39941208 drilling equipment

8/11/2019 39941208 Drilling Equipment

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Drilling Equipment

Author: Pl Skalle, NTNU

Assistant producer: Reza Rahmani
http://www.learningjournals.net/geosciencehttp://www.learningjournals.net/geosciencehttp://www.learningjournals.net/geosciencehttp://www.learningjournals.net/geoscience


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Drilling Equipment

REFERENCES ABOUT HELPFAQ

General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The machine used to drill a wellbore. In onshore operations, the rigincludes virtually everything except living quarters. Majorcomponents of the rig include the mud tanks, the mud pumps, thederrick or mast, the drawworks, the rotary table or topdrive, thedrillstring, the power generation equipment and auxiliary equipment.

Land r ig

Dr i l lsh ip

Jackup

Semisubmersib le Submersib le

Rig:


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http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/illustrated_glossary/bulk_components_storage.html


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

7

6

3

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4

8

12

11

1

2

9 10

14

13

15

1617

Hose

Kelly

Stand pip e

BOP

Annu lus

Dri l lpipes

Dri l l col larsDri l l bit

Seprator

Shale shaker

Return l ine

Mud pumps

Mud-mix ing Shake

Mud tanks

Mud m ixer

Desi l ter

Discharge l ine

Mud Circulating System:


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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The machine on the rig consisting of a large-diameter steel spool,

brakes, a power source and assorted auxiliary devices. Theprimary function of the drawworks is to reel out and reel in thedrilling line, a large diameter wire rope, in a controlled fashion.The reeling out of the drilling line is powered by gravity andreeling in by an electric motor or diesel engine.

Drawworks:

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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The set of sheaves thatmove up and down in thederrick. The wire ropethreaded through them isthreaded (or "reeved")back to the stationary

crown blocks located onthe top of the derrick. This

pulley system gives greatmechanical advantage tothe action of the wire ropedrilling line, enablingheavy loads (drillstring,casing and liners) to belifted out of or lowered intothe wellbore.

Travell ing block:

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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves) located at the top of the

derrick or mast, over which the drilling line is threaded. Thecompanion blocks to these pulleys are the traveling blocks. By usingtwo sets of blocks in this fashion, great mechanical advantage isgained, enabling the use of relatively small drilling line (3/4 to 1 1/2in. diameter steel cable) to hoist loads many times heavier than thecable could support as a single strand.

Crown block:

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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The high-capacity J-shaped equipment used to hang various

other equipment, particularly the swivel and kelly, the elevatorbails or topdrive units. The hook is attached to the bottom of thetraveling block and provides a way to pick up heavy loads withthe traveling block. The hook is either locked (the normalcondition) or free to rotate, so that it may be mated or decoupledwith items positioned around the rig floor, not limited to a singledirection.

Hook:

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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Dri lli ng line:

A wire rope hoisting line, reeved onsheaves of the crown block andtraveling block (in effect a block andtackle). Its primary purpose is to hoistor lower drill pipe or casing from orinto a well. Also, a wire rope used tosupport the drilling tools.

Elevator:

A set of clamps that grips a stand, orcolumn, of casing, tubing, drill pipe, orsucker rods, so the stand can beraised or lowered into the hole.


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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Rotary table:

The revolving or spinning sectionof the drillfloor that provides

power to turn the drillstring in aclockwise direction. The rotarymotion and power are transmittedthrough the kelly bushing and thekelly to the drillstring. Almost allrigs today have a rotary table,either as primary or backupsystem for rotating the drillstring.

Topdrive technology, which allowscontinuous rotation of thedrillstring, has replaced the rotary

table in certain operations. A fewrigs are being built today withtopdrive systems only, and lackthe traditional kelly system.

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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A long square or hexagonal steel

bar with a hole drilled through themiddle for a fluid path. The kelly isused to transmit rotary motion fromthe rotary table or kelly bushing tothe drillstring, while allowing thedrillstring to be lowered or raisedduring rotation. The kelly goes

through the kelly bushing, which isdriven by the rotary table. The kellybushing has an inside profilematching the kelly's outside profile(either square or hexagonal), butwith slightly larger dimensions sothat the kelly can freely move upand down inside.

The ke l l y t r ans fe r s ro ta r y mo t ion f rom the

rotary table or kel ly bushing to the dr i l ls t r ing.

The upper d iagram sh ows the in te r io r flu id

p a t h . T h e m i d d l e d i a g r a m s h o w s t h e

hexagonal cross s ect ion. The lower diagram

s h o w s t h e o u t s i d e v i e w o f t h e k e l l y .

