jvm internal architechture

Memory Management Memory Management Case study (JVM & CLR)Case study (JVM & CLR)

KIRAN KUMAR V KIRAN KUMAR V

LENIN THUMMALAPALLILENIN THUMMALAPALLI

C++ Memory Architecture C++ Memory Architecture SpecificationSpecification

CODE

STATIC Area

STACK

HEAP

JVM Architecture SpecificationJVM Architecture Specification

Method AreaMethod Area

Type information constant pool Field

information

Method information

Class

variables

Method Table

Reference to class loader and class Class


Type Information

Constantpool

Field Informa

tion

Method Informa-

tion

Classvariables

Method Table

Ref. to class loader

and classClass

Fully qualified type’s

name.

Fully qualified direct super

class name.

Whether class or an

interface

type's modifiers

list of the fully qualified

names of any direct super

interfaces


Constant PoolType

Information

Field Informa

tion

Method Informa-

tion

Classvariables

Method Table


and classClass

Ordered set of constants - string - integer - floating point - final variables

symbolic references to

- types

- fields

- Methods


Field Information

Type Informa

tion

Constant pool

Method Informa-

tion

Classvariables

Method Table


and classClass

field’s name field’s type field’s modifiers (subset ) - public - private - protected - static - final - volatile - transient


MethodInformation

Type Informa

tion

Constant pool

FieldInforma

tion

Classvariables

Method Table


and classClass

Method’s name Method’s return type Number and type of parameters Modifiers (subset) - public - private - protected - static - final - synchronized - native - abstract


Class variables

Type Informa

tion

Constant pool

FieldInforma

tion

MethodInforma

tion

Method Table


and classClass

ordered set of class variables

- static variables


Ref. toClass loader

And classClass

Type Informa

tion

Constant pool

FieldInforma

tion

MethodInforma

tion

Method Table

Class variables

Reference to class loader is used for dynamic linking. instance java.lang.Class is created every type forthe following info. - getName(); - getSuperClass(); - isInterface(); - getInterfaces(); - getClassLoader();


Method Table

Type Informa

tion

Constant pool

FieldInforma

tion

MethodInforma

tion

Class variables

Used for quick ref. to

method.

Contains name and index in symbol ref. array


and classClass

Heap MemoryHeap Memory

Objects and arrays are allocated in this Objects and arrays are allocated in this area.area.

Two different threads of the same Two different threads of the same application, however, could trample on application, however, could trample on each other's heap data.each other's heap data.

One possible Design of Object One possible Design of Object Allocation on Heap Allocation on Heap

Another Design of Object AllocationAnother Design of Object Allocation

Lock on ObjectsLock on Objects

object is associated with a lock (or mutex) to object is associated with a lock (or mutex) to coordinate multi-threaded access to the object.coordinate multi-threaded access to the object.

Only one thread at a time can "own" an object's Only one thread at a time can "own" an object's lock.lock.

Once a thread owns a lock, it can request the Once a thread owns a lock, it can request the same lock again multiple times, but then has to same lock again multiple times, but then has to release the lock the same number of times release the lock the same number of times before it is made available to other threads.before it is made available to other threads.

Array Allocation on HeapArray Allocation on Heap The name of an array's class has one The name of an array's class has one

open square bracket for each dimension open square bracket for each dimension plus a letter or string representing the plus a letter or string representing the array's type. array's type.

The class name for an array of ints is "[I“.The class name for an array of ints is "[I“. The class name for three-dimensional The class name for three-dimensional

array of bytes is "[[[B". array of bytes is "[[[B". The class name for a two-dimensional The class name for a two-dimensional

array of Objects is "[[Ljava.lang.Object". array of Objects is "[[Ljava.lang.Object".

Design of allocation of array on Design of allocation of array on HeapHeap

Java StackJava Stack

Java stack stores a thread's state in Java stack stores a thread's state in discrete frames. discrete frames.

