Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses

whowhowhomwhomwhichwhichthatthatwhosewhosewhenwhenwherewhere

We use We use adjective clausesadjective clauses also also called called relative clausesrelative clauses to to identify or give additional identify or give additional information about nouns information about nouns (people, places, or things)(people, places, or things)

WhoWho and and WhomWhom are used are used only for only for peoplepeople..WhoWho is the subject of the is the subject of the clause.clause.After After whowho you should see a you should see a verbverb

WhomWhom is the object of the is the object of the clause. After clause. After whomwhom you you should see a subject (noun should see a subject (noun or pronoun)or pronoun)

Sentences with adjective Sentences with adjective clauses can be seen as clauses can be seen as combination of two combination of two sentences.sentences.I have a I have a friend.friend. + + SheShe loves loves to shopto shopI have a friend I have a friend who loves to who loves to shopshop..

whowho

The The manman is playing is playing baseball.baseball.

The The manman is holding a is holding a bat.bat.

The man The man whowho is is holding the bat is holding the bat is playing baseballplaying baseball

whomwhom

I see the I see the doctordoctor in in the room.the room.

The The doctordoctor is my is my father.father.

The doctor The doctor whomwhom you see in the room you see in the room is my father.is my father.

WhichWhich is used only for is used only for thingsthingswhich can be both subject which can be both subject and object of the clause.and object of the clause.

whichwhich

The The telephonetelephone is in is in your room.your room.

The The telephonetelephone is is ringing.ringing.

The telephone The telephone whichwhich is in your room is is in your room is ringing.ringing.

ThatThat is used for both people is used for both people and things. (less formal and things. (less formal than whom and than whom and which)which)ThatThat can be both subject can be both subject and object of the clause.and object of the clause.

thatthat

I see the I see the flowersflowers.. The The flowersflowers are in are in

the pondthe pond The flowers The flowers thatthat you you

see are in the pond.see are in the pond. I see the flowers I see the flowers thatthat

are in the pond.are in the pond.

WhoseWhose is the possessive is the possessive and is used for both people and is used for both people and things and must be and things and must be followed by a noun.followed by a noun.Whose + nounWhose + noun can be can be subject or objectsubject or objectI heard the scientist I heard the scientist whose whose workwork isis attracting interest. attracting interest.I met the scientist I met the scientist whose whose workwork I I admire.admire.

whosewhose

The girl is crying.The girl is crying. HerHer cat is sick. cat is sick. The girl The girl whosewhose cat is cat is

sick is crying.sick is crying.

The verb in the adjective The verb in the adjective clause is singular if the clause is singular if the subject relative clause subject relative clause refers to a singular noun. It refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a is plural if it refers to a plural noun.plural noun.Ben is my friend Ben is my friend who lives who lives in Boston.in Boston.John and Alex are John and Alex are my my friends whofriends who livelive in Boston. in Boston.

The boy is my friend.The boy is my friend.He lives down the street.He lives down the street.

Two news articles were written Two news articles were written by my science professor.by my science professor.They appeared in the latest They appeared in the latest edition of Nova.edition of Nova.

The Japanese food is sashimi.The Japanese food is sashimi.Keith likes it best.Keith likes it best.

The boy The boy who lives down the who lives down the streetstreet is my friend. is my friend.

Two news articles Two news articles which which appeared in the latest edition of appeared in the latest edition of Nova Nova were written by my were written by my science professor.science professor.

The Japanese food The Japanese food that Keith that Keith likeslikes besbestt is sashimi. is sashimi.

The people are very The people are very interesting.interesting.Maria works for them.Maria works for them.

The TV newscaster is on The TV newscaster is on channel 7.channel 7.I trust her opinions most.I trust her opinions most.

The people The people whom Maria works whom Maria works forfor are very interesting. are very interesting.

The TV newscaster The TV newscaster whose whose opinionsopinions I trust mostI trust most is on is on channel 7.channel 7.

