Air Quality in NRCSAir Quality in NRCS

Susan O’NeillSusan O’Neill

Air Quality and Atmospheric Air Quality and Atmospheric Change TeamChange Team

The Air Quality and Atmospheric The Air Quality and Atmospheric Change (AQAC) TeamChange (AQAC) Team

Located at the West National Technology Located at the West National Technology Service Center (WNTSC) in Portland, Service Center (WNTSC) in Portland, OregonOregon

Purpose: Implement Air Quality Resource Purpose: Implement Air Quality Resource Concerns within the AgencyConcerns within the Agency

Air Quality is part of SWAPA and is an Air Quality is part of SWAPA and is an NRCS Venture Goal in the Strategic PlanNRCS Venture Goal in the Strategic Plan

National Technology Support National Technology Support CentersCenters

East, Greensboro, North CarolinaEast, Greensboro, North Carolina Manure Management TeamManure Management Team Social Sciences TeamSocial Sciences Team Soil Quality TeamSoil Quality Team

Central, Fort Worth, TexasCentral, Fort Worth, Texas Grazing Lands TeamGrazing Lands Team Wetlands TeamWetlands Team Wildlife TeamWildlife Team

West, Portland, OregonWest, Portland, Oregon Water Quality and Quantity TeamWater Quality and Quantity Team Air Quality and Atmospheric Change TeamAir Quality and Atmospheric Change Team Energy TeamEnergy Team

Air Quality Personnel in NRCSAir Quality Personnel in NRCS

AQAC Team in Portland, OregonAQAC Team in Portland, Oregon Greg Johnson – Team LeaderGreg Johnson – Team Leader Susan O’Neill – Air Quality ScientistSusan O’Neill – Air Quality Scientist Roel Vining – Air Quality ScientistRoel Vining – Air Quality Scientist Greg Zwicke – Air Quality EngineerGreg Zwicke – Air Quality Engineer

Michele Laur, National Atmospheric Resource Michele Laur, National Atmospheric Resource Specialist, Ecological Sciences DivisionSpecialist, Ecological Sciences Division

Ron Heavner, National Air Quality Specialist, Ron Heavner, National Air Quality Specialist, Conservation Engineering DivisionConservation Engineering Division

State Air Quality Contacts:State Air Quality Contacts: Rosalind Moore, FloridaRosalind Moore, Florida No one identified for GeorgiaNo one identified for Georgia

Proposal: Four Components to one Air Proposal: Four Components to one Air Quality Resource ConcernQuality Resource Concern

Particulate MatterParticulate Matter(PM2.5, PM10) (PM2.5, PM10)

Ozone PrecursorsOzone Precursors(VOC + NOx + sun = O3)(VOC + NOx + sun = O3)

Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O)(CO2, CH4, N2O)

OdorsOdors

Photo Courtesy of: Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies, Penn State UniversityPhoto Courtesy of: Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies, Penn State University

Smoke Management: Tools Smoke Management: Tools and Information for Florida and Information for Florida and the Southeastern USand the Southeastern US

Natural Resources Conservation Natural Resources Conservation ServiceService

OverviewOverview

Why Manage Smoke?Why Manage Smoke?How do I Manage Smoke?How do I Manage Smoke?Fire Weather and Smoke Management Fire Weather and Smoke Management

ToolsToolsNOAA/NWSNOAA/NWSAir Quality Index (AQI)Air Quality Index (AQI)BlueSky & FCAMMSBlueSky & FCAMMS

How do Air Quality Regulations Impact the How do Air Quality Regulations Impact the Fire Community?Fire Community?

Section: Why Manage Smoke?Section: Why Manage Smoke?

… … Fire HappensFire Happens

Emissions from FireEmissions from Fire

Complete CombustionComplete CombustionCarbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))Water (HWater (H22O)O)

Incomplete CombustionIncomplete CombustionCarbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)Particulate Matter (PM)Particulate Matter (PM)Hydrocarbons (HC)Hydrocarbons (HC)Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)Sulfur Dioxide (SOSulfur Dioxide (SO22))Ammonia (NHAmmonia (NH33))

OzoneOzone(O(O33))

Particulate Particulate MatterMatter

From Smoke Management Guidefor Prescribed and Wildland Fire2001.

