sleep & attention june 23, 2011. sleep architechture

Sleep & AttentionSleep & Attention

June 23, 2011June 23, 2011

Sleep ArchitechtureSleep Architechture

Why Do We Sleep?Why Do We Sleep?

• Who knows?!? It’s not entirely clear.Who knows?!? It’s not entirely clear.• However, we do know that all However, we do know that all

organisms, from fruit flies to humans, organisms, from fruit flies to humans, show some form of sleep-like behavior.show some form of sleep-like behavior.

• Sleep is ESSENTIALSleep is ESSENTIAL– Sleep deprived humans can become Sleep deprived humans can become

paranoid and have hallucinations.paranoid and have hallucinations.– Sleep deprived rats can die after 2-3 weeks.Sleep deprived rats can die after 2-3 weeks.

• We do have some ideas…We do have some ideas…

Proposed functions of sleepProposed functions of sleep

FunctionFunctionBrain or body restoration, or bothBrain or body restoration, or both

Replenishment of cerebral glycogenReplenishment of cerebral glycogen Tissue synthesis and cell mitosisTissue synthesis and cell mitosis Protein synthesisProtein synthesis Growth hormone releaseGrowth hormone release

Thermo regulationThermo regulationEnergy conservationEnergy conservationRegulation of noradrenergic activityRegulation of noradrenergic activityMemory consolidation and information Memory consolidation and information

processingprocessingBrain developmentBrain developmentCell maturationCell maturationDevelopment of oculomotor controlDevelopment of oculomotor controlProgramming of genetically determined Programming of genetically determined

behaviorsbehaviorsNeural stimulationNeural stimulation

REM sleep

+

+

++

+++++

NREM sleep

+++++++

From Lecture at Emory University , 2006

What is Sleep?What is Sleep?

Awake StateAwake State• Alpha WavesAlpha Waves

– Smooth, synchronous activity from 8-12 HzSmooth, synchronous activity from 8-12 Hz– RelaxationRelaxation

• Beta WavesBeta Waves– Irregular, desynchronous activity from 13-30 HzIrregular, desynchronous activity from 13-30 Hz– Arousal & WakefulnessArousal & Wakefulness

http://pn.bmj.com/content/10/5/300.full

Stage 1 & 2 SleepStage 1 & 2 Sleep• Theta WavesTheta Waves

– 3.5-7.5 Hz EEG activity3.5-7.5 Hz EEG activity– Early slow-wave sleep and REM sleepEarly slow-wave sleep and REM sleep

• Stage 2 sleep is also characterized by sleep Stage 2 sleep is also characterized by sleep spindles and K complexes (short bursts of spindles and K complexes (short bursts of waves that may help person fall into deeper waves that may help person fall into deeper sleep by decreasing sensitivity to outer stimuli)sleep by decreasing sensitivity to outer stimuli)


Stage 3 & 4 SleepStage 3 & 4 Sleep• Delta ActivityDelta Activity

– High-amplitude (less than 3.5 Hz)High-amplitude (less than 3.5 Hz)

• Stage 3 consists of approx 20-50% delta activityStage 3 consists of approx 20-50% delta activity

• Stage 4 consists of more than 50% delta activityStage 4 consists of more than 50% delta activity


REM SleepREM Sleep

• Desynchronized EEG movement Desynchronized EEG movement accompanied by Rapid Eye Movementaccompanied by Rapid Eye Movement

• 15-30 Hz waves15-30 Hz waves

• Also characterized by inability to Also characterized by inability to move your muscles (paradoxical move your muscles (paradoxical sleep)sleep)

• This is the stage when dreams occur.This is the stage when dreams occur.

http://healthy-ojas.com/sleep/sleep-stages.html

Sleep Progression and CycleSleep Progression and Cycle


Astronaut Sleep ActivityAstronaut Sleep Activity

Neurobiology of SleepNeurobiology of Sleep

Sleep in the BrainSleep in the Brain

http://www.hms.harvard.edu/hmni/On_The_Brain/Volume04/Number4/Sleep.html

Ventrolateral Preoptic AreaVentrolateral Preoptic Area

• Releases GABA to Releases GABA to inhibit wake-inhibit wake-promoting regions of promoting regions of the brain and the brain and thereby promote thereby promote sleepsleep– Destruction of the Destruction of the

VLPA causes insomnia VLPA causes insomnia in ratsin rats

– Electrical stimulation Electrical stimulation causes sleepinesscauses sleepiness


Sleep PromotionSleep Promotion

• Sleep promoting regions in the VLPA release Sleep promoting regions in the VLPA release inhibitory GABA signals toinhibitory GABA signals to– Acetylcholine neurons in basal forebrainAcetylcholine neurons in basal forebrain– Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary

nucleusnucleus– Hypocretin neuronsHypocretin neurons– Noreprinephrine neurons in the Locus CeruleusNoreprinephrine neurons in the Locus Ceruleus– Serotonin in the Dorsal RapheSerotonin in the Dorsal Raphe

• Inhibition of these regions decreases Inhibition of these regions decreases wakefulness and increases sleepinesswakefulness and increases sleepiness

REM Sleep PromotionREM Sleep Promotion

• During REM sleep, the ACh and During REM sleep, the ACh and hypocretin neurons remain active.hypocretin neurons remain active.

