1

Rural Research Center

Agriculture Baseline Survey

N. Saxena

2

Table of Contents

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 Mewat ................................................................................................................................. 7 Approach: IRRAD .............................................................................................................. 9

Income Enhancement Program ....................................................................................... 9 Rationale for the study ...................................................................................................... 10 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................... 10

Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 10 Area of study ................................................................................................................. 10

Methodology ................................................................................................................. 11 Findings............................................................................................................................. 11

Village Demographics .................................................................................................. 11 Land Demographics ...................................................................................................... 13 Sources of Income......................................................................................................... 14 Resources Owned.......................................................................................................... 16

Sources of Irrigation ..................................................................................................... 16 Crops Grown ................................................................................................................. 18

Vegetables Grown ......................................................................................................... 26 Field Preparation ........................................................................................................... 34 Farm Economics ........................................................................................................... 37

Livestock Rearing ......................................................................................................... 47

Role of Women in Agriculture ..................................................................................... 48

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 49 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 51

References ......................................................................................................................... 53

3

List of Tables

Table 1: Religious composition

Table 2: Caste Composition

Table 3: Average Household Size

Table 4: Literacy Levels

Table 5: Cultivable and Waste Land

Table 6: Own and Leased Land

Table 7: Irrigated and Non Irrigated Land

Table 8: Income Generated

Table 9: Resources Owned

Table 10: Sources of Irrigation

Table 11: Monthly Electricity Bill

Table 12: Jowar

Table 13: Bajra

Table 14: Gwar

Table 15: Arhar

Table 16: Wheat

Table 17: Mustard

Table 18: Barley

Table 19: Tomato

Table 20: Onion

Table 21: Brinjal

Table 22: Carrot

Table 23: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Table 24: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Kharif Crops)

Table 25: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Vegetables)

Table 26: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Table 27: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Kharif Crops)

Table 28: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Vegetables)

Table 29: Cost of Transplantation (Rabi Crops)

4

Table 30: Cost of Transplantation (Kharif Crops)

Table 31: Cost of Transplantation (Vegetables)

Table 32: Cost of Bunding (Rabi Crops)

Table 33: Cost of Bunding (Kharif Crops)

Table 34: Cost of Bunding (Vegetables)

Table 35: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Table 36: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Vegetables)

Table 37: Cost of Harvesting (Rabi Crops)

Table 38: Cost of Harvesting (Vegetables)

Table 39: Cost of Threshing (Rabi Crops)

Table 40: Cost of Threshing (Kharif Crops)

Table 41: Cost of Threshing (Vegetables)

Table 42: Cost of Transportation (Vegetables)

Table 43: Cost of Storage (Kharif Crops)

Table 44: Livestock Rearing

Table 45: Milk Selling

Table 46: Role of Women in Agriculture

5

List of Figures

Figure 1: Sources of Income

Figure 2: % of Farmers Growing Kharif Crops

Figure 3: % of Farmers Growing Rabi Crops

Figure 4: Kharif Vegetable Production

Figure 5: Rabi Vegetable Production

6

Introduction

Agriculture forms one of the major occupations in India and accounts for 18.5%

of the gross domestic product. The average growth rate of agriculture and other allied

sectors during the last 2 years spanning from 2006 to 2008 has been more than 4% which

is higher than the average annual growth rate of 2.5% (IBEF, 2009). Agriculture

constitutes almost two thirds of the employed class in the country. The past few decades

since independence have seen a tremendous shift in the field of agriculture from

subsistence farming to intensive and technology led cultivation which makes the country

a front ranking producer of many crops in the world (Dayal, 2009). The Green revolution

followed by many others has led to technological improvements in the field of agriculture

thereby providing it a thrust in the international market as well as to the country’s

economy.

The other side of the picture however, reflects the perils of the Indian farmers

which face decades of ignorance. While technology seems to be responsible for

immeasurable strides in the agricultural sector of the country, there continue to be

lacunae with respect to equitable implementation and use. According to a recent national

level survey (NSSO, 2005), about 41 per cent Indian farmers have expressed their

willingness to opt out of agriculture. Suicides among farmers have increased. Ghuman

(2009) points out that National Farmers’ Commission of India declares that nearly 1.5

lakh farmers have committed suicides in India since 1990s. Furthermore, the proportions

are found to be exceptionally high in states like Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and

many more where Green Revolution was a success story.

Within the limits of Haryana, known as an agriculturally rich state, lies Mewat, a

backward region where agriculture forms the main occupation. However, technology

doesn’t seem to have reached the region as the agricultural practices are largely

mechanized and only one crop is grown per season. The agricultural sector in Mewat

faces several other problems. These include declining agricultural production due to

increased consumption emanating from population growth as well as fragmentation of

land holdings; an inadequate marketing and transportation system to support trade in

agricultural commodities; slower progress towards agricultural diversification, which is

required to deal with ongoing changes in local trading environment; under-utilization of

7

technology; inadequate data base on local and regional agriculture to support efficient

planning and programming initiatives; low levels of productivity due to low levels of

human capital investment, and inadequate technology.

Therefore, to thrust technological advancements in agricultural practices for

increasing yield and thus, income, IRRAD has been actively running an income

enhancement program for the past 7 years in several villages of Mewat, Haryana. This

paper showcases the baseline information collected from each household practicing

agriculture in the 11 intervention villages to understand the current practices being

employed and the income generated through agriculture.

Mewat

Mewat is a district in the state of Haryana. It continues to live in backwardness

years after India’s independence. The area lags behind the rest of Haryana on almost all

development indicators. Mewat falls under the Sub-Tropical, Semi-arid climatic zone and

the agriculture in Mewat is mostly rain fed. The Mewat Development Agency, which is a

nodal agency of the Haryana government reports that agriculture and livestock are the

main occupation of the people of Mewat district (MDA, 2001). The agro-climatic

conditions makes Mewat region more resource poor leading to subsistence farming,

limited alternative livelihood options and hence poverty.

Household Characteristics: The household characteristics encompass the socio

demographic profile of the inhabitants of Mewat district. The overall sex ratio for the

district is 894 females per 1000 males (Office of the Registrar General and Census

Commissioner, 2001). The age distribution of the villages suggests that there are

relatively low proportions of younger (less than five age group) and older age groups of

60 and above. Maximum population falls in the 5-9 year age category with figures

varying from nearly 14% to 20% in some villages. An average of 56% population is

under 19 years of age. Regarding the marriageable age in Mewat for both men and

women, it is as low as 14 years (SRIJAN, 2000). A high proportion of household heads

belong to other backward classes. The average household size in Mewat is 7.

8

Basic Amenities: Most of the villages in Mewat have a large proportion of households

which have electricity connection. Regarding water availability and use, primarily, two

major sources of water are in use- hand pumps and taps. Sanitation facilities seem to be

not too developed and are under used. Open defecation is the norm in most of the

villages.

Education and Literacy: Mewat has one of the lowest literacy rates in the country. While

Haryana’s literacy rate is 68.5%, Mewat’s overall literacy rate is 44% (Institute of

Human Development (IHD), 2008). In Mewat, the madarsah system of education is wide

spread. Learning in madarsah is by rote and emphasis is on recitation of Koranic verses

(SRIJAN, 2000).

Health: Very few villages in Mewat have a proper health care facility (IHD, 2008). The

health data indicates that Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections form the main

reasons for deaths among children. Regarding maternal health, almost all the village

women have access to vaccination during pregnancy. More than 90% of deliveries in

these villages take place at home in the absence of trained health personnel.

