ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSESSiti Ainun, ST., Spsi., MScAn adjective Clause contain a subject and a verb. Is a subordinate or dependent clauseIt must be connected to a main or independent clauseAdjective clauses begin with a relative pronouns such as, who, whom whose which that or relative adverb such as when and where.. Identification of Adjective ClauseClause MarkerUseExampleWhoPeople (subject)The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used smoke signalsWhomPeople (object)The woman whom we met was called Ligtning cloudWhosePeople / things (possessive)He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed upon in advanceWhichThings (subject/object)That is a tribe which interest me (subject)

The drumbeats which we heard sent a message (object)ThatPeople / things (subject/object)The apache is a tribe that I will research (object)

The smoke that you see is from the hillsWherePlace (adverb)That is the valley where the tribe livedwhenTime (adverb)That is the day when we get the signalOMMISSION OF A RELATIVE PRONOUNWhen the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause, it cannot be omittedThe man who played the drum was from West Africa. (subject)

If the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause , it can be omitted. The man whom I saw was a Native American. (object)The man I saw was Native American.

OMMISSION OF A RELATIVE PRONOUNThe relative pronoun whose, where, and whereby cannot be omitted

Sequoyah, whose alphabet for the Indian people consisted of 85 characters, was acclaimed a genius by his people

That was the area where the tribe lived

Sequoyah devised an alphabet whereby all the different tribes could read a common language

Prepositions that comes before adjective clausesSometimes an adjective clause is used with a preposition there are a number of ways by which a message can be sent.Formal : that was the man to whom I was referringInformal : that was the man whom I was referring to

strategyCiri ciri pemakaian whom : setelah whom pasti ada : we, I , you, he, she, theyCheck the correct clause marker and a subject and a verb in an adjective clauseRemember that sometimes the relative pronoun may be omitted from an adjective clause. The relative pronouns which, that, and whom can be omitted when they are the object of the adjective clauseReduced Adjective ClauseAdjective clause can be reduced to phrasesAn adjective phrase modifies a nounAn adjective phrase does not contain a subject and a verbONLY adjectives that have a subject pronoun, who, which, or that can be reducedAC : the man who is drumming is AfricanAP : the man drumming is AfricanAC : the man who is playing the drums is well-knownAP : the man playing the drums is weel-known

Reduced Adjective ClauseTWO WAYS TO REDUCE AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSEThe subject pronoun and the be form of the verb are omittedAC : The man who is playing is my friendAP : The man playing is my friend

AC : The signals which are given are simpleAP : The signal given are simpleWhen there is no form of be in the adjective clause, you can omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to the ing formAC : Anyone who wants to get the news can listen to the messageAP : Anyone wanting to get the news can listen to the message

AC : The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet that consist of 85 charactersAP : The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet consisting of 85 characters

Adjective phrases are usually separated by commas, as in adjective clauses

AC : Sequoyah, who was the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee IndianAP : Sequoyah, the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee IndianEXERCISE 1Complete the sentences with the relative pronoun which, who, whose.

The smoke signals ________ the American Indians used did not convey complex messages.2. The signals contained simple messages __________ meaning and been agreed upon in advance.A warrior _________ had finished a succesful raid might send a simple colomn of smoke to his village.They made a fires ________ were fed with damp grass.It was the signal came from _________ conveyed most of the messages.When one group spotted another group of Indians, they lit a fire to their right _________ meant , Who are you?

ANSWERSWHICHWHOSEWHOWHICHWHICHWHICHEXERCISE 2Choose the correct relative pronoun in parentheses to complete the sentences.

The semi nomadic tribes of the Great Plains used to smoke signals (which/who) were simple.A signal (whose/which) conveyed a victory in battle was agreed upon in advance.The Hollywood movies (which/whom) we watch do no give a true picture of the Indians.A party would send a column of smoke(which/whom) the other understood.Drumbeats (whose/which) are used in Africa can give more complex signals.A warrior (who/which) saw an enemy approaching might send a smoke signal WHICHWHICHWHICHWHICHWHICHWHO

EXERCISE 3Underline the adjective clause es in the following sentences.

Secagawea, who was a Shoshoni Indian, guide Lewis and Clark to the ColombiaRiver.2.The giant redwood trees that grow in California are named after Sequoyah whocreated an alphabet for the Indian people.Sequoyah became atecher and moved to Oklahoma where he continuded to teachthe alphabet.4. The Shoshoni were a group of Indians who lived in the western pains of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.Each group of Shoshoni was known to others by the type of food that was preserved plentiful in its particular region.6.The Mossi people of West Africa usectaking drums as means of preserving theirhistory, which has been handed down by generationsEXERCISE 4Circle the number of sentence where the relative pronoun/ adverb or a prepositionIs missing.