• Projections from the Medial Pontine Projections from the Medial Pontine Reticular Formation activate ACh Reticular Formation activate ACh neurons in the cerebral cortex to neurons in the cerebral cortex to keep them active.keep them active.

Models of sleep-waking regulationModels of sleep-waking regulation

Thalamus,CortexThalamus,Cortex

TMTM LCLC DRDR AChACh

HcrtHcrt

HcrtHcrt HAHA NENE 5-HT5-HT AChACh

WakingWaking





HcrtHcrt


WakingWakingThalamus,CortexThalamus,Cortex

GABAGABA

NREM sleepNREM sleep

POAPOA





HcrtHcrt


WakingWakingThalamus,CortexThalamus,Cortex

GABAGABA

REM sleepREM sleep

POA+PAGPOA+PAG

HcrtHcrt

AChACh


Dream Journal AnalysisDream Journal Analysis

Nova Science NOWNova Science NOW

http://www.mptv.org/podcasts/show/?p_id=21

Sleepiness Log AnalysisSleepiness Log Analysis

DiscussionDiscussion• Did you find any rhythms or patterns Did you find any rhythms or patterns

in your sleep log?in your sleep log?

• What do these rhythms mean?What do these rhythms mean?

http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/normalsleep.gif

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

• Daily 24-hour Daily 24-hour rhythms in rhythms in several several chemicals, like chemicals, like melatoninmelatonin, help , help control our control our sleep/wake sleep/wake cycles. cycles.

• Melatonin is Melatonin is secreted by the secreted by the pineal glandpineal gland..

http://www.endotext.org/neuroendo/neuroendo15/neuroendo15.htm

What Regulates Circadian What Regulates Circadian Rhythms?Rhythms?

• The The Suprachiasmatic Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)Nucleus (SCN) is our is our primary biological primary biological clock that organizes clock that organizes these rhythms.these rhythms.

• It does this through It does this through its projections to the its projections to the midbrain and midbrain and hypothalamic nuclei.hypothalamic nuclei.

http://people.usd.edu/~cliff/Courses/Behavioral%20Neuroscience/Biorhythm/BRfigs/BRAfferent%20SCN%20figures.html

The Michael Siffre StoryThe Michael Siffre Story

Sleep DifficultiesSleep Difficulties

Sleep Disorder QuizSleep Disorder Quiz1.1. Do you snore loudly and/or heavily while asleep?Do you snore loudly and/or heavily while asleep?

2.2. Are you excessively sleepy or do you lack energy in the daytime?Are you excessively sleepy or do you lack energy in the daytime?

3.3. Do you have trouble with concentration or memory loss?Do you have trouble with concentration or memory loss?

4.4. Do you fall asleep while driving, in meetings, while reading a Do you fall asleep while driving, in meetings, while reading a book, or while watching television?book, or while watching television?

5.5. Do you have occasional morning headaches?Do you have occasional morning headaches?

6.6. Do you sleepwalk, have nightmares, or have night terrors?Do you sleepwalk, have nightmares, or have night terrors?

7.7. Do you suffer from depression or mood changes?Do you suffer from depression or mood changes?

8.8. Do you have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep?Do you have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep?

9.9. Have you experienced recent weight gain or high blood pressure?Have you experienced recent weight gain or high blood pressure?

10.10.Have you been told you hold your breath when you sleep?Have you been told you hold your breath when you sleep?

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy• Characterized by suddenly falling asleep at an Characterized by suddenly falling asleep at an

inappropriate timeinappropriate time

• Cataplexy, a common symptom, involves Cataplexy, a common symptom, involves complete paralysis during a narcoleptic attack.complete paralysis during a narcoleptic attack.