Occupation and Income: Agriculture is the main source of income in Mewat. Both Kharif

and Rabi crops are grown and the major agricultural produce consists of Wheat, Mustard

and seasonal vegetables such as Onion, Carrots, Tomato and Brinjal etc. (SRIJAN, 2000).

The agricultural system is relatively mechanized. The soil of the district is light in

texture, particularly sandy, sandy loam and clay loam. Cropping is mostly monoculture.

During Kharif season, most of the land is under Bajra. During Rabi season, Wheat and

Mustard are the most common crops. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are overused.

Particularly, dairy is the secondary source of income. Those who live closer to the hilly

ranges of Aravalis also keep a few goats and sheep. About three fourths of the households

at least own a milk animal.

9

Approach: IRRAD

IRRAD is an initiative of the S M Sehgal Foundation, registered as a Trust since

1999 to further the wellbeing of rural communities in India. IRRAD envisions rural

people across India motivated and empowered to make their lives more secure and

prosperous through education, better health, improved skills and supportive governance.

The organization pursues a holistic approach called Integrated Sustainable Village

Development (ISVD), tackling the interrelated constraints, needs and opportunities of

poor villages in a holistic way. ISVD rests firmly on the belief that to be effective over

the longer term, the women and village poor must be empowered to participate in

advancing their own development. The four core centers at IRRAD which carry the

vision forward include the Program Implementation Centre, Capacity Building Centre,

the Rural Research Centre and the Policy, Governance and Advocacy Centre. The

program implementation centre undertakes all the program interventions which include

the life skills education, income enhancement, rural health, water management and

alternative energy initiatives. The community mobilization program forms an integral

component of all the programs.

Income Enhancement Program

The primary objective of the Income Enhancement program is to build the

capacity of the farming community by disseminating timely information, providing

linkages for better yield and price of their products and providing crop insurance against

the weather risk. IRRAD focuses on obtaining information on the agricultural techniques

that are available with the government or private organizations and providing it to the

Panchayat members, and other interest groups through workshops, trainings and exposure

visits.

For the effective implementation of the agricultural interventions, thematic focus

of the program is laid on capacity building of Kisan Mitras (farmers’ friends) and farmers

through training and exposure visits; strengthening of Framers Resource Centre (FRC) by

providing IEC material; conducting regular farmers group training, making various

agricultural demonstrations based on feasibility; application of replicable intensive

agriculture technology intervention in a cluster of villages and developing market

linkages to reap maximum benefits from the agricultural produce.

10

Rationale for the study

The agriculture baseline survey is designed to understand the current agricultural

scenario of the intervention villages where IRRAD has been working for more than half a

decade. This study also aims at capturing the alternative livelihood options chosen by

inhabitants who do not pursue agriculture as an occupation. Findings from this study will

help set a model highlighting the agricultural practices being followed in a semi arid

region like Mewat and provide the scope for replication in similar geographical regions

of the country. On the basis of findings of the survey, an effective agriculture strategy

will be designed to advise the farmers to follow the suitable and sustainable agricultural

practices that in future will help them increase their land productivity and also motivate

them to diversify towards precision farming.

Research Methodology

The following section provides a description of the objectives of the study, the

geographic locale from where data was collected. It also explicates about the sample size;

the method for sampling, tools constructed and employed for data collection.

Objectives

Following is the broad objective of the study:

To explore the agricultural practices and other livelihood options in the IRRAD

intervention villages of Mewat.

The specific objective of the study was to gauge the various livelihood options

available with the inhabitants other than agriculture. Furthermore, the study also explores

the agricultural practices in the villages’ specific to the crops grown in every season as

well as the various trade options available for generating income from the agricultural

produce.

Area of study

The study was conducted among 11 villages from the Mewat district of Haryana,

India where the income enhancement program is being implemented for the past 7 years.

11

Methodology

The survey was conducted in 11 villages covering a total of 3603 households. Every

household was covered through a questionnaire developed in Hindi. The information

gathered centers on

a) Land holding

b) Education

c) Family size

d) Sources of income

e) Irrigation facilities

f) Agricultural practices followed by farmers

The field staff was familiarized and was trained in filling out the questionnaires. Some

additional information on agricultural practices and farm economics was also gathered

using an additional sheet of questions, covering more than 60% of the total household

owning agricultural land.

Findings

Findings from the survey have been divided into 10 sections.

Village Demographics

Exploration of the village demographics indicates dominance of Meo Muslims in

the region. An average of 78.1% population is constituted by Meo Muslims in the study

villages (Table 1). Caste composition analysis also reveals the dominance of Muslims

followed by other castes. It is only in Tauru that Harijans also constitute 18% of the total

population (Table 2).

Table 1: Religious composition

Hindu Muslim

Tauru 31.5 68.5

Nagina 15.3 84.7

F.P. Jhirka 18.9 81.1

12

Source: Census Plus, RRC, IRRAD, 2009

Exploration of the literacy levels indicates that approximately 60% of the total

respondents in the study villages have obtained education less than the primary level

highlighting the grim situation of education in the district.

Table 4: Literacy Levels

Literacy

Illiterate

Less than

Primary Primary Middle

10th

pass

12th pass or

more

Tauru

Dingerheri 60 22 24 25 19 16

Goela 73 52 22 17 30 4

Jaffrabad 62 12 17 20 19 2

Nagina

Karhera 134 115 70 19 59 39

Kotla 159 63 51 15 7 3

Notki 108 19 37 18 5 7

Meo Muslims Harijan Valmiki Others

Tauru 68.5 18.0 3.3 10.2

Nagina 82.0 5.3 3.5 9.2

F. P. Jhirka 78.4 3.1 1.7 16.8

Table 2: Caste Composition

The average household size is found to be 7 in Tauru and 6 in Nagina and Jhirka. This indicates

that the lack of adoption of family planning practices in the study villages (Table 3).

Table 3: Average Household Size

Average Household

Size

Tauru 7

Nagina 6

F. P. Jhirka 6

13

Santhawari 108 44 87 18 25 21

F.P.Jhirk

a

Agon 323 57 116 63 66 23

Bhond 160 10 63 36 23 6

Pathkhori 404 30 93 40 27 27

Raniyala 62 67 88 27 17 9

1. Land Demographics

Land demographics provide a snapshot of the total land under cultivation and irrigation

as well as indicate the average land holding in the area.

a. Cultivable land

A consolidation of findings of the data obtained from the study villages indicates

that the total cultivable land equals to 7766.6 acres. The total waste land is found to be

136 acres. Table 5 provides a block wise distribution of the total cultivable and waste

land.

Table 5: Cultivable and Waste Land

Block Name Cultivable Land

(acres)

Waste Land (acres) Total (acres)

Tauru 849.5 5.75 855.25

Nagina 2966.75 101.25 3068

F. P. Jhirka 3950.3 29 3979.3

b. Average Land Holding

The average land holding in the study villages is calculated keeping in mind the

total land holding and the number of households owning agricultural land. It is found to

be 4.2 which is much higher than the average land holding of the district which is less

than 2 acres (IHD, 2000). Further analysis reveals that the maximum land holding in the

study villages is 70 acres.

c. Land ownership and leasing

14

The land ownership and leasing pattern was explored. Table 6 presents a block

wise distribution of own and leased land. Analysis reveals that of the total land, 88.3%

land is owned by people and the rest 11.7% is leased by inhabitants.

Table 6: Own and Leased Land

Block Name Own Land (acres) Leased Land (acres) Total (acres)

Tauru 631 224.3 855.3

Nagina 2722 346 3068

F. P. Jhirka 3622.3 357 3979.3

d. Irrigated and non irrigated land

The proportion of irrigated versus non irrigated land was explored. As table 7

suggests 97.5% land in Tauru is under irrigation indicating adequacy of water sources in

the block. Contrasting picture surfaces in Nagina where proportion of irrigated land is

48.6% of the total land. In Jhirka, the proportion of irrigated land is 85.3% of the total

land.