Each frame containsEach frame contains - local variables Area.- local variables Area. - operand stack - operand stack - frame dataframe data

Local variable AreaLocal variable Area organized as a zero-based array of cells.organized as a zero-based array of cells. Variables are accessed through their Variables are accessed through their

indices.indices. Values of type int, float, reference, and Values of type int, float, reference, and

return Address occupy one cell. return Address occupy one cell. Values of type byte, short, and char also Values of type byte, short, and char also

occupy one cell.occupy one cell. Values of type long and double occupy Values of type long and double occupy

two consecutive cells in the array. two consecutive cells in the array.

class Example3a { public static int runClassMethod(int i, long l, float f, double d, Object o, byte b) { return 0; } public int runInstanceMethod(char c, double d, short s, boolean b) { return 0; } }

Operand StackOperand Stack operand stack is also organized as an array of operand stack is also organized as an array of

cells.cells. local variables are accessed via array indices, the local variables are accessed via array indices, the

operand stack is accessed by pushing and operand stack is accessed by pushing and popping values. popping values.

instructions take their operands from instructions take their operands from - operand stackoperand stack - immediately following the opcode - immediately following the opcode - constant pool- constant pool

iload_0 // push the int in local variable 0iload_0 // push the int in local variable 0 iload_1 // push the int in local variable 1iload_1 // push the int in local variable 1 iadd // pop two ints, add them, push resultiadd // pop two ints, add them, push result istore_2 // pop int, store into local variable 2istore_2 // pop int, store into local variable 2

Frame dataFrame data

Frame data is needed to support Frame data is needed to support - constant pool resolution- constant pool resolution - normal method return- normal method return - exception dispatch- exception dispatch - debugging.- debugging.

class Example3c {class Example3c { public static void addAndPrint() public static void addAndPrint()

{{ double result = double result =

addTwoTypes(1, 88.88);addTwoTypes(1, 88.88); System.out.println(result);System.out.println(result); }} public static double public static double

addTwoTypes(int i, double d) {addTwoTypes(int i, double d) { return i + d;return i + d; }}}}

class abc {class abc { public int a;public int a; String str;String str; abc() {abc() { a=10; atr=“string1”;a=10; atr=“string1”; }} public void print{ System.out.print(a+” “+str); }public void print{ System.out.print(a+” “+str); }}}interface def {interface def { void add();void add();} } class pqr extends abc implements def {class pqr extends abc implements def { static int b;static int b; final int c=50;final int c=50; String s;String s; pqr(int m) { super(); b=m; s= new String(”string2”); }pqr(int m) { super(); b=m; s= new String(”string2”); } void add() { a=a+c; add1(); }void add() { a=a+c; add1(); } static void add1() { c=b+50; }static void add1() { c=b+50; }}}

Example

class Main {class Main { public static void main(String[] s) {public static void main(String[] s) { pqr p=new pqr(20);pqr p=new pqr(20); p.add();p.add(); p.print();p.print(); }}}}

class abc {class abc { public int a;public int a; String str;String str; abc() {abc() { a=10; a=10; str=“string1”;str=“string1”; }} public void print{ public void print{ System.out.print(a+” “+str); System.out.print(a+” “+str); }}}}

abc

java.lang.Object

Isclass=true

modifier=4

Type info

a str <init> printSymbol ref. array

10 “string1”

Constant pool

name Type Modifiera int 5 0

str String 4 1

index

Field info

name ret.type npar modifier parlist<init> void 0 1 print void 0 5

codeptr

Method info

name index<init> 2

print 3

Method Table

null

Class variables

abc

java.lang.Object

Isclass=true

modifier=4ptr. to interface list ptr. to symbolic ref. array

name Type Modifier indexa int 5 0

str int 4 1

ptr to field infoname ret.type npar modifier parlist codeptr

<init> void 0 5 print void 0 5

ptr to method info

ptr to class variable list

ref. to class loader

ref. to Class

ptr to method table

Method name index in sym ref.<init> 2

print 3

Symbolic ref. array

Class Area of abc in Method area

interface def interface def {{ void add();void add();}}

def

java.lang.Object

Isclass=false

modifier=4

Type info

addSymbol ref. array

Constant pool

Field info

nullMethod info

name ret.type npar modifier parlist add void 0 4

codeptr

Class variables

null

add 0

Method Table

name index

def

java.lang.Object

Isclass=false

modifier=4ptr. to interface list ptr. to symbolic ref. arrayptr to field info

name ret.type npar modifier parlist codeptradd void 0 4 ptr to method info



ref. to Class

ptr to method table

Method name index in sym ref. add 0

Symbolic ref. array

Class Area of def in Method area

class pqr extends abc implements def {class pqr extends abc implements def { static int b;static int b; final int c=50;final int c=50; String s;String s; pqr(int m) { super(); b=m; pqr(int m) { super(); b=m; s= new String(”string2”); }s= new String(”string2”); } void add() { a=a+c; add1(); }void add() { a=a+c; add1(); } static void add1() { c=b+50; }static void add1() { c=b+50; }}}

