CHAPTER 29

SEC 1THE BRITISH

EMPIRE POST-WWI

EGYPT• After WWI many British

colonies sought independence and self-rule

• The Egyptians gained their pseudo-independence in 1922

Though on paper they were independent, the British still wished to control the Suez, and left military forces behind

The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty would allow for more freedom, but locked Egypt into occupation for 20 more years

PALESTINE v. ZIONISTS - ORIGINS

• British keep complete control over Palestine• Since the late 1800’s, European Jews, part of the

Zionist movement, aimed to build a homeland for Jews in the Holy Land– The British supported this settlement

• British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour’s Balfour Declaration

• The British not only promised a Jewish state, but also promised an Arab one.– The Arab state would be a reward for helping against the

Ottomans in WWI– After the war, both sides waited for GB to make good on

its promises– Clashes flared between the two groups, so the Brits

reduced Jewish immigration

• When the Nazis began the Final Solution, Jewish immigration increased again

• By 1937, GB declared the obvious: Zionist homeland and Arab independence were incompatible– It was suggested that land be divided between the

two groups

?

INDIA • India was GB’s largest colony• Indians were divided

– Those educated in the west –wanted Brit rule

– Indian Nationalists – complete independence• Mohandas Gandhi

– Political and spiritual leader

– Opposed violence – passive resistance

– His followers boycotted Brit goods and refused to pay taxes

• The British responded by restricting civil liberties and breaking up public demonstrations

• Efforts to secure independence will continue

CHAPTER 29

SEC 2TURKEY & AFRICA

TURKEY

• After WWI the Ottomans were stripped of all their land except Turkey

• Mustafa Kemal, along with his nationalist followers, helped establish The Republic of Turkey in 1923– Kemal became

their first President

• Kemal recognized the technological superiority of the West and embraced nationalism

• He worked to modernize and westernize Turkey– He viewed Islam as a

roadblock to modernization• He ended Islam’s

association with the government

– He imposed civil and social reforms

SOCIAL REFORM IN TURKEY

• Kemal prohibited the wearing of tradition clothing

• All were required to take surnames– He took the name Ataturk, meaning

“father of the Turks”• He established secular schools• He replaced the Arabic alphabet with the

Latin alphabet• He gave women the right to vote and

hold office• Under Kemal Turkey became more

prosperous

AFRICA

• Many Africans, exposed to WWI fighting, found new ideas of nationalism appealing

• This idea of freedom endangered the colonial holdings of Europe

• By the 1930’s Africans demanded their independence– This movement

would be led by military despots and a handful of western educated young men

CHAPTER 29

SEC 3UNREST

IN CHINA

CHINESE NATIONALISM• The Chinese

Nationalist movement was led by a western educated, former pharmacy student named Sun Yat-sen– Influenced by western

thought, he sought a constitutional government and a bill of rights for the people

– He sought industrialization and modernization

SUN YAT-SEN’S 3 PRICIPLES OF THE PEOPLE 1) Political

unification and an ouster of foreign influence

2) Gradual change to democratic government, with full personal rights and liberties to the Chinese people

3) Economic improvements with industrialization and a more equitable distribution of land

FORMING THE

CHINESE REPUBLIC

• In 1912 China was declared a republic

• The Nationalist asked for help from foreign powers– The Soviets were the

only to respond– The gave technical,

political and military advice

• Chiang Kai-shek took leadership upon the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925

• Chinese intellectuals founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921– They were

inspired by the Russian Revolution and ideas of Marx and Lenin

• This dedication to Communist ways would be that of the Left wing of the Nationalist Party

• The Right wing opposed Communism, especially the redistribution of land

THE RISE OF THE

COMMUNISTS IN CHINA

CHIANG’S WAR ON

THE COMMUNIS

TS• In 1927 Chiang

expelled all Soviet advisors

• He moved against the Left by executing large numbers of Communists

• Through several large-scale military operations, he sought to eliminate the Communists for good

Hope you like Taiwan

I hope you packed your

boots and long johns.

THE LONG MARCH

• The Communist purge of ‘27 caused the Long March• Communists fled to the Northwest of China,

crossing 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers, constantly chased by Nationalist troops, and surrounded by Nazi forces at one point

• The 6,000 mile trip saw many die, but also saw the rise of Mao Zedong as their leader

• The Nationalist and the Communist, though they hated each other, saw a common enemy in the approaching Japanese imperialists

• They would suspend their feud during the upcoming WWII, only to start up again following the war

Not so bad for an exile. Does

anybody else have a strange craving

for Chinese takeout

CHAPTER 29

IMPERIALISM IN JAPANSEC 4

JAPANESE EXPANSION

• Japan was turning into a modern industrial power• As a small island country, Japan’s expansion was

contingent upon resources their neighbors possessed– Japan looked to Manchuria, putting them in conflict

with Russia• In 1902 Japan gained an alliance with GB (mutual

protection pact)– What desire did this pact fulfill for Japan?

RUSSO-JAPANESE

WAR

• Starting in 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet, overran Russian troops in Korea, and pushed the into Manchuria

• In 1905 the Japanese shocked the world when they defeated the Russian navy handily

• President Theodore Roosevelt was asked to mediate between the two parties, and the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War– Russia yielded control of their

southern Manchurian railroad– Gave up claims to Korea– Russians also pulled troops out of

Manchuria

PROBLEMS WITH MODERNIZATION

• Industrialization and scientific development raised the standard of living for the Japanese people– Because of this, population grew– Population growth leads to more food production,

but every inch of arable land was cultivated• Food supply could not match the population increase

(Malthus?)

– This caused many Japanese to emigrate• This is the time that Roosevelt signed the Gentleman’s

Agreement, limiting Japanese immigration

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

TENSION• Economically, Japan lacked the raw materials needed to create a modern industry– These raw materials

would be needed not only for modernization, but for military expansion

• Socially, younger Japanese questioned the traditional values of their society, as many moved from the farm to the growing cities.

MILITARY

EXPANSION

• Through the 1920’s and the 1930’s Japan became increasingly more militaristic– The military took a greater role

in government– Military officers stated that the

west would never view them as equals• This belief pushed the

Japanese to embrace their “purity” as a people– Japan would pursue a

more independent path from this point forward

– The military insisted the people become more traditional

– They increased the size of the navy and army

– They adopted a “Monroe Doctrine” of their own for Asia

– Manchuria became a target for expansion

CHAPTER 29

SEC 5LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE WARS

ECONOMIC CHANGES

• Agriculture dominated LA economies– Beef, wheat, sugar, coffee, fruits– Oil (mostly owned by US and GB

companies)– copper

SOCIAL & POLITICAL CHANGES

• Cities such as Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, & Rio de Janeiro surged to populations in excess of 1 million

• All this growth, and still, democracy eluded the people of Latin America

EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

• The worldwide depression effected LA in the 1930’s

• Importing goods became nearly impossible• National economies failed, unemployment

spread, and coup d'états overthrew constitutional governments

• These governmental failures due to the depression made people desperate– This desperation

led to the rise of authoritarian military dictators–All dissent was

suppressed and freedoms were stifled

RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES

• US intervention in LA was met with suspicion and ill will

• The Panama Canal and the Spanish American War left a bad taste in their mouth

• In the 1930’s Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy sought to rectify this distrust– This policy called for

noninterference on the part of the US in LA affairs

CUBA TESTS THE POLICY

• A group of socialist radicals overthrew the government in Cuba, and nationalized some American-owned companies– The US responded by

dropping diplomatic recognition (did not intervene)

• Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government (the US didn’t stop him)

• Batista became our buddy, and we cancelled the Platt Amendment