Table 7: Irrigated and Non Irrigated Land

Block Name Irrigated Land

(acres)

Non Irrigated Land

(acres)

Total (acres)

Tauru 833.5 21.8 855.3

Nagina 1263.5 1333.5 2597

F. P. Jhirka 3395.3 584 3979.3

2. Sources of Income

Sources of income in the study villages were explored. Besides agriculture being one of

the major occupations in the district, analysis of the responses indicates varied sources of

income. These include income from shops, jobs, driving and labor. Other sources of

income constitute income from livestock rearing, dairy farming, tailoring etc. As figure 1

suggests, income from agriculture and labor constitute an equal percentage of 38%. This

is followed by income from driving which constitutes 11% of all the income sources.

15

Figure 1: Sources of Income

Further analysis indicates the proportion of income obtained from each source. Table 8

showcases the percentage distribution of the proportion of income generated from each

source. As evident, in Tauru block, majority of income is generated from jobs. This is

followed by income from other sources which largely constitute dairy farming in this

block. In Nagina, income from jobs again surfaces to be the major constituent of income.

This is followed by income from driving and other sources. In Jhirka, income from other

sources forms a major source of income followed by agriculture. This therefore, indicates

that even though agriculture is widely practiced in the region, it does not seem to

constitute a substantial chunk of people’s income.

Table 8: Income Generated

Income

from

Agriculture

(%)

Income

from

Shops

(%)

Income

from

Driving

(%)

Income

from

Labor

(%)

Income

from

Jobs

(%)

Income

from other

sources

(%)

Tauru

Dingerheri 9.6 11.5 10.1 8.2 44.5 16.0

Goela 13.2 18.4 14.7 11.2 23.8 18.7

Jaffrabad 11.1 16.5 20.1 12.7 17.8 21.8

Nagina

Karhera 16.2 11.9 17.8 10.2 27.7 16.3

Kotla 13.1 16.3 21.4 13.0 15.0 21.2

16

Notki 12.1 12.8 22.5 14.2 32.0 6.4

Santhawari 21.1 8.9 16.9 8.3 26.7 18.1

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 17.5 5.1 3.9 3.8 10.5 59.1

Bhond 23.1 14.6 13.7 10.2 28.3 10.0

Pathkhori 10.0 7.8 10.4 5.8 19.7 46.2

Raniyala 31.6 12.6 16.7 10.7 20.3 8.1

3. Resources Owned

The resources owned by the inhabitants of the study villages were explored. The

resources vary from tractors, diesel and electric pumps to motor cycles. As table 9 below

indicates, motor cycles seem to constitute the maximum percentage (42%) of the total

resources owned. This is followed by submersible pumps and tractors constituting 27%

and 17.5% of the total resources owned respectively.

Table 9: Resources Owned

Resources Owned

Tractor Thresher

Diesel

Pump

Electric

Pump

Submersible

Pump

Motor

Cycle

Tauru

Dingerheri 11 0 0 0 45 53

Goela 31 5 0 0 71 47

Jaffrabad 9 0 0 6 65 31

Nagina

Karhera 20 5 9 0 14 89

Kotla 16 6 26 5 21 66

Notki 14 - - - - -

Santhawari 33 4 6 8 39 82

F.P.Jhir

ka

Agon 66 1 6 4 0 79

Bhond 11 0 0 8 123 59

Pathkhori 39 8 1 0 18 90

Raniyala 14 1 58 42 13 38

4. Sources of Irrigation

Exploration of the sources of irrigation indicates that ponds do not constitute water used

for irrigation in any of the study villages. Wells are also found to only form a major

source of irrigation in Agon, a village in Jhirka. While diesel pumps constitute a major

17

source of irrigation for 4 out of 11 villages, the main source of irrigation is found to be

submersible bore. In Tauru block, submersible bore surface to be the only source of

irrigation available. In Nagina, both, submersible bores and diesel pumps are used for

irrigation. In Jhirka, submersible bores are dominant.

Table 10: Sources of Irrigation

Sources of Irrigation

Submersible Bore Diesel Pump Well Pond

No. of

farmer

s

using

subm

ersible

bore

Time

taken

to

irrigat

e 1

acre

Die

sel/

ho

ur

No.

of

farm

ers

using

diese

l

pump

Time

taken

to

irrigat

e 1

acre

Dies

el/

hr

No.

of

farm

ers

Tim

e

take

n

Die

sel/

hr

No.

of

farm

ers

Tim

e

tak

en

Di

es

el/

hr

Tauru

Dingerheri 41 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Goela 76 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jaffrabad 72 13.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagin

a

Karhera 83 11 0 72 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kotla 50 11.6 0 37 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Notki - - - - - - - - - - - 0

Santhawa

ri 123 17 0 21.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F.P.Jh

irka

Agon 1 8 0 5 9 2 380 12.8 2 0 0 0

Bhond 136 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pathkhori 203 10 0 6 12.5 0 16 12 0 0 0 0

Raniyala 52 9 0 73 10.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

An exploration of the electricity bill per month indicates that for majority of the

respondents, the bill lies between 200- 300 rupees per month (Table 11).

Table 11: Monthly Electricity Bill

Electricity Bill/ Month

<100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 >501

Tauru

Dingerheri 0 5 35 1 4 0

Goela 0 14 57 4 0 0

18

Jaffrabad 7 18 47 1 2 1

Nagina

Karhera 0 1 63 18 0 1

Kotla 1 0 25 9 2 14

Notki - - - - -

Santhawari 2 0 5 69 36 18

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 0 1 0 1 0 0

Bhond 0 2 128 1 0 40

Pathkhori 0 0 0 0 0 0

Raniyala 0 23 27 2 0 2

5. Crops Grown

The various crops grown in the study villages were explored. These have been bifurcated

on the basis of the season: Kharif and Rabi.

a. Kharif Crops

The major Kharif crops grown in the study villages include Jowar, Bajra, Gwar

and Arhar. As figure 2 indicates, Jowar and Bajra are the major Kharif crops grown in the

villages. Gwar and Arhar appear to be grown only by a small percentage of farmers.

Figure 2

i. Jowar

19

The total area on which Jowar is grown in the study villages equals to 1246.7

acres (504.5 hectares) and the total production obtained from the same comes out

to be 4025.6 quintals (402560 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Jowar is

found to be 797.9 kg/hectare in the study villages which is much higher than the

average state yield of 500 kg/hectare. A block wise analysis further reveals that

the average productivity is relatively higher in Tauru than other blocks. Table 12

indicates that the average rate at which Jowar is sold per quintal is rupees 536.

Table 12: Jowar

Kharif: Jowar

Total

Productio

n (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 30.0 5.0 1200.0 6000.0 0 2000

Goela 25.0 0.0 0.0 2000 0

Jaffrabad 359.0 10.0 1200.0 12000.0 14500 3300

Nagina

Karhera 482.5 303.0 795.0 237935.0 115410 205750

Kotla 257.1 67.0 766.0 51505.0 131300 39760

Notki

Santhawari 502.0 200.0 719.0 137170.0 225750 220200

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 146.0 13.0 660.0 8200.0 350250 14000

Bhond 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36640 0

Pathkhori 2216.0 36.0 560.0 14500.0 419157 12000

Raniyala 6.0 0.0 0.0 0 31825 0

Regarding the place where the Jowar produce is sold, it appears that majority

of the farmers prefer to sell it within their respective villages. Exceptions lie

only in Kotla and Santhawari where a number of farmers also sell Jowar in

Nuh and Nagina respectively.

ii. Bajra

20

The total area on which Bajra is grown in the study villages equals to 1316.9

acres (532.9 hectares) and the total production is 6694.2 quintals (669420

kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Bajra is found to be 1256.2 kg/hectare in

the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 1769

kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the average.