Kelly:

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D illi E i t


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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Rig facili ties

An adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to the kelly. The

kelly bushing has an inside diameter profile that matches that of thekelly, usually square or hexagonal. It is connected to the rotary tableby four large steel pins that fit into mating holes in the rotary table.The rotary motion from the rotary table is transmitted to the bushingthrough the pins, and then to the kelly itself through the square orhexagonal flat surfaces between the kelly and the kelly bushing. Thekelly then turns the entire drillstring because it is screwed into the

top of the drillstring itself. Depth measurements are commonlyreferenced to the KB, such as 8327 ft KB, meaning 8327 feet belowthe kelly bushing.

Kelly bushing:

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D illi E i t


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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A device that turns the drillstring.

This is radically different from themore conventional rotary table andkelly method of turning the drillstringbecause it enables drilling to bedone with three joint stands insteadof single joints of pipe. It alsoenables the driller to quickly engagethe pumps or the rotary while tripping

pipe, which cannot be done easilywith the kelly system. While not a

panacea, modern topdrives are amajor improvement to drilling rigt e ch n o lo g y a n d a r e a l a r g e

contributor to the ability to drill moredifficult extended-reach wellbores. Inaddition, the topdrive enables drillersto minimize both frequency and cost

p e r i n c i d e n t o f s t u c k p i p e .

Topdrive:

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D illi E i t


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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Rotation

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

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A mechanical device thatmust simultaneouslysuspend the weight of thedrillstring, provide forrotation of the drillstring

beneath it while keepingthe upper portionstationary, and permithigh-volume flow of high-

pressure drilling mudfrom the fixed portion tothe rotating portion

without leaking.

Swivel:

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Drilling Eq ipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

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Rotation

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A large-diameter (3- to 5-in. inside diameter), high-pressure flexibleline used to connect the standpipe to the swivel. This flexible pipingarrangement permits the kelly (and, in turn, the drillstring and bit) tobe raised or lowered while drilling fluid is pumped through thedrillstring. The simultaneous lowering of the drillstring while

pumping fluid is critical to the drilling operation.

Kelly hose:

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Mud Pump

A large, reciprocating pump used tocirculate the mud on a drilling rig. Atypical mud pump is a double- ortriple-acting, two- or three-cylinder

piston pump whose pistons travel inreplaceable liners and are driven bya crankshaft actuated by an engine.

A mud pump also is called a slushpump.

Bulk Mud Components in Storage

Hopper type tanks for storage ofdrilling fluid components.

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A hydrocyclone device that removes large drill solids from the

whole mud system. The desander should be located downstreamof the shale shakers and degassers, but before the desilters ormud cleaners.Various size desander and desilter cones arefunctionally identical, with the size of the cone determining the sizeof particles the device removes from the mud system.

Desander:

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The primary and probably most important device on the rig for

removing drilled solids from the mud. A wire-cloth screen vibrateswhile the drilling fluid flows on top of it. The liquid phase of the mudand solids smaller than the wire mesh pass through the screen,while larger solids are retained on the screen and eventually fall offthe back of the device and are discarded.Where it was once common for drilling rigs to have only one or twoshale shakers, modern high-efficiency rigs are often fitted with four

or more shakers.

Shale shaker:

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig or at a mud-mixingplant. For land rigs, most mud pits are rectangular steel construction,with partitions that hold about 200 barrels each. They are set inseries for the active mud system. On most offshore rigs, pits areconstructed into the drilling vessel and are larger, holding up to 1000barrels. Circular pits are used at mixing plants and on some drillingrigs to improve mixing efficiency and reduce dead spots that allow

settling. Earthen mud pits werethe earliest type of mud pit, butenvironmental protection concernhas led to less frequent use ofopen pits in the ground. Today,earthen pits are used only tostore used or waste mud and

cuttings prior to disposal andremediation of the site of the pit.

Mud House:The place where mud additives are kept at the rig, alsoknown as the sack room.

Mud pit:

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Drilling Equipment


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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Reserve Pits:

A mud pit in which a supply ofdrilling fluid has been stored. Also,a waste pit, usually an excavated,earthen-walled pit. It may be linedwith plastic to prevent soilcontamination.

Mud Gas Separator :

A device that removes gasfrom the mud coming out ofa well when a kick is beingcirculated out.

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

A hydrocyclone much like a desander except that its design

incorporates a greater number of smaller cones. As with the desander,its purpose is to remove unwanted solids from the mud system. Thesmaller cones allow the desilter to efficiently remove smaller diameterdrill solids than a desander does. For that reason, the desilter islocated downstream from the desander in the surface mud system.

