1914-1918: the world at war chapter 10

1914-1918:

The Worldat War

Chapter10

1914-1918:

The Worldat War

Chapter10

Causesof theGreat War

Causesof theGreat War

Basic Causes of World War IBasic Causes of World War I

NationalismNationalism– Pride for ones own Pride for ones own

country or culture.country or culture. Led to German and ItalyLed to German and Italy

ImperialismImperialism– British and French British and French

colonies in Africacolonies in Africa Germany wanted them.Germany wanted them.

MilitarismMilitarism– Build armies and navies Build armies and navies

to combat other nationsto combat other nations..

1. NATIONALISM - pride/devotion for your country or culture

France and Germany fight for leadership

Russia (protector of the Slavic people)

Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals for influence over Serbia

Ethnic groups hoped to create nations of their own – Ex. Poles, Czechs

2. Imperialism - Economic & Imperial Rivalries

2. Imperialism - Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Competition for colonies.

Provide markets to sell goods Provide needed raw materials/resources Added prestige to the imperialist nation

(nationalism)

GERMANY INDUSTRIALIZES AND COMPETES WITH FRANCE AND GB

3. Militarism & Arms Race3. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance– GermanyGermany– Austria Austria

HungaryHungary– ItalyItaly

Triple EntenteTriple Entente– BritainBritain– FranceFrance– RussiaRussia

4. Alliances4. Alliances

The Alliance System The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

The

“Spark”

The

“Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke Franz Ferdinand

AustriaAustria Black HandBlack Hand

– Bosnian terrorist groupBosnian terrorist group Wanted a independent Wanted a independent

BosniaBosnia

Visit to SarajevoVisit to Sarajevo– Capital of Austro-Capital of Austro-

HungaryHungary AssassinatedAssassinated

– Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip The war is on!The war is on!

WARWAR Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary

declares war on Serbsdeclares war on Serbs– Russia promised to Russia promised to

protect the Serbs and protect the Serbs and mobilize its troops.mobilize its troops.

Germany sees this as Germany sees this as an act of aggression an act of aggression and declares war on and declares war on Russia.Russia.

Germany declares war Germany declares war on France to protect on France to protect their back door.their back door.

Germany invades BelgiumGermany invades Belgium– Great Britain pledged to Great Britain pledged to

defend Belgium and defend Belgium and declares war on Germany.declares war on Germany.

War has Begun!War has Begun!

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Great Powers of EuropeThe Great Powers of Europe

Central PowersCentral Powers– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Allied PowersAllied Powers– Great BritainGreat Britain– FranceFrance– RussiaRussia

Italy joined the allied Italy joined the allied powers because of powers because of disagreements.disagreements.

Key Figures in WWIKey Figures in WWI

Nicholas II ~ RusGeorge V ~ GB

Victor Emmanuel II ~ It Pres. Poincare ~ Fr

Kaiser Wilhelm II ~ Gr

Enver Pasha ~ OE

Franz Josef ~ A-H

Allied Powers Central Powers

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Germany invades neutral Belgium

Aug. 4, 1914 – use Schlieffen Plan Attack Belgium, holding action against

Russia – after France falls they can put two armies against Russia

Great Britain joins War against Germany

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

UniformsUniforms

– Germans – Gray Germans – Gray uniforms used as uniforms used as camouflagecamouflage

– French – dressed French – dressed in old ceremonial in old ceremonial uniform. Left uniform. Left them with little them with little camouflagecamouflage

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

Machine GunMachine Gun– Could set up in 4 Could set up in 4

secondsseconds– Could fire 600 bullets a Could fire 600 bullets a

minuteminuteMaschinengewehr ~ German MG

Water Cooled Vickers ~ British MG

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

ArtilleryArtillery

British Mark I Howitzer

420mm Big Bertha ~ Germany

400mm Rail Howitzer ~ French

1st Battle of the Marne

Germans only 25 miles from Paris French counterattack Sept. 7, 1914 2 million men fight over 125 mile battlefield 5 days – 250,000 lost – Germans pushed

back Gave Russia time to mobilize

The Plans falls Apart The Battle

of the Marne

Taxis to the Rescue

Trench Warfare -stalemate

Trench Warfare -stalemate

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench Foot – YUCK!!!Trench Foot – YUCK!!!

