AGENDA Apr 7• Objectives• 1. Explain evolutionary patterns that

account for the history of life.• 2. Describe how organisms are classified.

• 1. Chapter 17/18 Test• 2. Begin work on Chapter 19 Bacteria

Packet• 3. Homework – Packet DUE WED Apr 9

CHAPTER 17/18 TEST

• 1. Complete the test.– Hand in all testing materials

• 2. Take a Bacteria Packet from the front table.

• 3. Begin working on the Packet.– CHAPTER 19– DUE WEDNESDAY APR 9

Question of the Day Apr 8

• The average size of a bacteria is closest to

• A. 20 nanometers• B. 1 millimeter• C. 100 micrometers• D. 4 micrometers

NASA Video

• http://news.msn.com/science-technology/video?videoid=15aba123-b318-20ce-31cd-4736161c6ab5

Solar Flares• Approximately 1/10 of the total energy emitted by

the Sun every second.

• 10 million times greater than the force of a volcanic eruption or 100 million Hydrogen Bombs

• Sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness.

• Emits Electromagnetic radiation across entire spectrum.

AGENDA Apr 8• Objectives: Describe the characteristics

used to identify bacteria.

• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW• 2. Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses• 3. 19-1 Identifying Bacteria• 4. Bacteria Packet

– DUE WED APR 9

CHAPTER 19: Bacteria and Viruses

19-1: Bacteria

• Bacteria commonly used to refer to prokaryotes.

• Prokaryotes were all grouped into Kingdom MONERA.– EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEABACTERIA

• Size ranges from 1 to 5 micrometers.

• Epulopiscium fisheloni– 500 micrometers long

19-1: Bacterial Kingdoms

• ARCHAEABACTERIA– DNA sequences more similar to Eukaryotes– Anaerobic Methanogans produce methane gas

• EUBACTERIA– Live almost anywhere– Single cell membrane or two cell membranes– What is the function of the second membrane?

Identifying Bacteria• 1. Shape• ROD Bacilli• SPHERICAL Cocci• SPIRAL and CORKSCREW Spirilla

Identifying Bacteria• 2. GRAM STAINING – Two Stains used

Primary stain is VIOLET Counterstain is REDGram + bacteria contain Peptidoglycan = VIOLETGram - bacteria contain lipids = RED

• Add Primary Stain• Add alcohol• Alcohol breaks down lipids in• cell walls• Washes away stain in Gram –• Add Counterstain

• 3. Movement – Flagella, Undulation, Secretions

Metabolic Diversity• Chemoheterotrophs

– Take in organic molecules for energy and carbon

• Photoheterotrophs– Use sunlight for energy– Take in orgo molecules for carbon

Chemoautotrophs Make carbon compounds from CO2Use energy from chemical reactions – H, Fe, S, N

PhotoautotrophsUse sunlight much like plants doCyanobacteria – chlorophyll a

Releasing Energy• Obligate Aerobes – require oxygen

– Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Obligate Anaerobes – Do not require oxygen– Oxygen can kill them– Clostridium botulinum

• Facultative Anaerobes – survive with or without oxygen– Esherichia coli

Question of the Day Apr 9

• Which of the following is true about a chemoautoptroph?

• A. Use energy from sunlight• B. Take in organic molecules for energy• C. Produce carbon compounds from

organic molecules• D. Use energy from chemical reactions

AGENDA Apr 9• Objectives: Compare different

mechanisms of bacterial reproduction.• Explain why viruses are not living things.

• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW• 2. Finish 19-1• 3. 19-2 Viruses• 4. Bacteria Packet

– DUE WED APR 9

Gram Staining Process• 1. Apply violet stain (Primary stain)

– Stains peptidoglycan cell walls• 2. Alcohol wash used to wash out violet stain.