Desilterer:

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The large-diameter metal pipe that connects the bell nipple under

the rotary table to the possum belly at the mud tanks. The flowline issimply an inclined, gravity-flow conduit to direct mud coming out thetop of the wellbore to the mud surface-treating equipment. Whendrilling certain highly reactive clays, called "gumbo," the flowlinemay become plugged and require considerable effort by the rig crewto keep it open and flowing. In addition, the flowline is usually fittedwith a crude paddle-type flow-measuring device commonly called a

"flow show" that may give the driller the first indication that the wellis flowing.

F lowline (mud return l ine):

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Stand pipe:

A rigid metal conduit that provides thehigh-pressure pathway for drilling mudto travel approximately one-third of theway up the derrick, where it connectsto a flexible high-pressure hose (kellyhose). Many large rigs are fitted withdual standpipes so that downtime is

kept to a minimum if one standpiperequires repair.

Annulus:

The space around a pipe in a well

bore, the outer wall of which maybe the wall of either the bore holeor the casing; sometimes termedthe annular space.

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Drilling Equipment


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Drilling Equipment


General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Rotary Dr il l Bits:

Rotary drilling bits usually are classified according to their design asFixed cutter bits(Drag bits)and Rolling cutter bits.

Fixed cutter bits:

PDC(Polycry sta l l ine Diamond Compact) bi t :

A drilling tool that uses polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC)

cutters to shear rock with a continuous scraping motion. Thesecutters are synthetic diamond disks about 1/8-in. thick and about1/2 to 1 in. in diameter. PDC bits are effective at drilling shaleformations, especially when used in combination with oil-base muds.

Drilling Equipment


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General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Roll ing c utter bits (Roller-co ne bits):

A tool designed to crush rock efficiently while incurring a minimalamount of wear on the cutting surfaces. As the drillstring is rotated, thebit cones roll along the bottom of the hole in a circle. As they roll, newteeth come in contact with the bottom of the hole, crushing the rockimmediately below and around the bit tooth. As the cone rolls, the tooththen lifts off the bottom of the hole and a high-velocity fluid jet strikes

the crushed rock chips to remove them from the bottom of the hole andup the annulus.There are to types of roller-cone bits:

Steel insert b its:

Application for soft formations

Rotary Dr il l Bits:

Carbide insert bi ts:

Application for hard formations

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General

Hoisting

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Rotation

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Mud circulation

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Rig facili ties

Drill pipe is a tubular steel conduitfitted with special threaded endscalled tool joints. The drillpipeconnects the rig surface equipmentwith the bottomhole assembly and

the bit, both to pump drilling fluid tothe bit and to be able to raise, lowerand rotate the bottomhole assemblyand bit.

Dr il l pipe:

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Drilling Equipment


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Hoisting

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Rig facili ties

A component of a drillstring that provides weight on bit for

drilling. Gravity acts on the large mass of the collars toprovide the downward force needed for the bits toefficiently break rock.

Dr ill Collar:

Dri ll collar

Drillpipe

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The enlarged and threaded ends of joints of drillpipe. These

components are fabricated separately from the pipe body andwelded onto the pipe at a manufacturing facility. The tool jointsprovide high-strength, high-pressure threaded connections that aresufficiently robust to survive the rigors of drilling and numerouscycles of tightening and loosening at threads. Tool joints are usuallymade of steel that has been heat treated to a higher strength thanthe steel of the tube body. The large-diameter section of the tool

joints provides a low stress area where pipe tongs are used to gripthe pipe. Hence, relatively small cuts caused by the pipe tongs donot significantly impair the strength or life of the joint of drillpipe.

Tool Joint:

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Rig facili ties

The lower portion of the drillstring,

consisting of (from the bottom up in avertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mudmotor (in certain cases), stabilizers,drill collars, heavy-weight drillpipe,

jarring devices ("jars") and crossoversfor various threadforms. Oftentimes

the assembly includes a mud motor,directional drilling and measuringequipment, measurements-while-drillingtools, logging-while-drillingtools and other specialized devices.

A simple BHA consisting of a bit,various crossovers, and drill collars

may be relatively inexpensive (lessthan $100,000 US in 1999), while acomplex one may cost ten or moretimes that amount.