Smoke ManagementSmoke Management

Smoke Management is about managing Smoke Management is about managing the emissions from fire to reduce impacts the emissions from fire to reduce impacts on receptors of concern.on receptors of concern.

Smoke is unlike most other pollutant Smoke is unlike most other pollutant sources – a control can not be put on it to sources – a control can not be put on it to scrub the emissions.scrub the emissions.

Why do we need toWhy do we need tomanage smoke?manage smoke?

Health Impacts -> National Ambient Air Health Impacts -> National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Public Safety and NuisancePublic Safety and NuisanceEconomic and social issues (vacations, Economic and social issues (vacations,

tourism).tourism).Smoke across roads.Smoke across roads.

Visibility – Regional Haze RuleVisibility – Regional Haze RuleScenic vistas are a resource to preserve.Scenic vistas are a resource to preserve.

We are a Conservation Agency – Air We are a Conservation Agency – Air Quality is a resource concernQuality is a resource concern

National Ambient Air Quality National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)Standards (NAAQS)

EPA establishes ambient air standards EPA establishes ambient air standards for certain “criteria” pollutantsfor certain “criteria” pollutantsPrimary standards – designed to protect public Primary standards – designed to protect public

healthhealthBased on the most sensitive individualsBased on the most sensitive individuals

Secondary standards – designed to protect Secondary standards – designed to protect human welfarehuman welfareUsually defined in terms of effects on vegetation, soil, Usually defined in terms of effects on vegetation, soil,

and visibilityand visibility

Criteria PollutantsCriteria PollutantsParticulate matter (PM)Particulate matter (PM)

Tropospheric (ground-level) ozone (OTropospheric (ground-level) ozone (O33))

Nitrogen dioxide (NONitrogen dioxide (NO22))

Sulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SO22))

Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)

LeadLead

NAAQSNAAQS (cont.)(cont.)A pollutant-by-pollutant analysis must be A pollutant-by-pollutant analysis must be

made to determine how AQ in an area made to determine how AQ in an area compares to the NAAQScompares to the NAAQS ““Attainment” = better than or equal to NAAQSAttainment” = better than or equal to NAAQS

““Nonattainment” = does not meet NAAQSNonattainment” = does not meet NAAQS

““Unclassifiable” = no representative dataUnclassifiable” = no representative dataAssumed to be “attainment”Assumed to be “attainment”

““Maintenance” = used to be nonattainment, now Maintenance” = used to be nonattainment, now attainment, with additional requirementsattainment, with additional requirements

What Does Nonattainment Mean?What Does Nonattainment Mean?

Lower threshold for Lower threshold for major source major source permitting (based on permitting (based on severity)severity)

More stringent More stringent permitting and control permitting and control requirementsrequirements

State Implementation State Implementation Plans (SIPs)Plans (SIPs)

Health Effects Related to Health Effects Related to Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

• Increased Premature DeathsIncreased Premature Deaths • Aggravation of respiratory or Aggravation of respiratory or

cardiovascular illnessescardiovascular illnesses• Changes in lung function / structure / Changes in lung function / structure /

natural defensenatural defense• Increasing medical data on adverse effectsIncreasing medical data on adverse effects

We want to manage smoke We want to manage smoke to to avoid contributing to avoid contributing to

this…..this…..

Nonattainment and Nuisance Nonattainment and Nuisance SmokeSmoke

Wildland urban interface Wildland urban interface (WUI) is increasing.(WUI) is increasing. Urban Land = 3.1% (2000)Urban Land = 3.1% (2000) Urban Land = 8.1% (2050 est)Urban Land = 8.1% (2050 est) WUI almost tripling in sizeWUI almost tripling in size

Complaints of nuisance Complaints of nuisance smoke or smoke affecting smoke or smoke affecting monitors could increase, if monitors could increase, if the smoke disperses into the smoke disperses into populated areas.populated areas.

Particulate Matter & Visibility ImpairmentParticulate Matter & Visibility Impairment

PM2.5 is very effective at PM2.5 is very effective at scattering, reflecting and scattering, reflecting and absorbing light.absorbing light.

Perceptible Perceptible PlumePlume

Regional HazeRegional Haze

Section: How Do I Manage Section: How Do I Manage Smoke?Smoke?

Smoke Behavior in aSmoke Behavior in aStable AtmosphereStable Atmosphere

Photo by Roger Ottmar.

