20120202 delong presentation pp 269 ellwood · 2/2/2012  · 20120202 delong presentation pp 269...

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Budge&ng and Macro Policy J. Bradford DeLong PP 269; 250 GSPP February 1, 2012

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Page 1: 20120202 DeLong Presentation PP 269 Ellwood · 2/2/2012  · 20120202 DeLong Presentation PP 269 Ellwood.ppt Author: Brad DeLong Created Date: 2/2/2012 2:45:18 PM

Budge&ng  and  Macro  Policy  

J.  Bradford  DeLong  PP  269;  250  GSPP  

February  1,  2012  

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Unemployment  

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Infla&on  

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John  Maynard  Keynes  (1924)  

•  We  see,  therefore,  that  rising  prices  [infla&on]  and  falling  prices  [defla&on]  each  have  their  characteris&c  disadvantage.  The  Infla&on  which  causes  the  former  means  Injus&ce  to  individuals  and  to  classes-­‐-­‐par&cularly  to  investors;  and  is  therefore  unfavorable  to  saving.  The  Defla&on  which  causes  falling  prices  means  Impoverishment  to  labor  and  to  enterprise  by  leading  entrepreneurs  to  restrict  produc&on,  in  their  endeavor  to  avoid  loss  to  themselves;  and  is  therefore  disastrous  to  employment....    

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John  Maynard  Keynes  (1924)  

•  Thus  Infla&on  is  unjust  and  Defla&on  is  inexpedient.  Of  the  two,  perhaps  Defla&on  is,  if  we  rule  out  exaggerated  infla&ons  such  as  that  of  Germany  [in  1923-­‐1924],  the  worse;  because  it  is  worse,  in  an  impoverished  world,  to  provoke  unemployment  than  to  disappoint  the  ren&er.  But  it  is  not  necessary  that  we  should  weight  one  evil  against  the  other.  It  is  easier  to  agree  that  both  are  evils  to  be  shunned…  

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Growth  

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Deficits  and  the  Economy  

•  Macroeconomists  work  in  three  runs:  –  Short  run  

•  Produc&ve  capabili&es  of  the  economy  do  not  change  significantly,  prices  do  not  fully  adjust.  Produc&on  can  deviate  from  poten&al  output.  

– Medium  run  •  Short-­‐run  devia&ons  of  produc&on  from  poten&al  output  are  ironed  out.  Prices  adjust  so  infla&on  finds  its  level.  Economy  grows.  

–  Long  run  •  Government  debt  must  be  paid  back  (or  at  least  balanced)  or  defaulted  upon  

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Ques&ons  About  “Runs”  

•  What  is  the  &me  frame  appropriate  for  each  “run”?  

•  How  do  we  s&tch  the  conclusions  reached  by  analyzing  different  “runs”  togethere?  

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The  Short  Run:  The  Quan&ty  Theory  of  Money  

•  Start  with  the  quan&ty  theory  of  money:  –  PY=  MV  

•  Federal  Reserve  controls  the  money  supply  M  •  In  normal  &mes:  

–  People  want  to  spend  the  money  in  their  pockets  (and  back  accounts)  by  buying  stuff  at  a  rate  V  

–  If  PY  too  small  rela&ve  to  trend,  Federal  Reserve  pushes  M  up—and  so  Y  (produc&on  and  employment)  jumps  up  and  P  (infla&on)  accelerates.  

–  If  PY  too  large  rela&ve  to  trend,  Federal  Reserve  pushes  M  up—and  so  Y  (produc&on  and  employment)  falls  and  P  (infla&on)  decelerates.  

–  If  the  rest  of  the  government  does  something  that  disturbs  this  rela&onship,  the  Federal  Reserve  can  and  does  neutralize  it  •  Hence  fiscal  policy  should  be  “classical”  rather  than  “macroeconomic”  

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The  Short  Run:  But  These  Times  Aren’t  Normal  

•  The  quan&ty  theory  of  money:  –  PY=  MV  

•  What  determines  V?  Why  do  people  want  to  spend  their  money?  