Table 13 indicates that the average rate at which Bajra is sold per quintal is rupees

724.

Table 13: Bajra

Kharif: Bajra

Total

Productio

n (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 598.5 357.0 602.0 274400.0 45700 147700

Goela 811.5 276.0 600.0 165600.0 99500 126700

Jaffrabad 756.5 261.0 600.0 161100.0 111600 119200

Nagina

Karhera 752.5 262.0 655.0 188905.0 147970 155925

Kotla 321.2 54.0 635.0 32635.0 133600 25460

Notki 170.0 51.0 669.0 19605.0 65035 39045

Santhawa

ri 531.0 182.0 658.0 119120.0 141550 206695

F.P.Jhirk

a

Agon 414.0 114.0 648.0 70900.0 59790 30500

Bhond 554.4 125.0 603.0 75450.0 114750 67500

Pathkhori 677.0 294.5 1675.0 18400.0 149707 93530

Raniyala 1107.6 448.0 621.0 288250 93450 195000

Regarding the places where Bajra is sold, it appears that majority of the farmers in

Tauru sell it in the market at the block level. Farmers in Nagina prefer to sell it

locally, that is, within their respective villages. Majority of the farmers in Jhirka

either sell it within their respective villages or in the Jhirka market at the block

level.

21

iii. Gwar

The total area on which Gwar is grown in the study villages equals to 23.8

acres (9.6 hectares) and the total production is 117 quintals (11700 kilograms).

Thus, the average yield of Gwar is found to be 1218.8 kg/hectare in the study

villages. Gwar seems to be only grown in Tauru block and Agon village of Jhirka

block. As table 14 indicates, Gwar seems to be grown only for commercial

purposes as all the farmers sell it. The average rate at which it is sold is also high

as it amounts to 1435 rupees per quintal.

Table 14: Gwar

Kharif: Gwar

Total

Productio

n (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure (Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 49.0 24.0 1400.0 48400.0 0 8000

Goela 35.0 35.0 1300.0 45600.0 0 18500

Jaffrabad 23.0 23.0 1240.0 29200.0 0 9500

Nagina

Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

F.P.Jhi

rka

Agon 10.0 10.0 1800.0 16600.0 0 6500

Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

As Gwar is grown primarily in Tauru, the farmers tend to sell it in the block level

market.

iv. Arhar

Arhar does not seem to be grown at a large scale in the study villages.

Analysis indicates that it is grown primarily in the villages of Tauru block. The

22

total area on which Arhar is grown equals to 67 acres (27.1 hectares) and the total

production is 282 quintals (28200 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Arhar is

found to be 1040.6 kg/hectare in the study villages which is a bit higher than the

state yield of 1000 kg/hectare. As table 15 indicates, Arhar seems to be grown

only for commercial purposes as all the farmers sell the entire produce. The

average rate at which it is sold is also high as it amounts to 1933 rupees per

quintal.

Table 15: Arhar

Kharif: Arhar

Total

Producti

on (qtl)

Quantity

Sold

(qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 164.5 164.5 2023.0 333600.0 0 79100

Goela 31.0 31.0 1900.0 60600.0 0 13000

Jaffrabad 80.5 80.5 2010.0 161000.0 0 37200

Nagina

Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Santhawa

ri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pathkhori 6.0 1.0 1800.0 1800.0 2750 1500

Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Arhar is primarily grown in the villages of Tauru and therefore, is sold at the

block level market.

b. Rabi Crops

23

The major Rabi crops grown in the study villages include Wheat, Mustard, and

Barley. As figure 3 indicates, Wheat and Mustard are the major Rabi crops grown in the

villages. Barley appears to be grown only by a small percentage of farmers.

Figure 3

i. Wheat

The total area on which Wheat is grown in the study villages equals to 3005.6

acres (1216.3 hectares) and the total production is 31810.7 quintals (3181070

kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Wheat is found to be 2615.4 kg/hectare in

the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 4614

kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the average

with the lowest in Agon and highest in Dingerheri. Table 16 below indicates that

the average rate at which Wheat is sold per quintal is rupees 1048.50.

Furthermore, it becomes evident that Wheat is not only grown for personal

consumption but is also sold on a commercial basis to earn income.

Table 16: Wheat

Rabi: Wheat

Total

Productio

n (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

24

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 1680.0 762.0 1069.0 785000.0 84000 314500

Goela 2771.0 1213.0 1000.0 1106000.0 66200 732100

Jaffrabad 1977.0 713.0 1000.0 713000.0 165600 214700

Nagina

Karhera 3575.0 1227.0 1257.0 1497990.0 602150 1201422

Kotla 1595.0 121.0 1252.0 151656.0 1493915 180450

Notki 2145.0 194.0 1153.0 250460.0 1023250 304990

Santhawari 3340.0 1087.0 1051.0 1582910.0 460410 1134050

F.P.Jhi

rka

Agon 5677.5 1149.0 1000.0 1126000.0 1738850 1126160

Bhond 2812.0 510.0 887.0 453500.0 628700 383500

Pathkhori 2851.0 448.0 1000.0 508000.0 615857 280007

Raniyala 3386.0 1081.0 865.0 1029900 499200 754000

Regarding the places where Wheat is sold, it appears that majority of the

farmers growing Wheat sell it in their respective block level markets.

ii. Mustard

The total area on which Mustard is grown in the study villages equals to

3050.8 acres (1234.6 hectares) and the total production is 16246.3 quintals

(1624630 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Mustard is found to be 532.5

kg/hectare in the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield

of 1738 kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the

average with the lowest in Kotla and highest in Notki. Table 17 below indicates

that the average rate at which Mustard is sold per quintal is rupees 2142.10.

Furthermore, it becomes evident that Mustard is largely grown for commercial

purposes as 93% of the crop produce is sold.

Table 17: Mustard

Rabi: Mustard

Total

Produc

tion

(qtl)

Quantit

y Sold

(qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

25

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 385.0 385.0 2023.0 776200.0 0 172300

Goela 481.0 466.0 2023.0 941040.0 0 200200

Jaffrabad 373.5 373.5 2061.0 738302.0 0 188100

Nagina

Karhera 3520.0 3370.0 2214.0 7363635.0 9200 2873080

Kotla 1135.3 1012.5 2219.0 2252306.0 61040 1770200

Notki 1769.0 1034.2 1856.0 707415.0 70425 1804670

Santhawari 1991.0 1897.0 2330.0 4452559.0 0 1866950

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 1758.5 1706.5 2315.0 4026800.0 25000 958600

Bhond 873.0 871.0 2005.0 1745500.0 0 430600

Pathkhori 2014.0 2012.0 2427.0 4838400.0 2000 1373307

Raniyala 1946.0 1940.0 2090.0 3919200 0 956800

Regarding the places where Mustard is sold, it appears that majority of the

farmers in Tauru and Jhirka sell it in their respective block level markets. It is

only in Nagina that some farmers prefer to sell it locally within the village while

some sell it in the block level market or in Nuh.

iii. Barley

The total area on which Balrey is grown in the study villages equals to 36

acres (14.6 hectares) and the total production is 279 quintals (27900 kilograms).

Thus, the average yield of Barley is found to be 1910.9 kg/hectare in the study

villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 3491 kg/hectare.