Smoke Behavior in anSmoke Behavior in anUnstable AtmosphereUnstable Atmosphere

Photo by Roger Ottmar.

Smoke Behavior in ValleysSmoke Behavior in Valleys

Photo by Roger Ottmar.

By Ray Peterson.

Managing Smoke – Tiered Managing Smoke – Tiered ApproachApproach

Level of regulation commensurate with level of Level of regulation commensurate with level of impacts (current and future/anticipated)impacts (current and future/anticipated)

1) Basic Smoke Management Practices (BSMPs)1) Basic Smoke Management Practices (BSMPs) Basic line of defense against smoke problemsBasic line of defense against smoke problems

2) Smoke Management Programs (SMPs)2) Smoke Management Programs (SMPs) Greater control on burning and coordination between Greater control on burning and coordination between

burnersburners 3) Enhanced Smoke Management Programs 3) Enhanced Smoke Management Programs

(ESMPs)(ESMPs) Smoke is attributed to contributing to regional haze or Smoke is attributed to contributing to regional haze or

nonattainmentnonattainment One goal of the program is to reduce emissionsOne goal of the program is to reduce emissions

Smoke ManagementSmoke Management

Reduce Smoke ImpactsReduce Smoke ImpactsTools to help time burning – Is today a good Tools to help time burning – Is today a good

day to burn?day to burn?Where are my sensitive receptors?Where are my sensitive receptors?Monitor plume during the burnMonitor plume during the burnPost burn considerations – smoldering, mop-upPost burn considerations – smoldering, mop-upEvaluate Reducing Smoke EmissionsEvaluate Reducing Smoke Emissions

Increase combustion efficiencyIncrease combustion efficiencyBurn smaller units and/or burn more frequentlyBurn smaller units and/or burn more frequentlyEmploy alternatives to burningEmploy alternatives to burning

Tools: The BlueSky Smoke Modeling Framework

WEATHER FORECASTMODEL OUTPUT

Wildfire ICS 209FASTRACS

RAZUManual

Other

FIRE INFORMATIONREPORTING SYSTEMS

FCCSHardy (West)

NFDRS

EPMFEPS

BURNUPIdealized profile

CONSUME 1.02CONSUME 3

BURNUP

MM5WRF

HYSPLIT

CALPUFFHYSPLIT

CALMM5

FUEL LOADING

CONSUMPTION

EMISSIONS

MET INTERPRETER

DISPERSION

TRAJECTORIES

SMOKE TRAJECTORY & CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS

BlueSky - AcknowledgementsSue FergusonNarasimhan (Sim) Larkinlarkin@fs.fed.us, 206-732-7849

AirFIRE TeamRobert SolomonMiriam RorigCandace KrullChris FredericksMark MooreBrian PotterTara Strand

NASA ROSESNational Fire PlanJoint Fire Science ProgramUSFS F&AM

Sonoma Technology Inc.Sean RaffuseDaniel PrydenDana SullivanLyle ChinkinChris OvardRay Peterson+ more…

+ many others

BlueSky Smoke Modeling ConsortiumFCAMMS centersAl RiebauPete Lahm

Tom Pace, EPACharlene Spells, EPARob Wilson, Don Matheny, EPA R10EPA OAQPSEPA NERL / NOAA ARLUSDOIMark Ruminski, NOAA

Regional Sources for Smoke Management and Fire Weather Products

(fcamms.org) Fire Consortium for Fire Consortium for

the Advanced the Advanced Modeling of Modeling of Meteorology and Meteorology and Smoke (FCAMMS)Smoke (FCAMMS)

- Rocky Mountain - Rocky Mountain Consortium (RMC)Consortium (RMC)

- Southern High - Southern High Resolution Resolution Modeling Center Modeling Center (SHRMC)(SHRMC)

Section: Fire Weather and Smoke Section: Fire Weather and Smoke Management ToolsManagement Tools

WeatherWeather Florida: Florida: http://www.fl-dof.com/fire_weather/index.htmlhttp://www.fl-dof.com/fire_weather/index.html Weather Planner, BlueSky: Weather Planner, BlueSky: www.fs.fed.us/rmcwww.fs.fed.us/rmc

Smoke Screening Tool (60 deg angle), BlueSkySmoke Screening Tool (60 deg angle), BlueSky http://shrmc.ggy.uga.edu/http://shrmc.ggy.uga.edu/