• Likely caused by activation of REM sleep Likely caused by activation of REM sleep promoting brain areas at inappropriate timespromoting brain areas at inappropriate times– Mutations in the gene responsible for producing Mutations in the gene responsible for producing

hypocretin are also involvedhypocretin are also involved

• Successfully treated by stimulants that Successfully treated by stimulants that increase serotonergic and noradrenergic increase serotonergic and noradrenergic activityactivity

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

• Terrifying period of screaming, Terrifying period of screaming, trembling, and racing hearttrembling, and racing heart

• Usually does not remember what Usually does not remember what caused the night terrorcaused the night terror

• Associated with slow-wave sleepAssociated with slow-wave sleep

• Most common in children, these Most common in children, these are usually out-grown with age are usually out-grown with age and do not require treatmentand do not require treatment

Restless Leg SyndromeRestless Leg Syndrome

• Insatiable urge to move ones legs in Insatiable urge to move ones legs in order to escape a tingling feeling or order to escape a tingling feeling or an “itch you can’t scratch”an “itch you can’t scratch”

• Can also occur to arms, torso, etcCan also occur to arms, torso, etc

• Worsens while relaxing and is relieved Worsens while relaxing and is relieved by movement or activityby movement or activity

• Dopamine and iron deficiency have Dopamine and iron deficiency have been implicatedbeen implicated

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

• Temporary cessation of Temporary cessation of breathing during sleepbreathing during sleep

• Results in daytime Results in daytime sleepiness and fatiguesleepiness and fatigue

• May occur when the May occur when the muscle paralysis of REM muscle paralysis of REM sleep extends into the sleep extends into the throat musclesthroat muscles

• Treatment often includes Treatment often includes a CPAP (continuous a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) positive airway pressure) machine to help with machine to help with breathing during sleep breathing during sleep

http://apnea-and-snoring.com/?p=29

REM without AtoniaREM without Atonia

• What happens if a What happens if a person in REM sleep person in REM sleep DOESN’T have muscle DOESN’T have muscle paralysis?paralysis?

• Motor cortex and Motor cortex and subcortical motor subcortical motor systems remain systems remain active, and without active, and without the atonia induced by the atonia induced by REM, a person will be REM, a person will be able to wake up and able to wake up and act out their dreams.act out their dreams.Morrison, A. R., L. D. Sanford, et al. (1995).

"Stimulus-elicited behavior in rapid eye movement sleep without atonia." Behavioral neuroscience 109(5): 972-979.

Sample CaseSample Case

• ““I was a halfback playing football, and I was a halfback playing football, and after the quarterback reeived the ball after the quarterback reeived the ball from the center he lateraled it sideways from the center he lateraled it sideways to me and I’m supposed to go around to me and I’m supposed to go around end and cut back over tack and—this is end and cut back over tack and—this is very vivid—as I cut back over tackle very vivid—as I cut back over tackle there is this big 280-pound tackle there is this big 280-pound tackle waiting, so I, according to football rules, waiting, so I, according to football rules, was to give him my shoulder and was to give him my shoulder and bounce him out of the way…”bounce him out of the way…”

Sample Case, Cont’dSample Case, Cont’d

• “…“…When I came to, I was standing in When I came to, I was standing in front of our dresser and I had [gotten up front of our dresser and I had [gotten up out of bed and run and] knocked lamps, out of bed and run and] knocked lamps, mirrors, and everything off the dresser, mirrors, and everything off the dresser, hit my head against the wall, and my hit my head against the wall, and my knee against the dresser.”knee against the dresser.”

Schenk et al, 1986, p. 294Schenk et al, 1986, p. 294

Why Am I So Sleepy or Why Am I So Sleepy or Hyper?Hyper?

Design a Public Service Design a Public Service AnnouncementAnnouncement

Neurobiology of Attention Neurobiology of Attention & Arousal& Arousal

http://www.doctorsecrets.com/your-kids/attention-deficit-disorder-symptoms.html

You Are Getting Very You Are Getting Very Sleepy…Sleepy…• Remember from this morning: Sleep occurs Remember from this morning: Sleep occurs

when the VLPA is activated and then inhibits:when the VLPA is activated and then inhibits:– Acetylcholine neurons in basal forebrainAcetylcholine neurons in basal forebrain– Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary

nucleusnucleus– Hypocretin neuronsHypocretin neurons– Noreprinephrine neurons in the Locus CeruleusNoreprinephrine neurons in the Locus Ceruleus– Serotonin in the Dorsal RapheSerotonin in the Dorsal Raphe

• So what do you think might happen when you So what do you think might happen when you need to wake up?need to wake up?

Rise And Shine!Rise And Shine!

• Stimulation of the Brain Stem Stimulation of the Brain Stem Reticular Formation leads to arousal Reticular Formation leads to arousal and a wake state.and a wake state.