Barley is observed to be grown only in villages in the Tauru block and in Agon

which lies in Jhirka. Table 18 below indicates that the average rate at which

Barley is sold per quintal is rupees 968.75. Furthermore, it becomes evident that

Barley is largely sold and not used for personal consumption.

Table 18: Barley

Rabi: Barley

Total

Producti

Quantity

Sold

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

26

on (qtl) (qtl) (Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 114.0 101.0 975.0 96600.0 0 23000

Goela 40.0 40.0 900.0 36000.0 0 8000

Jaffrabad 70.0 70.0 900.0 63000.0 0 32000

Nagina

Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 45.0 40.0 1100.0 44000.0 0 20000

Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Regarding the places where Barley is sold, it appears that majority of the

farmers in Tauru and Jhirka sell it in their respective block level markets.

6. Vegetables Grown

The vegetable production in the study villages was also mapped. These have been

divided into vegetables grown in the Kharif season and the Rabi season. The

responses obtained indicate that vegetables during the Kharif season are not

commercially grown in the study villages.

a. Kharif Vegetables

The major Kharif vegetables grown in the villages comprise of Ladyfinger,

Watermelon, Kakri, Coriander, Bottle Gourd and Spinach. However, these are not

grown on a large scale as evident from the graph below (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Kharif Vegetable Production

27

i. Ladyfinger

The total area on which Ladyfinger is grown is 5.5 acres and the total

production is 72 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in villages in

Tauru block. The average yield comes out to be 13.1 quintals/ acre. The quantity

sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Ladyfinger is only grown

for commercial purposes. The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees

667 and is found to be only sold in the block level market of Tauru.

ii. Watermelon

The total area on which Watermelon is grown is 5 acres and the total

production is 244 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in 2 villages in

Tauru block and one village in Nagina. The average yield comes out to be 48.8

quintals/ acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating

that Watermelon is only grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at

which it is sold per quintal is rupees 442 and is found to be only sold in the

respective block level markets.

iii. Kakri

28

The total area on which Kakri is grown is 4.3 acres and the total production is

148 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village from each of

the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 34.4 quintals/ acre. The

quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Kakri is only

grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which Kakri is sold per

quintal is rupees 522 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level

markets.

iv. Coriander

The total area on which Coriander is grown is 1.5 acres and the total

production is 20 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in Goela, a

village in Tauru block. The average yield comes out to be 13.3 quintals/ acre. The

quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that coriander is only

grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which Coriander is sold per

quintal is rupees 1400 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level

market.

v. Bottle Gourd

The total area on which Bottle Gourd is grown is 10.3 acres and the total

production is 301 quintals. Analysis indicates that majority of it is grown in all the

villages of Tauru block as well as one village in Nagina. The average yield comes

out to be 29.2 quintals/ acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the

production indicating that Bottle Gourd is only grown for commercial purposes.

The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees 525 and is found to be

only sold in the respective block level markets.

vi. Spinach

The total area on which Spinach is grown is 4.5 acres and the total production

is 95 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village from each of

the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 21.1 quintals/ acre. The

quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Spinach is only

29

grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is

rupees 516.70 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level markets.

b. Rabi Vegetables

The major Rabi vegetables grown in the villages comprise of Tomato, Onion,

Brinjal, Chillies, Carrots, Raddish, Cauliflower and Fenugreek. As evident from the

graph below, vegetables like Tomato, Onion, Brinjal and Carrots are grown on a large

scale and are sold commercially (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Rabi Vegetable Production

i. Tomato

The total area on which Tomato is grown in the study villages equals to 151

acres and the total production is 16119.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield of

Tomato is found to be 106.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be

largely grown in villages across all blocks. Table 19 below indicates that the

average rate at which Tomato is sold per quintal is rupees 719. Furthermore, it

becomes evident that Tomato is not only used for personal consumption but also

sold on a large scale.

Table 19: Tomato

Rabi: Tomato

30

Total

Producti

on (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Goela 106.0 106.0 683.0 81200.0 0

Jaffrabad 41.0 41.0 800.0 33000.0 0

Nagina

Karhera 1087.0 972.0 548.0 770700.0 0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 210.0 155.0 575.0 89000 2000 71000

Santhawari 8990.0 7642.0 565.0 3971940.0

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 30.0 28.0 1666.0 59500.0

Bhond 5655.0 5605.0 196.0 1155000.0

Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Regarding the places where Tomato is sold, it appears that among the villages

of Tauru, the production is primarily sold in the block level market. The produce

from Nagina and Jhirka, the production is sold in Delhi.

ii. Onion

The total area on which Onion is grown in the study villages equals to 619

acres and the total production is 48095.20 quintals. Thus, the average yield of

Onion is found to be 77.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be

grown in villages across all blocks. However, the concentration of onion

production is found to be localized to villages in Jhirka block. Table 20 below

indicates that the average rate at which Onion is sold per quintal is rupees 402.

Furthermore, it becomes evident that most of the Onion produce is sold on a

commercial scale.

Table 20: Onion

Rabi: Onion

Total Quantity Rate/ qtl Total Total Expenditure

31

Productio

n (qtl)

Sold (qtl) (Rs.) Income

(Rs.)

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Goela 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Jaffrabad 40.0 40.0 400.0 16000.0

Nagina

Karhera 25.0 20.0 400.0 8000.0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 70.0 60.0 525.0 31500.0 20000

Santhawari 728.0 651.0 653.0 412990.0

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 19932.0 19932.0 267.0 5082500.0

Bhond 9980.0 9972.0 329.0 3317600.0

Pathkhori 16889.5 16889.5 292.0 5605407.0

Raniyala 500.0 500.0 350.0 175000

Regarding the places where Onion is sold, it appears that most of the produce

is sold in Delhi.

iii. Brinjal

The total area on which Brinjal is grown in the study villages equals to 190.3

acres and the total production is 49682.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield is found

to be 261.1 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be grown only in a

few villages of Nagina and Jhirka. Table 21 below indicates that the average rate

at which Brinjal is sold per quintal is rupees 396.60. Furthermore, it becomes

evident that most of the produce is sold on a commercial scale.

Table 21: Brinjal

Rabi: Brinjal

Total

Producti

on (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

Selling

farmers

32

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Goela 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Jaffrabad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Nagina

Karhera 551.0 472.0 535.0 262200.0

Kotla 180.0 160.0 600.0 80400.0

Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Santhawari 6141.0 5019.0 248.0 1212915.0

F.P.Jhirka

Agon 30.0 30.0 400.0 12000.0

Bhond 42780.0 42760.0 200.0 8592000.0

Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0

Regarding the places where Brinjal is sold, it appears that most of the

produce is sold in Delhi.

iv. Green Chilli

The total area on which Green Chilli is grown is 2.5 acres and the total

production is 96 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village

from each of the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 38.4 quintals/

acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Green

Chilli is only grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at which it

is sold per quintal is rupees 1133.33 and is found to be only sold in the respective

block level markets except in Nagina where it is either sold in Punhana or Delhi.

v. Carrot

The total area on which Carrot is grown in the study villages equals to 711.3

acres and the total production is 120735.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield is

found to be 169.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be grown in

villages across all blocks. However, the maximum production is localized to

Agon. Table 22 below indicates that the average rate at which Carrot is sold per

quintal is rupees 459. Furthermore, it becomes evident that most of the produce is

sold on a commercial scale.

33

Table 22: Carrot

Rabi: Carrot

Total

Productio

n (qtl)

Quantity

Sold (qtl)

Rate/ qtl

(Rs.)