Select: Smoke Products -> Simple Smoke Screening (on right)Select: Smoke Products -> Simple Smoke Screening (on right)

Florida (Plume) Smoke Screening ToolFlorida (Plume) Smoke Screening Tool http://flame.fl-dof.com/wildfire/tools_sst.html#SSThttp://flame.fl-dof.com/wildfire/tools_sst.html#SST

Select: Smoke Screening ToolSelect: Smoke Screening Tool

Satellite DataSatellite Data http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.htmlhttp://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/

NOAA ARL – Forecast MeteorologyNOAA ARL – Forecast Meteorologyhttp://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/cmet.htmlhttp://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/cmet.html

MeteogramsMeteogramsWind RosesWind RosesSoundingsSoundingsTime SeriesTime Series

Air Quality Index (AQI)Air Quality Index (AQI)

The EPA has developed The EPA has developed a system to inform a system to inform people about air quality people about air quality in their area. Current in their area. Current values and tomorrows values and tomorrows forecast are displayed forecast are displayed using the Air Quality using the Air Quality Index. Index.

LinkLinkhttp://http://airnow.govairnow.gov//

Section: Air Quality RegulationsSection: Air Quality Regulations

PM2.5, AQIPM2.5, AQIOzoneOzoneExceptional Events Rule (EER)Exceptional Events Rule (EER)EPA Interim Air Quality Policy for EPA Interim Air Quality Policy for

Prescribed and Wildland Fire (Interim Prescribed and Wildland Fire (Interim Policy)Policy)

General ConformityGeneral Conformity

October 2003 – October 2006

Sites shown have at least 845 observations over three years

New PM2.5 NAAQS

Promulgated Promulgated 12/200612/2006

Previously: Previously: 65 65 µg/mµg/m33

Now:Now:35 µg/m35 µg/m33

Nonattainment Nonattainment designations designations being being determined determined nownow

Air Quality Index for PM2.5 Proposing: lower Proposing: lower

the significant harm the significant harm level (SHL) from level (SHL) from 500 500 µg/mµg/m33 to 350 to 350 µg/mµg/m33

SHL: represents SHL: represents imminent and imminent and substantial substantial endangermentendangerment

Occurrence of the Occurrence of the SHL due to fire SHL due to fire could increasecould increase

Due to fires

New Ozone New Ozone StdStd

0.075 ppm0.075 ppm

345 Counties 345 Counties (est) (est) exceedexceed

Old Ozone StdOld Ozone Std

0.08 ppm0.08 ppm

85 Counties 85 Counties exceedexceed

Impacts of New Ozone Standard

> 75 ppb> 75 ppb > 84 ppb> 84 ppb % Total % Total

All MonitorsAll Monitors 52%52% 12%12%

% Total% TotalForest/RuralForest/RuralMonitorsMonitors 46%46% 8%8%

Review of 2004-2006 data

Exceptional Events Rule (EER)

Promulgated 3/22/2007Promulgated 3/22/2007 Monitoring data can be excluded from non-Monitoring data can be excluded from non-

attainment designations if exceedance is due to an attainment designations if exceedance is due to an Exceptional Event. Exceptional Event.

Natural EventsNatural Events High Wind EventsHigh Wind Events Natural Disasters and Associated Clean-up ActivitiesNatural Disasters and Associated Clean-up Activities Stratospheric Ozone IntrusionStratospheric Ozone Intrusion Volcanic & Seismic ActivitiesVolcanic & Seismic Activities Wildland FiresWildland Fires

Prescribed FiresPrescribed Fires Other: Structural Fires, Chemical Spills, Terrorist Other: Structural Fires, Chemical Spills, Terrorist

Attacks, Transported PollutionAttacks, Transported Pollution

How can a prescribed fire be an exceptional event?

Prove that emissions from the event influenced the monitorProve that emissions from the event influenced the monitor Unlikely to recur at a particular locationUnlikely to recur at a particular location

natural fire return intervalnatural fire return interval restoration of ecological role of firerestoration of ecological role of fire

Not reasonably controllable or preventableNot reasonably controllable or preventable Are there “reasonable alternatives?” Are there “reasonable alternatives?”