Lewis and Clark went to south Dakota , where they spent bitter winter among the Mandan tribeIt is countries such as Ghana, Dahoney, and Nigeria the use of talking drums is mostly developed.The most celebrated talking drummers of West Africa are the Yorubas whose principals instrument called a dondon.Talking drums, play a central role in African cultural and social life, have many uses besides the sending of long distance messages.There are a number of colors which the Pueblo Indians of America identified direction.Drumbeats which the actual words of their tribal language is communicated is traditional form of communication in Africa2. Where4. which5. by6. byEXERCISE 5Where possible, reduce adjective clauses to phrases.

Sequoyah , who was the son of an Indian mother and a European father, was born in Tennesse.Sequoyah, who was first a hunter, became a trader after a hunting accident.Sequoyah, who had no education , believed that redading and writing were important.Sequoyah, who worked on the alphabet for twelve years, finally completed it in 1823.His alphabet, which consists od eighty-five sounds, was an important inventin for his people.A Cherokee newspaper whose columns had news both n English and Cherokee was soon published. Thousands of Cherokee, who did not know how to read or write started to write using the new alphabet.

The thyroid gland, ______, is located in the neckWhere the hormone thyroxine is producedWhere produced is the hormone thyroxineHotmone thyroxine is produced hereAt which is produced the hormone thyroxineDragonflies feed on a large variety of insects ______ catch in flightIn which theyWhich theyThere are toThere are aAccording to legend, Betsy Ross was the woman _______the first American stars and stripes flagWhom she madeMadeWho madeAnd she madePumpkin seeds, _____ protein and iron, are a popular snackThatProvideWhichWhich provide

The spinal cord is a long, thick bundle of nerves _____ from the brain to the lower part of the backThat runsIs runningIt runsWhom it runsGeorge pullman introduced a dining car _____ its own kitchen in 1868It hadThat hadThat it hadhavingIn 1898, ________ pharmacologist, John H.Abel, isolated the hormone adrenalineAn american whoWho, an americanAn americanHe was an americanNitrogen gas, _______ up about 78% of our atmosphere, is constantly being used by plants and animalsWhich it makesIt makesMakesWhich makesPaper is made from cellulose fibers, ______ in all celssAreWhich areThey areWhich they areThe pepper plant bears a small, green berry _____ red as it ripensWhich turnsTurnsIt turnsThat it turnsQuinine, _________ once used to cure malaria, was taken from the bark of a South American tree, the cinchonaIt is a famous drugIs a famous drugA famous drugIs a famous drug whoseBille Holiday, ________ unique singing style made her famous, was also known as Lady DayShe is aWhomWhowhoseThe thyroid gland, ______, is located in the neckWhere the hormone thyroxine is producedWhere produced is the hormone thyroxineHotmone thyroxine is produced hereAt which is produced the hormone thyroxineDragonflies feed on a large variety of insects ______ catch in flightIn which theyWhich theyThere are toThere are aAccording to legend, Betsy Ross was the woman _______the first American stars and stripes flagWhom she madeMadeWho madeAnd she madePumpkin seeds, _____ protein and iron, are a popular snackThatProvideWhichWhich provide

The spinal cord is a long, thick bundle of nerves _____ from the brain to the lower part of the backThat runsIs runningIt runsWhom it runsGeorge pullman introduced a dining car _____ its own kitchen in 1868It hadThat hadThat it hadhavingIn 1898, ________ pharmacologist, John H.Abel, isolated the hormone adrenalineAn american whoWho, an americanAn americanHe was an americanNitrogen gas, _______ up about 78% of our atmosphere, is constantly being used by plants and animalsWhich it makesIt makesMakesWhich makesPaper is made from cellulose fibers, ______ in all celssAreWhich areThey areWhich they areThe pepper plant bears a small, green berry _____ red as it ripensWhich turnsTurnsIt turnsThat it turnsQuinine, _________ once used to cure malaria, was taken from the bark of a South American tree, the cinchonaIt is a famous drugIs a famous drugA famous drugIs a famous drug whoseBille Holiday, ________ unique singing style made her famous, was also known as Lady DayShe is aWhomWhowhose