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Total Expenditure

(Rs.)

Non

selling

farmers

Selling

farmers

Tauru

Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Goela 1385.0 1385.0 450.0 593000.0

Jaffrabad 45.0 45.0 450.0 20500.0

Nagina

Karhera 458.0 417.0 550.0 220200.0

Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

F.P.Jhirk

a

Agon 118767.0 118757.0 246.0 31640050.0

Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Raniyala 80.0 70.0 600.0 42000 12000

Regarding the places where Carrot is sold, it appears that most of the produce

from Agon is sold in Delhi. Producers in Tauru sell it either in the block market or

in Bhiwadi.

vi. Raddish

The total area on which Raddish is grown is 8.5 acres and the total production

is 851 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown mostly in Nagina. The average

yield comes out to be 100.1 quintals/ acre. Most of the produce is sold in the

markets indicating that it is grown largely for commercial trading purposes. The

average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees 421 and is found to be sold in

the respective block level markets.

vii. Cauliflower

34

The total area on which Cauliflower is grown is 5.3 acres and the total

production is 158.5 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village

from each of the three blocks. The average yield is 29.9 quintals/ acre. The

quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Cauliflower is

largely grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at which it is

sold per quintal is rupees 1416.7 and is found to be sold in the respective block

level markets except in Nagina where the produce is sold in Delhi.

viii. Fenugreek

The total area on which Fenugreek is grown is 35 acres and the total

production is 988 quintals. Analysis indicates that its production is largely

concentrated in the villages of Tauru block. The average yield is 28.2 quintals/

acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that

Fenugreek is only grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at

which it is sold per quintal is rupees 669 and is largely sold in Gurgaon or block

level market of Jhirka.

7. Field Preparation

Field preparation deals with aspects such as the number of ploughing required for

each crop as well as the capturing the fertilizer usage for each crop.

a. Number of Ploughing

Number of ploughing required for each crop was explored. For Wheat, the

number of ploughing varied between 7 to 8 times for Tauru and Nagina.

However, for Jhirka, it reduced to 4. In case of Mustard, the number of ploughing

required is found to be the lowest in case of Tauru with the responses being

concentrated between 5 and 7. In Nagina and Jhirka, the number of ploughing

required for Mustard is found to be between 8 and 10.

In the Kharif crops, the number of ploughing for Bajra varies between

blocks. While for Tauru, the responses are concentrated on 4 and 5, for Nagina

and Jhirka, majority of the farmers plough 2 to 3 times for Bajra. For Jowar, the

number of ploughing varies from 3 to 4 for all blocks.

35

In vegetables, the number of ploughing for Tomato was found to be much

lower in case of Tauru where majority of the respondents mentioned 5 times. In

case of Jhirka and Nagina, responses were concentrated on 8. Brinjal was found to

grow only in Nagina and Jhirka and the number of ploughing varied from 8 to 9.

b. Fertilizer Usage

i. Gypsum

The use of fertilizers in the field was explored. Approximately 55%

respondents indicated to use 4 kilograms of Gypsum per acre for Wheat. For

Mustard, around 59% respondents indicated to use 4 kilograms of Gypsum per

acre.

In case of Kharif crops, responses were obtained for Jowar and Bajra. For

Bajra, 32% respondents mentioned to use 4 kg Gypsum/ acre. In case of

Jowar, the responses were varied. While 27% respondents mentioned to use

4kg Gypsum/ acre, another 27% indicated to use 120 kg/ acre of Gypsum.

In case of vegetables, 88% respondents mentioned to use 4kg of Gypsum

per acre for Tomato. Similarly, for Brinjal, 72% respondents declared to use

4kg of Gypsum per acre. In case of carrots, the use of Gypsum was found to

vary from 4kg/ acre to 8kg/ acre.

ii. Urea

In Rabi crops, use of Urea was explored for Wheat and Mustard. 40.3%

respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea per acre. 35% respondents

mentioned using 100 kg of Urea per acre for Wheat. For Mustard, 86%

respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea per acre.

In Kharif crops, use of Urea was explored for Jowar and Bajra. As

responses indicate, 63% and 77% respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea

per acre for Jowar and Bajra respectively.

In case of vegetables, 59% respondents indicated using 200 kg of Urea for

Tomato. For Brinjal 75% respondents declared to be using 400 kg of Urea per

36

acre. For onions, 63% responses were concentrated on using 100 to 150 kg of

Urea per acre.

iii. Zinc

For Rabi crops, 40% and 50% respondents indicated to use 4 kg of Zinc

per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.

In case of Kharif crops, 50% and 60% respondents indicated to use 4 kg of

Zinc per acre for Bajra and Jowar respectively.

In vegetables, all respondents mentioned using 5 kg of Zinc per acre for

Tomato. For Onion and Carrot, responses were found to vary from 10 to 200

kg of Zinc per acre.

iv. DAP

For Rabi crops, 79% and 82% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of DAP

per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.

In case of Kharif crops, 74% and 33% respondents indicated to use 50 kg

of DAP per acre for Bajra and Jowar respectively. 36% respondents also

mentioned to use 25 kg of DAP per acre for Jowar.

In vegetables, 80%, 81% and 66% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of

DAP per acre for Tomato, Brinjal and Onion respectively.

v. MOP

The use of MOP is found to be not too extensive for any of the crops

under study. For Rabi crops, very few responses were obtained and were

concentrated on using 50 kg of MOP per acre for both, Wheat and Mustard.

In case of Kharif crops, responses were obtained only for Bajra and were

concentrated on using 50 kg of MOP per acre.

In vegetables, 86% and 50% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of MOP

per acre for Tomato and Onion respectively.

vi. Micronutrients

37

For Rabi crops, 85% and 86% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of

micronutrients per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.

In case of Kharif crops, 80% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of DAP

per acre for Bajra.

In vegetables, 62%, 91% and 95% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of

micronutrients per acre for Tomato, Brinjal and Onion respectively.

8. Farm Economics

Farm economics deals with the expenses incurred during various field operations for

all crops under study.

a. Ploughing cost/ acre

The cost incurred in ploughing for major crops was explored. Analysis

indicates variation in the cost incurred. As table 23 suggests, in Tauru, majority of

the respondents declare to spend more than rupees 500 on ploughing per acre for

both, Wheat and Mustard. This however contrasts in the case of Nagina and

Jhirka wherein almost all the respondents indicate to spend something between 0

to 500 rupees per acre for ploughing.

Table 23: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

Ploughing Cost/ Acre

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 1% 99% 0 100%

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 99.8% 0.2% 99.3% 0.7%

Similar findings are obtained in the case of Jowar and Bajra as well as the

vegetables (Table 25) wherein respondents from Tauru spend more than 500

rupees on ploughing per acre as against respondents from Nagina and Jhirka who

tend to spend less than 500 rupees (Table 24).

38

Table 24: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Ploughing Cost/ Acre

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 3.7% 96.3% 0.9% 99.1%

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 99.5% 0.5% 99.6% 0.4%

Table 25: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Ploughing Cost/

Acre (Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 100% 0 100% 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0

b. Cost of seeds/ acre

The cost incurred in buying seeds for major crops was explored. Analysis

indicates similarities across all the blocks. As table 26 suggests, in all the blocks,

respondents claim to spend less than a 1000 rupees on buying a kg of seeds for

Wheat and Mustard. Similar findings are obtained for Jowar and Bajra wherein

almost all the respondents tend to spend less than 1000 rupees on buying seeds

(Table 27).

