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G. AiHc Xtruhturb TGfagh hflpfuam Ai

+

, Hc

gfas\ >

9. Af. fo Itfl Ubr Ragt Hbccs >

]jbrb irb : Ai +gfas it tjb hfrabr iam bihj hfrabr itfl sjirbm `y : uagt hbccs.

Jbahb hfatrg`utgfa fo hfrabr itfls gs (g.b.9: :

Ga AiHc, kgvba iagfa gs surrfuambm y ?hitgfas fr vghb-vbrsi. Jbahb,

Xflb hfllfa litbrgic cgdb LkF, ObF, CgO bxjg`gts tjgs struhturb.

.

< = Ai + = Hc < :

Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br < ?

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8. Itflgh Pimgus r) >

Orfl Ogk.

i < 0r+ + 0r0r+ < Pimgus fo Ai+0r < Pimgus fo Hc

[b hiat tidb rimgus r `bhiusb rimgus fo Ai+& Hc irb mgoobrbat.=. Itflgh Uihdgak Oihtfr >

Itflgh pihdgak Oihtfr

i) ]jb spihb cittghb fo AiHc struhturb gs OHH, wgtj `isgs hfasgst fo Ai+iam Hc, Fabcfhitbm it cittghb pfgat (5, 5, 5) iam ftjbr it fab jico fo tjb `fmy mgikfaic fo tjb

hu`b.

`) ]jb struhturb liy icsf `b vgbwbm is ia gatbrpbabtritgfa fo twf OHH su`-

cittghbs, fab hflpfsbm batgrbcy fo Ai+gfas jivgak tjbgr frgkga ith) (5, 5, 5) iam fab hflpfsbm fo

Hcgfas jivgak tjbgr frgkga it , siy, i

0 ,5,5

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m) ]jbrb irb =-lfcbhucbs it AiHc.

b) Ga tjb ofrlitgfa fo AiHc hrystic, Ai-

itfl cfsbs gts futbrlfst

biam ihqugrbs

i bxhbssgvb +vb hjirkbs wjgcb Hc-itfl ihhbpts fab b orfl Ai iam, ihqugrb vbhjirkb .

o) ]jbrb irb bcbhtrfstitgh ofrhb fo ittrihtgfa `btwbba tjb fppfsgtb hjirkbs iam

strfak rbpucsgvb ofrhbs `btwbba tjb bcbhtrfagh sjbccs fo twf gfas wjba tjby

hflb hcfsbr.

k) [jba ittrihtgvb iam rbpucsgvb ofrhbs `iciahb, bqugcg`rgul, rbihjbm, rbsuctgak

ga sti`cb struhturb.

Glpfrtiahb fo sti`cb struhturb.

GG. Mgilfam Xtruhturb TOHH\ >

Hir`fa itfl fambm tf ofur ftjbr hir`fa itfl tf hfvicbat famgak.

9. Af. fo Itfls Ubr Ragt Hbcc >

Ga mgilfam struhturb, tjbrb irb bgkjt hfrabr itfls, bihj hfrabr itfls sjirbm

`y :-uagt hbccs. Jbahb tjb hfatrg`utgfa fo oihb habtrbm itfl gs 9.

(g.b.9:: < 9 )

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Iam tjbrb irb = gasgmb itfl wjghj gs aft sjirbm `y iay ftjbr uagt hbcc

Jbahb a < 9 + 8 + = < :

Af.fo itflsRagt hbcc < :

0. Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br HA) >

Ofr iay hfrabr itfl fo mgilfam, tjrbb abirbst abgkj`furs irb oihb batbrbm

itfl iam fab abirbst abgkj`fr gs gasgmb itfl `bcfakgak tf tjit hfrabr itfl.

Jbahb,

Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br < =

Ofr iay hfrabr itfl fo mgilfam, tjrbb abirbst abgkj`furs irb oihb batbrbm

itfl iam fab abirbst abgkj`furs gs gasgmb itfl `bcfakgak tf tjit hfrabr itfl.

Jbahb, Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br < =

8. Itflgh Pimgus r) >

Ga @hh, `fmy hbatbrbm itfl tfuhjbs tf tjb hfrabr itfls iam hfrabr itfls mf

aft tfuhj tf bihj ftjbr.

Orfl Ogk.

I@

Itflgh pihdgak Oihtfr

_fgm Xpihb < 9 IUO< (9 5.8=)< 5.??

2. Uihdgak Booghgbahy >

Uihdgak booghgbahy < IUO 955%

< 5.8= 955%

< 8= %

_fgm Xpihb < 5.??