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

Poison GasPoison Gas– Good and BadGood and Bad– Gas Masks developedGas Masks developed– Barbaric?Barbaric?

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

TanksTanks

M1 U.S. Tank

British Mark IV Tank

Schwerer Kampfwagen A7V German Tank

TANK! GET OUT OF

THE TRENCH!

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War AirplanesAirplanes

Fokker Dr.I ~ German Sopwith Camel ~ British

Manfred von Richthofen A.K.A. ~ Red Baron

Nieuport 17 ~ French and American

Eddie Rickenbacker U.S. Flying Ace

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

Christmas, 1914• German and

British soldiers fraternizing in No Man's Land, Christmas 1914

The Western Front

Verdun –German

Offensive

Somme–UK & French

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

The Eastern Front Gallipoli

–Russia failing

–Promise of the Dardanelles

–Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

War Crimes in Armenia Ottoman Turks fear

Armenian support of Russia (Christian V Islam)

The solution: men, women and children marched into the desert till dead from exposure and dehydration

1915-1918 1.5 Million Dead

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

The United States in WWI

IsolationismIsolationism

President Woodrow Wilson declared they would President Woodrow Wilson declared they would stay neutral.stay neutral.– This is an isolationist view.This is an isolationist view.

However Wilson leaned However Wilson leaned

toward the allies because toward the allies because

they traded with them and they traded with them and

supplied them with war supplied them with war

goods.goods.

New Technology of the WarNew Technology of the War

Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare

British Submarine

German U-Boat

U-BoatsU-Boats

But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?

Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine WarfareGermany’s Unrestricted Submarine Warfare– Germany would attack any ships in the war zoneGermany would attack any ships in the war zone

The Sinking of the Lusitania May 1The Sinking of the Lusitania May 1stst 1915 1915– British cruise liner with American passengersBritish cruise liner with American passengers

Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge– Germans would not sink Germans would not sink merchant vessels without merchant vessels without warning and without saving warning and without saving human lives.human lives.

But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?

Sussex Pledge 1915Sussex Pledge 1915 Germans would not sink Germans would not sink

merchant vessels without warning merchant vessels without warning

and without saving human lives.and without saving human lives.

Germany resorts back to unrestricted Germany resorts back to unrestricted submarine warfare 1917submarine warfare 1917– U.S. ends diplomatic ties with Germany.U.S. ends diplomatic ties with Germany.

But Why Did the U.S. Enter the But Why Did the U.S. Enter the War?War?

Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note– German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent

telegram to Mexico.telegram to Mexico.

Telegram asked Mexico to Telegram asked Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange attack the U.S. in exchange for New Mexico, Texas, and for New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.Arizona.

Mexico had no desire to be Mexico had no desire to be involved and it backfired.involved and it backfired.

– It was intercepted by Great Britain.It was intercepted by Great Britain.

America Prepares For War

Congress declares WarCongress declares War

Wilson outraged because of the previous Wilson outraged because of the previous events asks congress to declare war on events asks congress to declare war on Germany. April 2Germany. April 2ndnd 1917 1917

Congress declares Congress declares war on Germany April 6war on Germany April 6thth 1917. United States 1917. United States joins the Allied Powers.joins the Allied Powers.

World War IWorld War IThe Home FrontThe Home Front

Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Section 2Section 2

U.S. Prepares for WarU.S. Prepares for War

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act– May 18May 18thth 1917 1917– Requires men between 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the Requires men between 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the

armed forces.armed forces.– You faced a combat position or prison .You faced a combat position or prison .

U.S. was not prepared for war.U.S. was not prepared for war.– New recruits did not have rifles, New recruits did not have rifles, supplies, or even places to sleep.supplies, or even places to sleep.

Training was extreme.Training was extreme.– Trained all day on marching and Trained all day on marching and military rules.military rules.– Used rifles until they were given rifles.Used rifles until they were given rifles. General John J. Pershing

Commander of U.S. Forces

Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front

EconomyEconomy– War Revenue Act of 1917War Revenue Act of 1917

Very high taxes especially Very high taxes especially for the wealthy.for the wealthy.

– Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds Loan to the government.Loan to the government. Government owed $20 Government owed $20

billion to the people after billion to the people after the war.the war.

Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front

RegulationsRegulations– IndustryIndustry

War Industries Board War Industries Board – Couldn’t use steel, copper, cement, or rubber without their approval.Couldn’t use steel, copper, cement, or rubber without their approval.

– FoodFood Herbert Hoover led the food administrationHerbert Hoover led the food administration

– Food can win the WarFood can win the War– Victory gardensVictory gardens– Meatless Mondays and wheatless WednesdaysMeatless Mondays and wheatless Wednesdays– Eighteenth AmendmentEighteenth Amendment

ProhibitionProhibition

– FuelFuel Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration

– Set prices for fuel to make sure military needs were met.Set prices for fuel to make sure military needs were met.

Mobilizing the Home FrontMobilizing the Home Front

WorkersWorkers– Pay and hours went up but so did Pay and hours went up but so did

the cost of living.the cost of living.– Increased production meant less Increased production meant less

safety precautions.safety precautions.– National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board

Judged disputes between Judged disputes between management and workers to prevent management and workers to prevent strikes.strikes.

– WomenWomen Went to work on railroads, docks, Went to work on railroads, docks,

and factories. Jobs usually held by and factories. Jobs usually held by men.men.

After the war women left these jobs After the war women left these jobs by choice and by force from by choice and by force from employers who wanted men.employers who wanted men.

Support the War!Support the War!

Committee on Public Information (CPI)Committee on Public Information (CPI)– Nationwide Propaganda Nationwide Propaganda – Led by George CreelLed by George Creel

Freedom of Speech?Freedom of Speech?

Espionage ActEspionage Act– Punished Americans for aiding the Punished Americans for aiding the

enemy or refusing military service.enemy or refusing military service. Sedition ActSedition Act

– Cannot criticize the government, Cannot criticize the government, flag, or military.flag, or military. Penalty was jail.Penalty was jail.

Schenck v. United StatesSchenck v. United States– Charles Schenck of the American Charles Schenck of the American

Socialist Party printed 15,000 Socialist Party printed 15,000 pamphlets opposing the war.pamphlets opposing the war.

– Unanimous decision ruling against Unanimous decision ruling against Schenck.Schenck.

– Speech can be limited if it poses a Speech can be limited if it poses a threat to others.threat to others.

Minorities in the U.S. ArmyMinorities in the U.S. Army African AmericansAfrican Americans

– Segregated and trained in separate Segregated and trained in separate camps.camps.

– Only a few regiments were trained.Only a few regiments were trained.– Were only allowed to be in the Army Were only allowed to be in the Army and in the Navy as mess men.and in the Navy as mess men.– Usually assigned to French regimentsUsually assigned to French regiments

Gave them 11 citations for bravery Gave them 11 citations for bravery and valorand valor

LatinosLatinos– Often assigned menial tasks.Often assigned menial tasks.– Some couldn’t speak EnglishSome couldn’t speak English

Women Women – Enlisted and went oversees to Enlisted and went oversees to work as switch board operators, nurses, work as switch board operators, nurses, and typists in the Army, Navy, and and typists in the Army, Navy, and

Marines.Marines.

Great Migration

Wilson, War, and PeaceWilson, War, and Peace

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Section 3Section 3

U.S. in ActionU.S. in Action

Convoy SystemConvoy System– Troops and supply ships surrounded by destroyers and Troops and supply ships surrounded by destroyers and

cruisers.cruisers.

French wanted U.S. to begin fighting as soon as French wanted U.S. to begin fighting as soon as they got off the ships.they got off the ships.– Pershing wanted them to train for another year in Pershing wanted them to train for another year in

France to get use to the environment.France to get use to the environment.

RussiansRussians

Czar Nicholas II loses powerCzar Nicholas II loses power– People adopt a republic People adopt a republic

government in March 1917.government in March 1917. This pleased the Americans.This pleased the Americans.

November 1917 the November 1917 the Bolsheviks take control of Bolsheviks take control of government.government.– Led by Vladimir Ilich LeninLed by Vladimir Ilich Lenin– CommunistsCommunists

Sign a peace treaty with Central Sign a peace treaty with Central Powers. Germany can focus on Powers. Germany can focus on western front.western front.