Table 26: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

39

Cost of seeds/ acre

(Rupees)

0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000

Tauru 99% 1% 100% 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 93.5% 6.5% 99.5% 0.5%

Table 27: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Cost of seeds/ acre

(Rupees)

0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000

Tauru 100% 0 100% 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 99.2% 0.8%

The seeds for tomato and onion seem to cost more than 1000 rupees per kilogram

as majority of the farmers from all the blocks indicate to spend as much. It is only

in the case of Brinjal that a kilogram of seeds cost less than 1000 rupees (Table

28).

Table 28: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of seeds/

acre (Rupees)

0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000 0-

1000

>1000

Tauru 0 100% 0 0 0 0

Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 12% 88% 3% 97% 100% 0

c. Cost of transplantations

40

Cost incurred in transplantation was investigated. The responses have been

obtained from selective blocks. For both, Kharif and Rabi, 100% respondents

from Jhirka block claim to spend less than 250 rupees on transplantation (Table

29 and 30).

Table 29: Cost of Transplantation (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

Cost of

transplantations

(Rupees)

0-250 >250 0-250 >250

Tauru 0 0 0 0

Nagina 0 0 0 0

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0

Table 30: Cost of Transplantation (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Cost of

transplantations

(Rupees)

0-250 >250 0-250 >250

Tauru 0 0 0 0

Nagina 0 0 0 0

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0

In case of vegetables, responses indicate variations across blocks. For tomato, all

the respondents in Nagina indicate to spend more than 250 rupees on

transplantation. This also holds true for onion. Contrastingly, all the respondents

from Jhirka block claim to spend less than 250 rupees on the same activity. In the

41

case of onion, respondents from both Nagina and Jhirka declare to spend more

than 250 rupees on transplantation (Table 31).

Table 31: Cost of Transplantation (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of

transplantations

(Rupees)

0-250 >250 0-250 >250 0-250 >250

Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 1% 99% 0 0

d. Cost of Bunding

Cost of Bunding was explored. The responses indicate that for both Kharif

and Rabi crops, all the respondents spend less than rupees 500 on bunding (Table

32, 33).

Table 32: Cost of Bunding (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

Cost of bunding

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 99.2% 0.8% 100% 0

Table 33: Cost of Bunding (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

42

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Cost of bunding

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 0 0

For all the vegetables as well, the cost of bunding is limited to less than 500

rupees across all the blocks (Table 34).

Table 34: Cost of Bunding (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of bunding

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 0 0 98% 2% 100% 0

e. Cost of pesticides/ acre

The cost incurred due to use of pesticides was investigated. Analysis indicates

variation across blocks. For Wheat, respondents in Tauru claim to spend more

than 500 rupees per acre on pesticides. In Nagina, the cost reduces to be less than

Rs. 500. In Jhirka, 67% respondents declare to spend less than Rs.500 (Table 35).

In case of Mustard, all the respondents from Nagina and Jhirka indicate to spend

less than 500 rupees on pesticides per acre.

Table 35: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

43

Wheat Mustard

Cost of pesticides/ acre

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 100% 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 67% 33% 100% 0

The expenses incurred for Jowar and Bajra seem to be less than Rs.500 for all the

respondents in Nagina block. For respondents in Tauru, the expense incurred for

Bajra exceeds Rs.500 per acre. In case of vegetables, majority of the respondents

across all blocks seem to spend more than Rs.500 on pesticides per acre. It is only

in case of Onions that respondents in Tauru spend less than Rs.500 on the same

(Table 36).

Table 36: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of pesticides/

acre (Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 29% 71% 100% 0 0 0

Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 23% 77%

F. P. Jhirka 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%

f. Cost of harvesting

The cost incurred in harvesting was explored for crops and vegetables.

Analysis reveals variation across blocks. For Wheat, respondents in Tauru and

Nagina indicated to spend more than 500 rupees for harvesting. Majority of

respondents in Jhirka block confirmed to spend less than 500 on harvesting. In

case of Mustard, majority of respondents across all blocks indicated to have spent

more than 500 rupees on harvesting (Table 37).

Table 37: Cost of Harvesting (Rabi Crops)

44

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

Cost of harvesting

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 1% 99% 33% 67%

Nagina 0 100% 0.5% 99.5%

F. P. Jhirka 75% 25% 33% 67%

In case of Kharif crops as well, variation was observed across blocks. For Jowar,

respondents in Nagina block indicated to spend more than Rs.500 on harvesting.

Contrarily, respondents in Jhirka claimed to spend less than 500 on the same. For

Bajra, respondents across all blocks declared to spend more than 500 rupees on

harvesting. For vegetables, all the respondents except in Jhirka claimed to spend

more than 500 rupees on harvesting of all vegetables. It was only in case of

onions that 59% respondents from Jhirka indicated to spend less than 500 rupees

on harvesting (Table 38).

Table 38: Cost of Harvesting (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of

harvesting

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%

F. P. Jhirka 0 0 59% 41% 0 0

g. Cost of threshing

The cost incurred for threshing was explored for all the crops and vegetables.

As table 39 and 40 indicate most of the respondents in Nagina and Jhirka spend

45

less than rupees 500 on threshing for both, Kharif and Rabi crops. This however,

is not the case in Tauru where majority of the respondents indicate to spend more

than 500 rupees on threshing on all crops except Bajra (Table 39).

Table 39: Cost of Threshing (Rabi Crops)

Rabi Crops

% of Respondents

Wheat Mustard

Cost of threshing

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 5.5% 94.5% 45% 55%

Nagina 97% 3% 98.6% 1.4%

F. P. Jhirka 99.7% 0.3% 70% 30%

Table 40: Cost of Threshing (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Cost of threshing

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 100% 52% 48%

Nagina 99% 1% 99% 1%

F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 99% 1%

For vegetables, majority of respondents from Nagina tend to spend more than 500

rupees on threshing. In Jhirka, however, contrasting pictures surface as majority

of the respondents tend to spend less than 500 rupees on threshing for all

vegetables (Table 41).

Table 41: Cost of Threshing (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

46

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of threshing

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 0 100%

F. P. Jhirka 0 0 83% 17% 100% 0

h. Cost of transport

Expense incurred on transportation of crop produce was explored. Responses

indicate that all the respondents spend less than 500 rupees on transportation of

both, Kharif and Rabi Crops. In case of vegetables, respondents from Nagina

block indicate to spend more than 500 rupees on transportation. This also falls in

consonance with the expenses incurred in the transportation of tomato and brinjal

in case of respondents from Jhirka. For onions, majority of the respondents from

Jhirka indicate to spend less than 500 rupees on transportation.

Table 42: Cost of Transportation (Vegetables)

Vegetables

% of Respondents

Tomato Onion Brinjal

Cost of transport

(Rupees)

0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500

Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%

F. P. Jhirka 4% 96% 73% 27% 0 100%

i. Cost of storage

Expenses incurred on storage are found to differ across blocks. In case of

Nagina, expenses are found to be lower for both, Kharif and Rabi crops as

majority of the respondents indicate to spend less than 100 rupees on storage.

In case of Jhirka, respondents tend to spend more than 100 rupees on storage

47

(Table 43). It is only in the case of vegetables that respondents from Jhirka

spend less than 100 rupees on storage of the produce.

Table 43: Cost of Storage (Kharif Crops)

Kharif Crops

% of Respondents

Jowar Bajra

Cost of storage

(Rupees)

0-100 >100 0-100 >100

Tauru 0 0 0 0

Nagina 100% 0 100% 0

F. P. Jhirka 0 100% 0 100%

9. Livestock Rearing

Livestock rearing also forms an important source of income for some households in

the study villages. Thus, the number of households domesticating animals was explored.

