have differentfunctions.

• 'y!othalamusCrelated to the endorcrine functions of the brain and it is formedby mamillary cor!uscles$tuber cinerium$infundibulum$o!tic chiasm.

• =imbic lobeC İt is related to affections$fear $anger and smell taste. İt regulatesthe emotional living.

• 'y!ocam!usC İt is a memory de!osit$alsa vigilancean+iety and stressregulations are made from this center.

• mygdalaN8elated to emotional interactions Placidity$rage im!ulsion$etc.• Gyrus cinguliC regulates se+ual relations and motivates getting !leasure• )e!tumCregulates emotions and conditioned refle+es and conditioned fear

behaviors• &ulbus olfactoriusNrelated to smell taste• &a>al gangliaN related to involuntary movements regulation.• )erebral corte+ C frontal$tem!oral$!arietal and occi!ital lobes• (entral fissuri" 8olando%$lateral fissure " )ylvius% and !arieto occi!ital fissure


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?ervous system• (.?.)

• &rain " forebrain$mid$hind brain%

• Medulla s!inalis $ 72 seg.

• &-Peri!heric nervous system)omatic nervous system

utonomous nervous system)ym!athetic-Parasym!athetic n.s .


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)timulates with• Parasym!athetic ? )

Preganglioner stimulant N cethylcholine

Postsem!athetic stimulantN cethycholine

• )ym!athetic ? )

Preganglionic N acethylcholine!ostsem!atheticN nore!ine!hrine


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&loc#ers

• Parasym!athetic bloc#ers Muscarinic rece!tors N tro!ine ?icotinic rece!tors N N ?icotine

• )ym!athetic bloc#ers-alfa rece!tors are bloc#ed iso!rotorenol$-beta rece!tors are bloc#ed by !ro!ranolol.


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8efle+ arc

• )timulus• fferent fibres - !osterior root -sensory$•

(enter - medulla s!inalis$• *fferent fibres - anterior root - motor$• *nd organ Mostly muscle or a salivary

gland.


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8eaction• 8eaction is different from a sim!le refle+ mostly cortical thin#ing is !resent

in a reaction.

• 8ed light is seen

• İt means to sto! the car

• &rain has !rior #nowledge about the red light and ma#es decision

• *nd organ muscle contracts car sto!s.


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İm!ortant !arts of the brain• ,rontal lobe• 1em!oral lobe• Parietal lobe

• cci!ital lobe• 1halamus• 'y!othalamus• =imbic lobe amygdala and hi!!ocam!us

se!tal nuclei$ gyrus cingulibulbus olfoctorius• &a>al ganglia nuc.striatum$ nuc. caudatus


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Motor areas

• Primary motor area area J• Premotor area area 5•

Prim. sensorial !ro:ection area 7L2LI area• Primary vi>ual area area 2K• Primary auditory area area J2

• Primary smell area uncus


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Primary areas of the brain.

• Primary motor area " rea J%C İnfront of the sulcus centralis. (ontains&et>!iramidal cells.8egulates the movements of the contrlaterale voluntarymovements of the scelatal muscles. 8egulates head and eye movements.)timulation can cause /ac#sonian ty!e e!ele!tic fits.

• Premotor area " rea 5% C8egulates the involuntary movements. İn!athological states some e+tra!yramidal sym!toms are seen li#e !ar#Bnson$dystonia etc

• Primary sensorial !ro:ection corte+ " rea 7-2-I% C 8egulates the feelings andsensations from the contrlateral muscles $:oints$s#in and tendons. (orticaltaste area is in the )ylvius fissure.

• Primary visual area " rea 2K%C İt is in the occi!ital lobe. 8egulates vision.• Primary hearing area " rea J2% C rea is stimulated by the fibres from

cochlea. ll fibres from cochlea stimulates s!ecific !oints $ so one candifferentiate the tone of a noise.

• )mell area C İt is in the tem!oral lobe " Uncus %.• ssociation areasC8egulates high cortical functions li#e cognitions and

conditioned refle+es.

2012 İntroduc.to cns,psychology and behavior

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