•  Because  holding  your  wealth  in  money  rather  than  bonds  is  expensive:  you  are  losing  interest.  

•  But  what  if,  in  the  aoermath  of  a  financial  crisis,  the  short-­‐term  interest  rate  on  bonds  goes  to  0?  

•  Then  you  would  rather  hold  money  than  bonds:  money  is  safer  

•  And  the  Federal  Reserve  loses  its  ability  to  control  the  flow  of  spending  

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The  Short  Run:  What  Is  to  Be  Done?  

•  Normally  the  Federal  Reserve  boosts  the  money  supply,  and  people  spend  more  

•  The  Federal  Reserve  can  try  all  kinds  of  expedients—non-­‐standard  monetary  policy—to  try  to  cajole  people  into  spending  more  

•  Or  the  government  can  spend  more:  the  government’s  money  is,  as  far  as  buying  stuff,  as  good  as  anybody  else’s  –  So  in  the  short  run—which  lasts  as  long  as  unemployment  is  substan&ally  elevated—the  government  should  spend  more  

–  And  perhaps  the  government  should  tax  less  as  a  way  of  cajoling  private-­‐sector  households  to  spend  more—but  that  is  less  certain  and  sure  

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The  Short  Run:  How  Long  Will  It  Last?  

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The  Short  Run:  How  Long  Will  It  Last?  

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Reconcilia&on  of  Unemployment  and  Employment  Views  

•  The  transforma&on  of  cyclical  into  structural  unemployment  

•  Come  2016,  we  may  no  longer  be  able  to  use  policies  to  boost  employment  and  produc&on  without  incurring  unacceptable  increases  in  infla&on  

•  Why?  Because  once  people  have  dropped  out  of  the  labor  force,  it  may  be  hard  to  get  them  back.  

•  Each  month  that  the  strong  recovery  we  have  been  wai&ng  for  is  delayed:  –  We  lose  $100  billion  in  useful  commodi&es  we  would  be  

producing  at  full  employment,  but  aren’t.  –  We  lose  $267  billion  because  the  fact  that  people  are  dropping  

out  of  the  labor  force  means  that  our  future  booms  will  be  weaker  

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The  Medium  Run  

•  Someday  our  period  of  elevated  unemployment  will  end  –  Then  Y  =  Y*  

•  The  equa&on  we  then  want  to  look  at  is  the  full-­‐employment  na&onal  income  iden&ty  –  Y*  =  C(Y-­‐T)  +  I  +  G  +  (NX)  

•  If  we  boost  G,  we  should  then  also  take  steps  to  reduce  C  by  raising  T  

•  If  not,  then  I  will  fall  •  And  if  I  falls,  economic  growth  over  any  five  or  ten  year  span  will  fall  

•  And  right  now  it  looks  as  though  we  don’t  have  economic  growth  to  spare  

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The  Long  Run:  Baseline  and  Alterna&ve  Fiscal  Scenario  Deficits  

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Baseline  and  Alterna&ve  Fiscal  Scenario  Debts  Held  by  the  Public  

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Is  Running  the  Debt-­‐to-­‐GDP  Ra&o  Up  to  92%  Over  the  Next  Decade  a  

Problem?  

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The  Long  Run:  Beyond  2020  

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Beyond  2020…  

•  Either  we  fix  our  poli&cs  –  I.e.,  s&ck  to  PAYGO  – Milton  Friedman’s  “A  Program  for  Fiscal  Stability”  proposal  in  the  early  post-­‐WWII  years  that  no  government  spending  program  be  passed  without  a  funding  source  

•  Or—if  we  con&nue  to  (a)  have  and  (b)  elect  the  Republican  Party  we  have  had  since  1980—we  have  a  big  problem  

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And  at  Some  Point  the  Bond  Market  Vigilantes  Will  Show  Up,  and  Force  Us  

to  Balance  Our  Budget  Quickly  

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But  We  Don’t  Have  to  Worry  Un&l  the  2020s  or  2030s,  Right?  Right?