pqr

abc

Isclass=true

modifier=4

Type info

Symbolic ref. arrayb c s <init> super add add1

50

name Type Modifierb int 4,6 0

c int 4,7 1 S String 4 2

index

Field infoConstant pool

name ret.type npar modifier parlist<init> void 1 4 add void 0 4 add1 void 0 4 super void 0 4

Method infocodeptr

b

Class variables

<init> 3add 5

Method Table

name index

add1 6super 4

pqr

abc

Isclass=true

modifier=4ptr. to interface list ( to def)

ptr. to symbolic ref. array

name Type Modifier indexb int 4,6 0

c int 4,7 1

ptr to field infoname ret.type npar modifier parlist codeptr

<init> void 1 4 add void 0 4

ptr to method info

ptr to class variable list (b)


ref. to Class

ptr to method table Method name index in sym ref.<init> 3

add 4

Symbolic ref. array

Class Area of pqr in Method area

S String 4 2

add1 void 0 4 super void 0 4

class Main {class Main { public static void main(String[] s) {public static void main(String[] s) { pqr p=new pqr(20);pqr p=new pqr(20); p.add();p.add(); p.print();p.print(); }}}}

Main

java.lang.Object

Isclass=true

modifier=4

Type info

mainSymbol ref. array

Constant pool

Field info

nullMethod info

name ret.type npar modifier parlist main void 0 4

codeptr

Class variables

null

main 0

Method Table

name index

20

Main

java.lang.Object

Isclass=true

modifier=4ptr. to interface list ptr. to symbolic ref. arrayptr to field info

name ret.type npar modifier parlist codeptrmain void 0 5,6 ptr to method info



ref. to Class

ptr to method table

Method name index in sym ref. main 0

Symbolic ref. array

Class Area of Main in Method area

Main

stack

Heap

Main

main

Main pqr

p

Main pqr

p

main

main

Pqr.<init>

Main pqr

p

Pqr.<init>

abc.<init>

Main pqr

p

Main pqr

p

a,b,c

strs

string2

abc

Main pqr

p

a,b,c

strs

string2

add

abc Main pqr

p

a,b,c

strs

string2

add

abc

add1

Main pqr

p

a,b,c

s

string2

abc

Main pqr

p

a,b,c

s

string2

print

abc Main pqr

p

a,b,c

s

string2

abc

str

str strstr s

Relation between C++ memory Relation between C++ memory structure and JVM memory structure and JVM memory

structurestructure

CODE

STATIC Area

Metadata

Method Area

Method Area

Constant pool

Class variables

Type Informa

tion

FieldInforma

tion

MethodInforma

tion

Method Table


and classClass

C++ Heap

Garbage collection

JVM Heap

C++ stack

Operand Stack

Frame data

Threaded JVM Stack

Threaded JVM Stack

JVM stackThreads

Responsibilities of Memory MgrResponsibilities of Memory Mgr

Chop the chunk. Chop the chunk. Allocate Requested number of bytes.Allocate Requested number of bytes. Provide necessary information to garbageProvide necessary information to garbage collector.collector. Collect the bytes returned by garbageCollect the bytes returned by garbage collector.collector. Defragment the chunks.Defragment the chunks.

Design ChoicesDesign Choices How to allocate bytesHow to allocate bytes - Contiguous memory allocation.- Contiguous memory allocation. - Non contiguous memory allocation.- Non contiguous memory allocation. How many bytes to be allocatedHow many bytes to be allocated - exact requested number of bytes.- exact requested number of bytes. - Allocate bytes in terms of 2^n (Buddy System).- Allocate bytes in terms of 2^n (Buddy System). How defragmentation to be doneHow defragmentation to be done - Compaction.- Compaction. - Buddy system. - Buddy system.

JVM Memory ManagerJVM Memory Manager

Algorithms Followed Algorithms Followed Noncontiguous Memory Allocation.Noncontiguous Memory Allocation. First fit to choose approperiate chunk.First fit to choose approperiate chunk. Buddy system to chop a chunk.Buddy system to chop a chunk. Buddy system for defragmentation.Buddy system for defragmentation.