High fuel loads vs. catastrophic fire/emissionsHigh fuel loads vs. catastrophic fire/emissions Ecosystem dependency on fireEcosystem dependency on fire Disease and pest outbreaksDisease and pest outbreaks Limits to non-burning treatments like Wilderness Limits to non-burning treatments like Wilderness

(mechanical limits) or access (topography, etc)(mechanical limits) or access (topography, etc) Burn conducted under a Smoke Management Program or Burn conducted under a Smoke Management Program or

with Basic Smoke Management Practices with Basic Smoke Management Practices State activities taken to protect public healthState activities taken to protect public health

What kind of documentation may be needed for a wildland fire EER

demonstration? Information about source (fire) on a daily basis: Information about source (fire) on a daily basis:

Fire activity (blackened acres, location, date)Fire activity (blackened acres, location, date) Emissions (fuels, loading, fuel moisture)Emissions (fuels, loading, fuel moisture)

Important supporting information includes: Important supporting information includes: Information showing influence of the fireInformation showing influence of the fire Information about dispersion of smokeInformation about dispersion of smoke Local fire weather informationLocal fire weather information Ecological information - for EPA recurrence and Ecological information - for EPA recurrence and

controllability tests where appropriate controllability tests where appropriate

EER Current Status

States have measured PM2.5 exceedances from States have measured PM2.5 exceedances from wildfires in 2007.wildfires in 2007.

Prescribed fires also caused PM2.5 exceedances Prescribed fires also caused PM2.5 exceedances in 2007.in 2007.

There is no central national repository for daily fire There is no central national repository for daily fire activity.activity.

There is no process to discuss efficient ways to There is no process to discuss efficient ways to address multi-state exceptional events or address multi-state exceptional events or documentation, cross boundary impacts, joint documentation, cross boundary impacts, joint actions to protect public health during events, actions to protect public health during events, roles of regulators and land managers, etc.roles of regulators and land managers, etc.

EER ProceduresState, Tribe or Local air regulatory agency:State, Tribe or Local air regulatory agency:

Must submit air quality monitoring data to EPA Must submit air quality monitoring data to EPA within 90 dayswithin 90 days

MayMay flag specific data as affected by exceptional flag specific data as affected by exceptional event for EPA within 6 months of measurement event for EPA within 6 months of measurement

MayMay submit documentation of proof of exceptional submit documentation of proof of exceptional event effects to EPA within 3 years of flaggingevent effects to EPA within 3 years of flagging

EPA concurs or rejects proofEPA concurs or rejects proof

State and EPA Processes are DiscretionaryState and EPA Processes are Discretionary

EER Strategies for Land Managers

Collaborate with State regulatory communityCollaborate with State regulatory community Promote development of state-by-state Promote development of state-by-state

relationships prior to an exceedancerelationships prior to an exceedance Develop joint strategies prior to an exceedanceDevelop joint strategies prior to an exceedance Discuss data needs and seek consistency Discuss data needs and seek consistency

between regions, states, agencies for EERbetween regions, states, agencies for EER Develop collection strategy for fire activity Develop collection strategy for fire activity

information (blackened acres, location, date) information (blackened acres, location, date) Pre-define Basic Smoke Management PracticesPre-define Basic Smoke Management Practices

North Carolina example Stonewall Prescribed Fire on March 27, 2007 Stonewall Prescribed Fire on March 27, 2007

Chattahoochee/Oconee National Forests Chattahoochee/Oconee National Forests Basic information on the fire that will assist in showing Basic information on the fire that will assist in showing

the influence of prescribed fire emissions on air quality the influence of prescribed fire emissions on air quality monitorsmonitors

Document why prescribed burning was selected over Document why prescribed burning was selected over other land management alternativesother land management alternatives

Document the role of fire in restoring ecological Document the role of fire in restoring ecological processes and how prescribed fire is being used to processes and how prescribed fire is being used to mimic natural fire regimesmimic natural fire regimes

Document the Smoke Management Practices that were Document the Smoke Management Practices that were followed for the prescribed fire. followed for the prescribed fire.