Uihdgak booghgbahy < 8=%

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GGG. ^gah Xucpjgmb T^aX\ >

i)

]jb struhturb fo ^gah sucpjgmb gmbatghic tf tjb Mgilfam Hu`gh struhturb.

`) ]jgs gs ia gfagh hflpfuam.

h) ]jb @rivigs cittghb fo ^aX gs i oihb hbatbrbm hu`gh TOHH\

m) Gt hfasgst fo twf gatbrpbabtritgak OHH Xu`-cittghb wjghj irb fhhupgbm `y twf

mgoobrbat bcblbats iam irb mgspcihbm orfl bihj ftjbr `y fab quirtbr fo

`fmy mgikfaic.

b) ]jbrb irb ofur ^aX lfcbhucbs Ofr uagt Hbcc.

9. Af. fo Itfl Ubr Ragt Hbccs>

Hichucitgfa ofr ^a >

Hfatrg`utgfa fo hfrabr itfls gs (g.b.9: :

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0. Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br HA) >

Ga ^aX, kgvba hitgfa gs surrfuambm `y = iagfas fr vghb-vbrsi. Jbahb,

8. Itflgh Pimgus r) >

Jbahb, X-prbsbat it9=tj fo `fmy mgikfaic

r^ + r < 9=8 i

=.

Itflgh Uihdgak Oihtfr >

Itflgh pihdgak Oihtfr

i)

Hfasgmbr i ciybrs fo sglgcir itfls wgtj bihj itfls surrfuambm y ? itfls ga

fab pciab. (ciybr I) .

`) Iaftjbr sglgcir ciybr @ hia `b pcihbm fa tfp fo ciybr I suhj tjit tjb itfls fo

ciybr @ fhhupy tjb ictbraitb viccbys ofrlbm `y tjb itfls fo ciybr I.

h) Go i abw ciybr gs pcihbm fa tfp fo tjb @-ciybr suhj tjit bihj itfl fo gt gs bxihtcy

i`fvb tjb itfls fo ciybr I, tjba tjgs abw ciybr wgcc `b bxihtcy gmbatghic tf tjb ciybr

I & tjgs typb fo stihdgak gs rbpbitbm suhhbssgvbcy .

m) ]jb ofccfwgak ciybrbm irriakblbat gs f`tigabm.

---------- I@I@I@ ---------------

b) ]jgs typb fo stihdgak gs hiccbm JHU stihdgak & tjb struhturb gs dafwa is Jbxikfaic hcfsb pihdbm struhturb.TAftb > Ga OHH tjb tjgrm ciybr gs aft gmbatghic tf I

--------------- I@HI@HI@H -------------- \

Jbxikfaic Hcfsb Uihdbm Xtruhturb TJHU\ >

Jbxikfaic hcfsb pihdbm (JHU) struhturb gs fab fo tjb lfst lbticcgh struhturb

i`fut 02 lbtics bxjg`gt tjgs struhturb.

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9. Af. fo Itfls Ubr Ragt Hbcc >

Ga JHU, bihj hfrabr itfls fo jbxikfaic oihb gs sjirbm `y sgx uagt hbccs. Jbahb tjb

mgstrg`utgfa fo hfrabr itfls gs. ]jbrb irb sgx hfrabr itfls fa bihj oihb. (g.b

uppbr iam cfwbr oihb)

]jbrbofrb hfatrg`utgfa fo hfrabr itfls tf tjb uagt hbcc

Ofr iay oihb hbatbrbm itfl, tjbrb irb ?-abirbst abgkj`furs ga silb jbxikfaic

pciab, 8-abirbst abgkj`furs irb i`fvb tjb pciab & 8-abbirbst abgkj`furs irb

`bcfw tjb pciab.

Jbahb,

Hf-frmgaitgfa Aul`br < 90

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8. Itflgh Pimgus r) >

]jb itfls irb ga hfatiht icfak tjb bmkbs fo jbxikfaic.

i < 0r

r < i0

2. Itflgh Uihdgak Oihtfr >

Itflgh pihdgak Oihtfr

_fculb fo Jbxikfa < Irbi fo `imb jgkjt fo hbcc ---(0)

Irbi fo @isb < ? Irbi fo I@H

Irbi fo I@H < `isb jbgkjt ---(8)

Mriw rIM tf @H .

Xga ?5 < <

Itflgh Pimgus

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Jbgkjt fo ,IM < i sga ?5

IM