As table 44 suggests, majority of the respondents agreed to keep pets. Further exploration

indicates that milk and meat are the two main animal products brought into use. While

meat is largely used for personal consumption, milk is also used for selling and obtaining

income.

Table 44: Livestock Rearing

Do you keep pets?

Yes No

Tauru

Dingerheri 104 61

Goela 151 49

Jaffrabad 105 28

Nagina

Karhera 313 122

Kotla 217 81

Notki 118 76

Santhawari 201 102

F.P.Jhirka Agon 451 197

48

Bhond 224 74

Pathkhori 502 139

Raniyala 186 84

Table 45 indicates that selling buffalo’s milk is most common across all blocks.

While milk of cow, goat and sheep is also used for selling, majority of the respondents

indicate to sell buffalo’s milk.

Table 45: Milk Selling

Milk Selling

Cow Buffalo Goat Sheep Camel

Tauru 49 202 2 0 0

Nagina 44 294 43 5 0

Jhirka 93 687 27 0 0

10. Role of Women in Agriculture

Women contribute actively to agricultural activities in the region. Thus, their role in

various farm related activities like cutting, sowing or field preparation was explored.

Analysis indicates that women in Nagina and Jhirka tend to participate in all activities on

the farm such as field preparation, cutting, sowing and operation (Table 46). Women in

Tauru, however, are found to specialize in particular tasks as concentration of responses

varies across categories. For instance, women in Tauru are largely found to participate in

field preparation, cutting and operation. A very small percentage of women participate in

sowing.

Table 46: Role of Women in Agriculture

Name of

the Block

Field

Preparation

Cutting Sowing Operation All Works

Tauru 147 192 46 192 9

Nagina 0 0 0 0 357

Jhirka 0 1 0 0 828

Total 147 193 46 192 1194

49

Regarding wages, women were found to earn substantially lower incomes than

men in the field. 59% respondents mentioned that women earn 80 rupees a day for their

work in the field. Contrastingly, 44% respondents mentioned that men earn as much as

125 rupees a day or much higher for their work.

Conclusion

Following are the major findings of the survey conducted in 11 villages where the income

enhancement program is being implemented:-

Land Holding: The average land holding of Mewat is less than two acres (source: IHD,

2000) which does not hold true for the study villages as the average land holding is found

to be 4.2 acres. The land holding size varies from nil to 70 acres.

Agricultural land: Total cultivable land available for agriculture is 98.3% of the total

land holdings in the village. Approximately 88.2% is land owned by people and the rest

is taken on lease.

Income Sources: Agriculture and laboring form the major sources of income for more

than half of the total population surveyed. The maximum income generated is through

jobs and not through agricultural activities. This reflects that a large fraction of village

population is engaged in various jobs such as in government services etc. After laboring

and agriculture, income from driving comes next. Around 11% of the population

indicates driving to be one of the income sources. Additional sources of income include

shops and works like dairy farming.

Agricultural Income: Out of the households obtaining income from agriculture, 44.1%

obtain income that varies from zero to twenty five thousand. Approximately, 24.1%

respondents claim to generate between Rs.25, 000 to 50,000 an year through agricultural

activities. Only a small percentage, that is, 19 percent of the total HH’s declare to have

their income between 50,000 to 75,000 per year.

50

Resources Owned: Motor cycles constitute the maximum percentage (42%) of the total

resources owned. This is followed by submersible pumps and tractors constituting 27%

and 17.5% of the total resources owned respectively.

Sources of Irrigation: It was found that irrigation through small water bodies like ponds

is absent. The major source of irrigation is submersible bores and diesel pumps. Diesel

pump and submersible bores are used simultaneously depending on the availability of

electricity.

Rainfall is very scanty and irregular.

Bajra cultivation is primarily dependent on rains.

For irrigation of Mustard, majority depend on rains. Only a small

percentage irrigate Mustard crop through other sources like diesel pump

or tube well.

Crops Grown: Jowar and Bajra are the major Kharif crops grown in the villages.

Amongst Rabi crops, Wheat and Mustard dominate the production. Vegetables comprise

of tomato, onion, raddish, cauliflower, brinjal, fenugreek, ladyfinger, chillies, coriander,

bottle gourd and spinach. Out of these, tomatoes, brinjals, onions and carrots are found to

be grown and sold on a commercial scale.

Fertilizer Usage: The main fertilizers put to use in the study villages include Gypsum,

Urea, Zinc, MOP, DAP and Micronutrients. Urea, DAP and MOP are found to be used in

large quantities across all blocks.

Market: Majority of the produce is sold in the respective block markets or locally in the

village. Vegetables are sold on a commercial scale in neighboring cities like Gurgaon and

Delhi.

Productivity: The average yield of Jowar is higher than the average production in the

state. The average yield of Bajra is much lower than the state average. Amongst the Rabi

51

crops, the average yield of both Wheat and Mustard is much lower than the average yield

of Haryana.

Recommendations

Considering the findings, an integrated approach to agriculture is required to decrease

the input cost, increase productivity and create both backward and forward linkages.

The cost of irrigation is very high in the villages. A mechanism to increase water

availability for irrigation and equitable distribution needs to be promoted in the area.

Water efficient irrigation techniques such as sprinkler technique needs to be promoted

for economical use of water for irrigation.

There is a need to make concerted efforts on precision farming. Farmers need to be

provided with regular training for preventing the excessive use of fertilizer and other

expensive and wasteful inputs. The training can further be ensured through more field

level demonstrations. A complete package of practices should be developed for

different crops.

Marginal farmers risk should be prevented through crop diversification practices

through more vegetable and pulse cultivation.

Appropriate market linkages need to be developed to increase the availability of good

quality seeds in the local markets on time. The timely availability of trace elements,

complex fertilizers needs to be ensured in the local market.

To reduce the expenses incurred due to the use of pesticides, awareness on integrated

pest management (IPM) is also required. It is seen that in this area the farmers

sometimes destroy the pests which are actually beneficial, and there is a need to

educate them on IPM.

There is a need to increase the agricultural productivity by providing access to

package of quality inputs, promoting better agriculture practices, and facilitating

market linkages for better crop prices.

It is also highly recommended to break the serial-to-serial cropping pattern of

cropping. This is detrimental to the soil and therefore introduction of a legume crop

is recommended to revitalize the soil.

52

Given the dearth of sources of water for irrigation, there is also a need to tap the rain

water harvesting potential in the village so that water can be made available for

irrigation thereby lowering the eventual cost of irrigation.

53

References

Dayal, D. (2009). Presentation to the IPC Seminar: Challenges facing the Doha

Development Round Trade Negotiations on Agriculture. Ministry of Finance,

Government of India.

Ghuman, R. S. (2009). Why farmers end their lives?. Retrieved on February 1, 2010 from

http://www.bnespunjab.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68

:farmer-suicides

IBEF (2009). Agriculture. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from

http://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?in=1&art_id=24918&cat_id=128&page=2

Institute for Human Development (IHD). (2008). Baseline survey of some minorities

concentrated districts of India. New Delhi: Ministry of Minority Affairs.

Mewat Development Agency (MDA). (2001). Mewat at a glance. Retrieved on January

28, 2010 from www.mda.nic.in

NSSO (2005). Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. Retrieved on February

4, 2010 from http://www.mospi.gov.in/mospi_nsso_rept_pubn.htm

Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. (2001). Census of 2001,

Series-1, India, Paper-1 of 2001, Provisional Population Totals. New Delhi:

Registrar General & Census Commissioner.

Self-Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action (SRIJAN). (2000). Unlocking a Potential:

Findings from a Baseline Survey of Mewat. Aga Khan Foundation, New Delhi.