– Retained in Gram + walls containing PEP• 3. Alcohol dissolves lipids in cell walls of

Gram – bacteria– Removes violet stain from much thinner walls

• 4. Red counterstain makes Gram - appear red or pink in color

Growth and Reproduction• Binary Fission – DNA replicates, divides in half,

producing two identical daughter cells

• Conjugation – Hollow bridge between two bacteria– Genes exchanged– Increases genetic diversity

Growth and Reproduction

• Spore Formation – mechanism of survival when conditions are unfavorable– Endospore forms when internal wall encloses DNA

and cytoplasm

Importance of BacteriaProducers – Photosynthesis

Decomposers – Break down dead matterRecycle nutrients within ecosystem

Nitrogen Fixers – Convert Nitrogen gas into a usable compound such as ammonia

Required by plants

Uses of bacteriaSewage treatmentEnvironmental cleanup and miningEnzymes for medicine, food production, and

chemistryGenetic engineeringHuman digestive function

Question of the Day Apr 10

• Which of the following is true about a lytic infection?

• A. A prophage is formed.• B. Host cell copies viral DNA.• C. The virus copies itself through

conjugation.• D. Copies of a virus are made after it

enters cell.

AGENDA Apr 10• Objectives: Compare the lytic and

lysogenic cycles of viral infection.• Explain why viruses are not living things.

• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW• 2. 19-2/19-3 Viruses• 3. Virus Packet

– DUE FRIDAY APR 11

19-2: Discovery of Viruses

• Dimitri Ivanovski 1892

– studied tobacco plants

– Juice from crushed leaves killed healthy plants

– named it tobacco mosaic disease

19-2: Viruses

• Particles of nucleic acids, proteins, and sometimes lipids.

• DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat

• Protein coat called a CAPSID– Proteins bind receptors on host cells.– Virus gains access into cell.

- Very specific to cells they infect.

Virus StructuresRecall phages

from Chapter 12.

Which scientists

worked with them?

Describe the

experiment and itsresults.

Viral Infections

• Lytic Cycle • Virus enters cell, makes

copies, and bursts or lyses cell

• Lysogenic Cycle• Viral DNA integrates into

host cell’s DNA• Viral genetic info replicates

with cell’s DNA• Prophage is viral DNA in

host genome

Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycles

Influenza Infection

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

• Retroviruses contain RNA instead of DNA.– After infection, they produce DNA from their

RNA– AIDS

AGENDA Apr 11• Objectives: Compare the lytic and

lysogenic cycles of viral infection.• Explain why viruses are not living things.

• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW• 2. Finish Chapter 19 Notes• 3. HOMEWORK CHECK• 4. HAVE A GREAT SPRING BREAK!!!

DO NOW APR 11DISEASE BACTERIAL

OR VIRAL EFFECT ON BODY TRANSMISSION

West Nile  V  Fever, Headache, Body Aches

 Mosquito Bite

Tetanus  B  Lockjaw, Joint stiffness, fever, High BP

 Inhalation

AIDS  V Helper T cells destroyed (Immune System) 

 Blood, Body Fluids, Pregnancy

Hepatitis B V  Fatigue, Abdom Pain

Vomiting, Joint Pain Blood, Body Fluids

Common Cold

 V  Sneezing, Sore throat, Headache, Fever

 Contact with objects, Inhalation

Strep Throat B  Fever, Sore throat, cough,

Fatigue Contact with mucus or wounds

Are Viruses Alive?

• Viruses are not considered living things.

• Do not meet all 8 characteristics of life

• Cannot reproduce independently• No growth/development• Do not use/obtain energy

19-3: Diseases

• Pathogens are disease-causing agents.

• Bacterial Diseases– Break down cells for food– Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects lung cells

– Release toxins that disrupt cell functions– C. diphtheriae diphtheria– Breathing problems, paralysis, death

Preventing Bacterial Disease• Vaccines and Antibiotics• Louis Pasteur 1881

– Developd vaccine against anthrax

• Alexander Fleming 1928– Discovers penicillin – Non-toxic but stops growth of pathogens

• Jonas Salk 1952– Polio vaccine using a killed virus

Controlling Bacterial Growth

Heat Sterilization

Disinfectants

Overuse of these compounds increases chance of becoming more resistant

Food Storage and Processing

Refrigeration and cooking methods

Viral Diseases

• Antibiotics ineffective.

• Best protection is vaccines.

• Viroids and Prions also cause disease• Single stranded RNA with no capsid• Made of protein with no DNA/RNA

EXIT PASS Apr 11

• CLOSE YOUR NOTEBOOKS.

• COMPLETE THE ASSESSMENT CHECK

• Begin “MOST WANTED” Activity

• DUE TUESDAY APR 22