How to implement memory How to implement memory managermanager

Need of 4 threadsNeed of 4 threads - Memory allocator.- Memory allocator. - Memory Defragmenter.- Memory Defragmenter. - Chunk cleaner.- Chunk cleaner. - Data manager.- Data manager.

When VM requests m bytes When VM requests m bytes AllocatorAllocator 1. Checks for first chunk with size1. Checks for first chunk with size >=m+4.>=m+4. 2. If available chops it and returns to VM2. If available chops it and returns to VM else requests OS for new chunk. else requests OS for new chunk. Data Manager inserts an entry in MemoryData Manager inserts an entry in Memory Allocation Table (for garbage collector ).Allocation Table (for garbage collector ). Starting

addressSize requested Size Allocated

Garbage CollectionGarbage Collection For each entry in MA Table GC moves to For each entry in MA Table GC moves to

starting address+ size requested address,starting address+ size requested address, checks the ref. count. If zero returns the checks the ref. count. If zero returns the

index of table entry to Data Manager.index of table entry to Data Manager. Data Manager deletes the entry from Data Manager deletes the entry from

MATMAT and adds in Defragment Table.and adds in Defragment Table. For each entry in Defragment Table,For each entry in Defragment Table, Defragmenter combines the consecutive Defragmenter combines the consecutive fragments.fragments.

Starting Address Size

Design problemDesign problemVM requests an array of bytesVM requests an array of bytes - to store data in Method Area.- to store data in Method Area. - for stack frame.- for stack frame. - for object on Heap.- for object on Heap.MM doesn’t know the purpose of bytes.MM doesn’t know the purpose of bytes.How does MM allocates memory in threeHow does MM allocates memory in threedifferent address spaces for different type ofdifferent address spaces for different type of requests.requests.

Use Three MMs. Each MM has its own addr. Space. Its responsibility of VM to direct the requests to appropriate MM.

Optimal size of chunkOptimal size of chunk For Method Area MM 10KFor Method Area MM 10K For Stack 16KFor Stack 16K For Heap 1K, 10K,

32KInitial State of Chunk poolInitial State of Chunk pool

Trade off between performance and Trade off between performance and efficient memory usage.efficient memory usage. first and top pointers of each pool is set to first and top pointers of each pool is set to

null null

Chunk Pool cleanerChunk Pool cleaner

similar to Garbage collector.similar to Garbage collector. For every 5s cleaner returns all chunks For every 5s cleaner returns all chunks

more than 5.more than 5.

ClR Memory ManagementClR Memory Management

CLR Names to Memory Areas CLR Names to Memory Areas

Method Area as Type AreaMethod Area as Type Area Stack as RootsStack as Roots Heap as Heap, but two heapsHeap as Heap, but two heaps - Managed heap- Managed heap - Unmanaged heap- Unmanaged heap

In JVM entire heap is managed.

Necessity of Unmanaged HeapNecessity of Unmanaged Heap

JavaM/C 1

JVMM/C 2

CLR

M/C 1

M/C 2

C#

VB

Some Languages allow pointers. So to support pointers Unmanaged heap is supported

What is the differenceWhat is the difference

JVM MMJVM MM - Allocation is complex.- Allocation is complex. - Defragmentation is simple.- Defragmentation is simple.

ClR MMClR MM - Allocation is simple.- Allocation is simple. - Defragmentation is complex.- Defragmentation is complex.

JVM Memory ManagerJVM Memory Manager

Algorithms Followed Algorithms Followed Contiguous Memory Allocation.Contiguous Memory Allocation. Compaction for defragmentation.Compaction for defragmentation. Lazy DefragmenterLazy Defragmenter

Memory ManagersMemory Managers

Type Memory manager.Type Memory manager. Roots Memory manager.Roots Memory manager. Managed heap manager.Managed heap manager. Unmanaged heap Unmanaged heap

manager. manager.

GC runs.GC runs. No GC.No GC. GC runs.GC runs. No GC.No GC.

To deallocate Unmanaged Memory Finalizers should be used.

Obj 2Obj 1

Obj 3Next Ptr

Memory Allocation

Before GC After GC

Thank YouThank You

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