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Introduction to System Architecture

DS gile Customer Training



ALSTOM © 2007. We reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein.Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.


1) BAY LEVEL- COMMUNICATION INTERFACE Page 3

2) Communication Overview Page 9

3) Architecture of LAN Page 13

Summary

4) Process Level Page 17




1.1) BAY LEVEL- COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

• Protocol :- A communications protocol is a system of digital message formats and

rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in

telecommunications

Physical Layer :- The mode of communication

Architecture is the design of a communications network . It is a framework for the

specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and

configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used

in its operation.





1.2) OSI LAYERS

What is a system ?

A set of devices

with specific functions

that exchange information

How exchanging information ? Following OSI stack model

Using data

with defined rules

with specific format (protocols)

with specific physical support

APPLICATION7

PRESENTATION6

SESSION5

TRANSPORT4

NETWORK 3

LINK LAYER2

PHYSICAL1

OSI Stack Model

(Open Systems Interconnection)





1.3) Physical connector -RS232

• Basic specifications

− Allows for full duplex communications between 2 devices− Connection type: DB9

−Max distance of transmission: 15m

− Data rate : 20Kbits/s max− Mode of operation: DC coupling (risk of ground noise)− Transmitter voltage: 5V to 15V

2 : Tx 3 : Rx

5 : Gnd




1.4) Physical connector -IEEE 802.3 RJ45

• Basic specifications

− Connection type: shielded twisted pair− Max distance of transmission: 200m

−Data rate : 100Mbits/s max





1.5) Physical connector -Fiber optics

Basic specifications

• Characteristics− Fast information flow− Large pass band− Noise immunity− Good mechanical results

• Technique

− Light wave spreading from the reflection produced on the surface of the working medium

−Centre from 5 to 150 microns

− Connectors with extremely good mechanical accuracy

• Maintenance

− Easy to locate fibre cuts

• Properties

−

Multimode :• Max distance of transmission: 2000m

• Data rate : 100Mbits/s max− Monomode :

• Max distance of transmission: 15000m

• Data rate : 100Mbits/s maxIntroduction to System Architecture








Summary





Pear-to-pear connection

Half Duplex communication (unidirectional)

Collision

C264C264

C264C264

2.1) Communication overview

Full duplex communication prevents data collision

Full Duplex communication (bi-directional)





Ethernet network principle

Direct communication between 3 system devices

C264 C264 C264

Collision

Switch utilisation prevents data collision

(an Ethernet switch is able to route information to the correct

destination)






Ethernet network principle

Ethernet switch utilisation

C264 C264 C264

Data frame

1

Ethernet switch

4


2

Buffer

3









Summary





3.1) Bus architecture

SCADA

Substation Level

OIGATEWAYS

MiCOM M

Ethernetswitch

SCADA/EMS

Ethernetswitch





3.2) Star architecture

Substation level

Ethenet switch

OIGATEWAY

Bay level

SCADA/EMS





C264

SCADA

Substation Level

OI

GATEWAYS

Ethernet switch

Ethernet switch

SCADA/EMS

3.3) Redundant ring architecture









Summary






Master/Slave principle

The Master is requestingthe data from its slave(s),and can also send orders(control) to the slave.

The slave replies to the Master onlyupon request, the Master canaddress him with specific address or by broadcasting.






Master/Slave principle

Memory reading

Low efficiency (read all time events even if

nothing has changed)

One master as data receiver

Slave MasterRead @

return @Value

Do you have any

changes ?

Yes (5% of the time)

Send data!

Data change coming

Slave Master

Event driven reading

DNP3, T101, T103, Modbus

Medium efficiency (Only changes are red)

One master as data receiver

One slave at a timeIntroduction to System Architecture





Client/Server principle

SERVER These are all my

data

I subscribe to

these data

I report the change of state of this

data you subscribed

OPTIMIZED TRAFFIC

CLIENT

Several client at a time





6-20 KV

X

6-20 KV

X

X X X

Relays

Local HMI

Remote HMI

Circuit breaker

Secondary network

ELECTRIC/SYSTEM AI/MVDI

DO/AO

Relays

datapoints


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