Key Battles Involving Americans

1.

2.

3.

4.

Alvin York

The Allies fight backThe Allies fight back

With the help of the Americans in 1918 the With the help of the Americans in 1918 the allies fought back and pushed the Germans allies fought back and pushed the Germans back into Belgium and Germany.back into Belgium and Germany.

Central Powers were failingCentral Powers were failing– Germany’s economy was crippled.Germany’s economy was crippled.

Food and supplies were depleted.Food and supplies were depleted.

– Austria-Hungary fell into revolution.Austria-Hungary fell into revolution.– Central Powers troops did not want to fight Central Powers troops did not want to fight

anymore.anymore.

The Tide Turns The US & the

Convoy System Doughboys tip

scales, Germans deep into their reserves…

Ottomans and Austrians surrender

War EndsWar Ends

November 1918November 1918– Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary

signed a peace treaty signed a peace treaty with the Allieswith the Allies

November 7November 7thth

– Germany begins Germany begins peace negotiationpeace negotiation

November 11November 11thth

– Armistice went into Armistice went into effect.effect.

– What holiday today?What holiday today?

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Wilson’s View of World PeaceWilson’s View of World Peace

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points– 1-4 dealt with removal of trade barriers and reduction 1-4 dealt with removal of trade barriers and reduction

of military arms of the Central Powers.of military arms of the Central Powers.– 55thth point deals with a system to resolve disputes. point deals with a system to resolve disputes.

6-13 dealt with self-determination.6-13 dealt with self-determination.– The right for people to decide their own political status.The right for people to decide their own political status.– Wilson wanted the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary to Wilson wanted the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary to

split up and form their own nations.split up and form their own nations.– 1414thth point dealt with forming the League of Nations point dealt with forming the League of Nations

Group of nations that wouldGroup of nations that would1.1. Settle disputesSettle disputes2.2. Protect democracy Protect democracy 3.3. Prevent future wars.Prevent future wars.

What happened to the U.S. foreign policy? Isolationism? Progressivism?What happened to the U.S. foreign policy? Isolationism? Progressivism?

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

Wilson was in attendance.Wilson was in attendance.– Felt he would be the unbiased Felt he would be the unbiased

leader that would finally bring leader that would finally bring Europe to peace.Europe to peace.

32 Nations attended32 Nations attended– The Allied leaders controlled the The Allied leaders controlled the

negotiations.negotiations.– The Big FourThe Big Four

U.S. ~ Pres. Woodrow WilsonU.S. ~ Pres. Woodrow Wilson– Wanted the Fourteen PointsWanted the Fourteen Points

Great Britain ~ PM David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain ~ PM David Lloyd George France ~ Premier George ClemenceauFrance ~ Premier George Clemenceau

– Wanted to punish Germany severely Wanted to punish Germany severely for the War.for the War.

Italy ~ PM Vittorio OrlandoItaly ~ PM Vittorio Orlando

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Allies reach an agreement.Allies reach an agreement.– GermanyGermany

Had to pay reparationsHad to pay reparations– 269 billion gold marks (Equivalent today to $393.6 Billion 269 billion gold marks (Equivalent today to $393.6 Billion

U.S. dollars)U.S. dollars) Had to disarm its military.Had to disarm its military. Accept full responsibility for starting the war.Accept full responsibility for starting the war.

– What is this called?What is this called?

– League of Nations would be formed.League of Nations would be formed.– Some ethnic groups would be allowed to form Some ethnic groups would be allowed to form

their own Nations.their own Nations.

Can Wilson sign the Treaty?Can Wilson sign the Treaty?

No, needs the Senate to approve it.No, needs the Senate to approve it.– Senate was split into 3 groupsSenate was split into 3 groups

Democrats ~ approve the treatyDemocrats ~ approve the treaty Irreconcilables ~ didn’t want U.S. in the League of Nations.Irreconcilables ~ didn’t want U.S. in the League of Nations. Reservationists ~ would approve it if changes were made.Reservationists ~ would approve it if changes were made.