• The reticular formation then follows 2 The reticular formation then follows 2 pathways:pathways:– DorsalDorsal: Projects through the thalamus : Projects through the thalamus

to the cerebral cortexto the cerebral cortex– VentralVentral: Projects through the lateral : Projects through the lateral

hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and basal hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain regions to the cortex & forebrain regions to the cortex & hippocampushippocampus

Anatomy of the arousal Anatomy of the arousal systemssystems

HistamineHistamine, , serotoninserotonin, , norepinephrinenorepinephrine, , acetylcholineacetylcholine, , hypocretinhypocretin

TMTM

DRDR

LCLCPPTPPT

MSMSLDTLDT

NBMNBM

DBBDBBHcrtHcrt


Reticular Formation and Reticular Formation and BeyondBeyond• Activation of the Reticular Formation Activation of the Reticular Formation

results in release of:results in release of:– HistamineHistamine from the tuberomammillary from the tuberomammillary

nucleus (TMN)nucleus (TMN)– NorepinephrineNorepinephrine in the locus ceruleus (LC) in the locus ceruleus (LC)– SerotoninSerotonin from the dorsal raphe (DR) from the dorsal raphe (DR)– Hypocretin from the Lateral hypothalamic Hypocretin from the Lateral hypothalamic

area (LHA)area (LHA)

• Together, this helps you become awake!Together, this helps you become awake!

Arousal SystemsArousal Systems- Histamine -- Histamine -

NREM sleep

Waking

tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) c-fos activity


Arousal SystemsArousal Systems- Norepinephrine -

locus coeruleus (LC)

Waking

c-fos activity


Arousal SystemsArousal Systems- Serotonin -- Serotonin -

dorsal raphe (DR)


Arousal SystemsArousal Systems- Hypocretin (orexin) -- Hypocretin (orexin) -

NREM sleep

Waking

Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) c-fos activity





HcrtHcrt


WakingWaking


The Results Are In!The Results Are In!

Hyperactivity and Hyperactivity and Behavioral DisordersBehavioral Disorders

http://offthemark.com/search-results/key/hyperactive/

Attention Deficit & Attention Deficit & Hyperactivity DisorderHyperactivity Disorder

• Excess hyperactivity and inability to pay Excess hyperactivity and inability to pay attention beyond that expected for one’s attention beyond that expected for one’s developmental stagedevelopmental stage

• Medications typically target Medications typically target norepinephrine and/or dopamine levelsnorepinephrine and/or dopamine levels– Should they increase or decrease these Should they increase or decrease these

levels?levels?– DA may help to decrease inappropriate DA may help to decrease inappropriate

network signals and NE may increase network signals and NE may increase appropriate ones.appropriate ones.

• How Do These How Do These Pathways Pathways Compare to Compare to Sleep/Wake? Sleep/Wake?

Neurobiology of Attention Neurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

PURPER-OUAKIL, DIANE; RAMOZ, PURPER-OUAKIL, DIANE; RAMOZ, NICOLAS; LEPAGNOL-BESTEL, NICOLAS; LEPAGNOL-BESTEL, AUDE-MARIE; GORWOOD, AUDE-MARIE; GORWOOD, PHILIP; SIMONNEAU, MICHEL. PHILIP; SIMONNEAU, MICHEL. Pediatric Research. 69(5 Part Pediatric Research. 69(5 Part 2):69R-76R, May 2011. doi: 2):69R-76R, May 2011. doi: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318212b4010.1203/PDR.0b013e318212b40ff

Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder

• Persistent behaviors that violate the basic Persistent behaviors that violate the basic rights of others or societal conventions of rights of others or societal conventions of behaviorbehavior

• May include:May include:– Aggressive behaviors that threaten the well being of Aggressive behaviors that threaten the well being of

othersothers– Vandalism, arson, or related property-damaging Vandalism, arson, or related property-damaging

behaviorsbehaviors– Lying or stealingLying or stealing– Serious rule violations, skipping school, running Serious rule violations, skipping school, running

away, etc.away, etc.• Linked with decreased temporal lobe volume Linked with decreased temporal lobe volume

and decreased serotonin levelsand decreased serotonin levels

Oppositional-Defiant Oppositional-Defiant DisorderDisorder• Repeated pattern of defiant and Repeated pattern of defiant and

rebellious behavior, which may include:rebellious behavior, which may include:– Frequent temper tantrumsFrequent temper tantrums– Spiteful, mean behavior and revenge Spiteful, mean behavior and revenge

attemptsattempts– Resentment and hateful talkingResentment and hateful talking– Highly argumentativeHighly argumentative

• Possible alterations in serotonin, Possible alterations in serotonin, differences in genes for dopaminergic differences in genes for dopaminergic and noradrenergic signalingand noradrenergic signaling

Attention ExperimentsAttention Experiments

http://www.bmj.com/content/316/7144/1594.full

Find the two TsFind the two Ts

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-object-attention/201009/why-are-dead-elephants-easy-find

Find the Red TFind the Red T


Find the tilted line on the left, Find the tilted line on the left, vertical on the rightvertical on the right


sleep & attention june 23, 2011. sleep architechture

Documents

models of sleep

sleep log

sleep spindles

sleep promotionsleep

deeper sleep

form of sleep

sleep attentionjune

sleep architechturewhy