WhoWhowhomwhomwhichwhichthatthat(0)(0)can be the object of the can be the object of the preposition in its clause. If preposition in its clause. If the preposition is at the the preposition is at the beginning of the clause, beginning of the clause, whom whom or or whichwhich must be used must be used

In formal English we put the In formal English we put the preposition at the beginning of preposition at the beginning of the clause. Also, we use only the clause. Also, we use only whomwhom not not whowho or or thatthat to refer to refer to people, and to people, and whichwhich not not thatthat to refer to things.to refer to things.He’s the writer He’s the writer who I work forwho I work for..He’s the writer He’s the writer for whom I for whom I workwork..That’s the book That’s the book that I told you that I told you about.about.That’s the book______________That’s the book______________

She is a scientist.She is a scientist.We agree with her.We agree with her.She is a scientist She is a scientist whom we whom we agree withagree with. . She is a scientist She is a scientist with whomwith whom we agree.we agree. She has developed a theory She has developed a theory which/that (0) we are interested which/that (0) we are interested inin. . She has developed a She has developed a theory theory inin whichwhich we are we are interested.interested.

WhereWhere modifies the noun modifies the noun place (country, city, place (country, city, building, house, room, building, house, room, street, and so on) street, and so on) I want to know the name of I want to know the name of the city the city where you were where you were bornborn

WhenWhen modifies the noun modifies the noun time time ( century, year, day, night,) ( century, year, day, night,) Your friend wants to know Your friend wants to know when you were born.when you were born.

Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses come in two types: come in two types: restrictiverestrictive and and nonrestrictivenonrestrictive

RestrictiveRestrictive adjective clauses adjective clausesidentify the noun or identify the noun or pronoun modified. They pronoun modified. They give information needed in give information needed in order to know who or what order to know who or what the pronoun refers to.the pronoun refers to.

My sister My sister who lives in who lives in CaliforniaCalifornia is a doctor. is a doctor.

The car The car that has broken that has broken headlightsheadlights belongs to my belongs to my brother.brother.

NonrestrictiveNonrestrictive adjective clauses adjective clauses give extra information give extra information about the noun or the about the noun or the pronoun but is not needed pronoun but is not needed to identify it.to identify it.

My sister, My sister, who lives in who lives in CaliforniaCalifornia, is a doctor., is a doctor.

The Eiffel Tower has an The Eiffel Tower has an elevator, elevator, which I rode to the which I rode to the top.top.

Nonrestrictive Nonrestrictive adjective clausesadjective clausesUseUse

who, which, whom, whose,who, which, whom, whose,

Where, whenWhere, when

In nonrestrictive adjective In nonrestrictive adjective clausesclausesDo not useDo not use the relative the relative pronoun pronoun THATTHATDo not omitDo not omit the object the object relative pronounrelative pronounAlways put commasAlways put commas around around a nonrestrictive clausea nonrestrictive clause

Adjective phrasesAdjective phrases

do not have a subject and do not have a subject and do not have a verb. They do not have a verb. They can only be formed from can only be formed from clauses with subject relative clauses with subject relative pronouns.pronouns.

To change an adjective To change an adjective clause with clause with bebe to an to an adjective phrase, adjective phrase, deletedelete the the subject relative pronoun subject relative pronoun and the form of and the form of bebe

The book The book which iswhich is written in written in Spanish is difficult.Spanish is difficult.The book The book written in Spanishwritten in Spanish is difficult.is difficult.

Any students Any students who arewho are in in this class can learn to speak this class can learn to speak English.English.Any students Any students in this classin this class can learn to speak English.can learn to speak English.

To form an adjective phrase To form an adjective phrase with a verb with a verb other thanother than BeBe,, delete the subject relative delete the subject relative pronoun and change the pronoun and change the verb to its present verb to its present participle (-ing) formparticiple (-ing) form

People People who livewho live in big cities in big cities often see new movies.often see new movies.

People People livingliving in big cities in big cities often see new moviesoften see new movies

If an adjective If an adjective clauseclause is is restrictive the adjective restrictive the adjective phrasephrase is restrictive. is restrictive.

If an adjective If an adjective clauseclause is is nonrestrictive, the adjective nonrestrictive, the adjective phrasephrase is nonrestrictive is nonrestrictive

The End!The End!