– Henry Cabot Lodge – head of reservationistsHenry Cabot Lodge – head of reservationists

– Wilson would not cooperate with the reservationists.Wilson would not cooperate with the reservationists. Went on a 22 day campaign Went on a 22 day campaign through the U.S. traveling 8,000 through the U.S. traveling 8,000 miles and speaking 32 times miles and speaking 32 times trying to gain the publics approvaltrying to gain the publics approval

– It was too much for him and he It was too much for him and he had a stroke and never fully recovered.had a stroke and never fully recovered.

Wilson still continued not to Wilson still continued not to compromise with Lodgecompromise with Lodge

Does the League of Nations work?Does the League of Nations work?

Wilson leaves office in 1921Wilson leaves office in 1921– Never got the treaty approved by the Senate.Never got the treaty approved by the Senate.

The U.S. signs separate treaties with Austria, The U.S. signs separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany having never joined the Hungary, and Germany having never joined the League of Nations.League of Nations.– Without the U.S. power the League of Nations would Without the U.S. power the League of Nations would

never be able to keep the peace.never be able to keep the peace.

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

United States History

10.4

Why Fear?

Changes in American Society as a result of World War I

End to Wartime Prosperity and Unity

Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic

Spread across the U.S. and Spread across the U.S. and Europe.Europe.– More than ½ of the soldiers on More than ½ of the soldiers on

the western front died from the western front died from influenza.influenza. Trenches were dirty and filthy and Trenches were dirty and filthy and

this helped the disease spread.this helped the disease spread.

– Flu like symptomsFlu like symptoms– City officials cancelled group City officials cancelled group

gatherings in an attempt to stop gatherings in an attempt to stop the spread of the disease.the spread of the disease. It didn’t help.It didn’t help.

– The disease cost 675,000 The disease cost 675,000 Americans their lives.Americans their lives.

1919 Race Riots

Labor Unrest

Strikes = Communist Returning soldiers want jobs back

– Foreigners– Women– Blacks

What is Communism?

No private property Equal wealth Government control of

Industry Abolition of:

– Marriage

– Family

– Religion

– Nation

World-wide Revolution.

Communism

Russian Revolution of 1917 U.S.S.R. under V. I. Lenin

Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917

Bolsheviks, led by V.I. Lenin, seize control of Russia and establish the Soviet Union.

Red Scare – panic over the spread of communism sweeps through the U.S.

America’s First Red Scare

Palmer RaidsPalmer RaidsAnarchists known as Galleanists started toBomb various American towns. Including Washington D.C.

Americans feared Communists were tryingto take over the U.S. like they did Russia

Palmer lived on the street where bomb wentoff along with FDR, who was walking home with his wife. In this case the bomber wasKilled because it went off prematurely.

This incident will make Palmer want to Target all communists and anarchists

A.Mitchell Palmer

Terrorist AttacksTerrorist AttacksWall Street Bombing 1920

Horse drawn carriage explodes in Front of JP Morgan building

100 pounds of TNT and 500 poundsof cast-iron pellets. Meant to kill andMaim as many as possible. 38 diedOver 400 injured.

This will fuel Palmer even moreover 10,000 people will be arrested4,000 in one night alone.

A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant

– National Origins Act– Discrimination

Sacco-Vanzetti Trial

– Italian immigrants– Unfair trial

The Ku Klux Klan Great increase

In powerAnti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-women’s suffrageAnti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

1915

“It is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true” – Woodrow Wilson

Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1 PoliticalPolitical

– Overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

– Rise of the Bolsheviks and Communism.Rise of the Bolsheviks and Communism.

EconomicalEconomical– U.S. was becoming the leading economic U.S. was becoming the leading economic

power.power.

– However:However: Increased production of food during the Increased production of food during the war was not needed anymore. Farmers go into war was not needed anymore. Farmers go into

debt.debt.

Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1

SocialSocial– Women’s rightsWomen’s rights

Passage of the 19Passage of the 19thth amendment ~ 1919 amendment ~ 1919

EuropeEurope– An entire generation of young An entire generation of young men were killed.men were killed.– France was in shamblesFrance was in shambles– Great Britain and Germany were Great Britain and Germany were in severe debt.in severe debt.

People thought this was the war to end all wars. People thought this was the war to end all wars. Obviously it wasn’t.Obviously it wasn’t.

Impact of World War 1Impact of World War 1

Each Symbol equals 100,000 deaths