The primary goal of smoke management is to protect The primary goal of smoke management is to protect public health and safety, and your smoke management public health and safety, and your smoke management practices should demonstrate thispractices should demonstrate this

EPA Interim Air Quality Policy on Prescribed and Wildland Fire

““Interim Policy”Interim Policy”Revision to be completed 7/2008Revision to be completed 7/2008Current Interim Policy out of sync with Current Interim Policy out of sync with

EEREERRevision will address:Revision will address:

Agricultural BurningAgricultural BurningBasic Smoke Management Practices Basic Smoke Management Practices

(BSMPs)(BSMPs)

General Conformity (GC)

Draft Rule out for Comment until 4/14Draft Rule out for Comment until 4/14 Goal of GC is to ensure that federal activities Goal of GC is to ensure that federal activities

conform to SIPs/TIPs/FIPs. Applies to conform to SIPs/TIPs/FIPs. Applies to nonattainment and maintenance areas onlynonattainment and maintenance areas only

Also applies to federal funds provided to private Also applies to federal funds provided to private landslands Ex. NRCS EQIP program fundsEx. NRCS EQIP program funds

EPA is taking comments on whether Basic EPA is taking comments on whether Basic Smoke Management Practices will presume to Smoke Management Practices will presume to conformconform

Fire Air Coordination Team (FACT)

Charted under the Fire (NWCG) and Air Directors of the Federal Land Management Agencies

Members: USFS, FWS, NPS, BLM, BIA, NASF, NRCS

Objectives: Improve understanding of Air Quality rules/regulations; Further the application of appropriate smoke management

approaches (BSMP, SMP, ESMP); Coordinate/foster partnerships between fire management

agencies and stakeholders; Advocate for new science and technology, training and outreach

efforts.

Photo courtesy Lorraine VogtPhoto courtesy Lorraine Vogt

FACT Training

Funds ($135K from NFAEB) delivered to Funds ($135K from NFAEB) delivered to University of Idaho (U of I)University of Idaho (U of I)

Three StagesThree StagesLine Officer Training (2-hr online course)Line Officer Training (2-hr online course)Cadre Training (two 3-day workshops, online Cadre Training (two 3-day workshops, online

materials)materials)Air Quality Smoke Course at U of IAir Quality Smoke Course at U of I

Photo courtesy Lorraine VogtPhoto courtesy Lorraine Vogt

Line Officer Training

2-hr Online Course2-hr Online Course Hook – If you don’t address air quality you may loose your Hook – If you don’t address air quality you may loose your

ability to use fireability to use fire 5 key messages5 key messages

AQ Regulations will impact/change fire program AQ Regulations will impact/change fire program operations.operations.

Tightening of AQ regulations leads to more non-Tightening of AQ regulations leads to more non-attainment areas. attainment areas.

Communication is critical (Land Manager, AQ Regulator, Communication is critical (Land Manager, AQ Regulator, Public).Public).

Fire affects human health.Fire affects human health. Exceedances are happening now. Exceedances are happening now.

Photo courtesy Lorraine VogtPhoto courtesy Lorraine Vogt

Cadre Training Workshops

Multi-day Training PackageMulti-day Training PackageDisseminated via approximately 25 online Disseminated via approximately 25 online

training environmentstraining environmentsTwo 3-day regional workshops (tentative Two 3-day regional workshops (tentative

sites):sites):SE (Tall Timbers)SE (Tall Timbers)West (Boise (NIFC) or Albuquerque)West (Boise (NIFC) or Albuquerque)

Photo courtesy Lorraine VogtPhoto courtesy Lorraine Vogt

Thank you! Questions, Comments, Discussion

Pat Shaver, Rangeland Specialist, NRCS Pat Shaver, Rangeland Specialist, NRCS pat.shaver@por.usda.govpat.shaver@por.usda.gov503-273-2407503-273-2407

Chuck Stanley, Rangeland Specialist, NRCS Chuck Stanley, Rangeland Specialist, NRCS charles.stanley@ftw.usda.govcharles.stanley@ftw.usda.gov 817-509-3282817-509-3282

Susan O’Neill, Air Quality Engineer, NRCSSusan O’Neill, Air Quality Engineer, NRCSsusan.oneill@por.usda.govsusan.oneill@por.usda.gov 503-273-2438503-273-2438

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program.

National Smoke Management National Smoke Management WebsiteWebsite

http://www.nifc.gov/smokehttp://www.nifc.gov/smokeMy Fire CommunityMy Fire Community

http://myfirecommunity.org http://myfirecommunity.org (Air Quality and Fire Issues (Air Quality and Fire Issues

Neighborhood)Neighborhood)