Coi led tubing

connector

Check valve

assembly

Pressure

disconnect

Dri l l collars

Mud motor

Bottom hole assembly:

Bit

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A large valve at the top of a well that maybe closed if the drilling crew loses controlof formation fluids. By closing this valve(usually operated remotely via hydraulicactuators), the drilling crew usually regainscontrol of the reservoir, and procedurescan then be initiated to increase the mud

density until it is possible to open the BOPand retain pressure control of theformation. BOPs come in a variety ofstyles, sizes and pressure ratings. Somecan effectively close over an openwellbore, some are designed to sealaround tubular components in the well(drillpipe, casing or tubing) and others arefitted with hardened steel shearingsurfaces that can actually cut throughdrillpipe.

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Blowout preventer (BOP):

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Rig facili tiesAccumulator:

The storage device for nitrogen

pressurized hydraulic fluid, whichis used in operating the blowout

preventers.

Choke Manifold

The arrangement of piping andspecial valves, called chokes,through which drilling mud iscirculated when the blowout

preventers are closed to control thepressures encountered during a kick.

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General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

The structure used to support the crown blocks and the drillstring of a

drilling rig. Derricks are usually pyramidal in shape, and offer a goodstrength-to-weight ratio. If the derrick design does not allow it to bemoved easily in one piece, special ironworkers must assemble them

piece by piece, and in some cases disassemble them if they are to bemoved.

Derrick:

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Hoisting

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Dril l pipe & BHA

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Mast is a po rtable derr ick capable

of bein g erected as a unit , asdist ingu ished from a standard

derr ick, which cann ot be raised

to a working pos i t ion as a unit .

This structure used to support thecrown blocks and the drillstring.

Masts are usually rectangular ortrapezoidal in shape and offer avery good stiffness, important toland rigs whose mast is laid downwhen the rig is moved. They sufferfrom being heavier than

conventional derricks andconsequently are not usually foundin offshore environments, whereweight is more of a concern than inland operations.

Mast:

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General

Hoisting

equipment

Rotation

equipment

Mud circulation

equipment

Dril l pipe & BHA

Safety equipment

Rig facili ties

Catli ne Boom and Hoist Line:

A structural framework erected near thetop of the derrick for lifting material.

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Pipe Ramp

An angled ramp for dragging drillpipe up to the drilling platform orbringing pipe down off the drill

platform.

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Monkeyboard:

The derrickman's working platform.Double board, tribble board, fourableboard; a monkey board located at a heightin the derrick or mast equal to two, three,or four lengths of pipe respectively.

Doghouse:

A small enclosure on the rig floor used asan office for the driller or as a storehousefor small objects. Also, any small buildingused as an office or for storage.

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Electri c cable tray

Supports the heavy electrical cablesthat feed the power from the control

panel to the rig motors.

Engine Generator Sets

A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG), natural gas, or gasolineengine, along with a mechanicaltransmission and generator for

producing power for the drilling rig.Newer rigs use electric generatorsto power electric motors on theother parts of the rig.

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Fuel tanksFuel storage tanks for the

power generating system.

Electric Control House

On diesel electric rigs, powerfuldiesel engines drive large electricgenerators. The generators produce

electricity that flows through cablesto electric switches and controlequipment enclosed in a controlcabinet or panel. Electricity is fed toelectric motors via the panel.

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Pipe Racks:

A horizontal support for tubulargoods.

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Water tank

Is used to store water that isused for mud mixing, cementing,

and rig cleaning.

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A device used to grip the drillstring in a relatively nondamagingmanner and suspend it in the rotary table. This device consists ofthree or more steel wedges that are hinged together, forming a nearcircle around the drillpipe. On the drillpipe side (inside surface), theslips are fitted with replaceable, hardened tool steel teeth thatembed slightly into the side of the pipe. The outsides of the slips aretapered to match the taper of the rotary table.

Slips:

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The large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking out

drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing tongs,rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use. Power tongsare pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that spin the pipeup and, in some instances, apply the final makeup torque.

Tong:

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Title: Dr il li ng Equipment

Author: Assoc. Prof . Pl Skall e

Assistant producer: Reza Rahmani

Size: mb

Publication date: 2. January 2002

Abstract:

Software required: Power Point 2002

Prerequisites: B.Sc

Estimated time to complete: 150 minutes

General information:

About author


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No FAQs have been registered at the moment

FAQ:

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Name: Pl skalle

Position:Associate professor at Department of

Petroleum Engineering and Applied

Geophysics, NTNU

Address:Eidsvollgate 33, 7030 Trondheim,

Norway

E-mail:[email protected]

Phone: 73 59 47 25

Web:http://iptibm3.ipt.ntnu.no/~pskalle

About author:

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39941208 drilling equipment

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